訛

See also: 讹

訛	U+8A1B, 訛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A1B

← 訚
[U+8A1A]

CJK Unified Ideographs

訜 →
[U+8A1C]

Translingual

Han character

訛 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 卜口人心 (YROP), four-corner 0461₀, composition ⿰訁化)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1149, character 8
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35256
Dae Jaweon: page 1616, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3947, character 8
Unihan data for U+8A1B

Chinese

trad.		訛
simp.		讹
alternative forms		吪䚰

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 訛
Warring States	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
訛	*ŋʷaːl
吪	*ŋʷaːl
鈋	*ŋʷaːl
囮	lu, ŋʷaːl
魤	*ŋʷaːl
靴	*hʷa
貨	*hŋʷaːls
花	*hʷraː
化	*hŋʷraːls
杹	*hŋʷraːls
匕	*pilʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷaːl) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls)

Etymology

Related to 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to change”) (Schuessler, 2007). Possibly also related to 偽 (OC *ŋʷrals) (Schuessler, 2007), but see there for more.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): é (e²)

(Zhuyin): ㄜˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngo⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): gô / ngô͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): ho³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: é
  - Zhuyin: ㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: é
  - Wade–Giles: o²
  - Yale: é
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: er
  - Palladius: э (e)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ngo⁴
  - Yale: ngòh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngo⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɔː²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gô
  - Tâi-lô: gô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gooi
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡo¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɡo²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngô͘
  - Tâi-lô: ngôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ngoo
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋɔ̃²³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei): /ŋɔ̃²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ho³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hò
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ho²¹³/

Middle Chinese: ngwa

Rime
Character	訛
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	五禾切
Baxter	ngwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋuɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋwa/
Li Rong	/ŋuɑ/
Wang Li	/ŋuɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋuɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngo⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m-qʷʰˤaj/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	訛
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	é
Middle Chinese	‹ ngwa ›
Old Chinese	/*m-qʷʰˁaj/
English	move; change
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	訛
Reading #	1/1
No.	5319
Phonetic component	化
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	訛
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷaːl/

Definitions

訛

(literary, or in compounds) erroneous; mistaken
alt. forms: 譌／𰵑
(literary, or in compounds) error; mistake
to extort; to blackmail
Alternative form of 吪

Synonyms

(erroneous):

Dialectal synonyms of 錯 (“wrong”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		過誤, 誤, 謬, 謬誤, 訛
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		錯, 不對, 錯誤
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	錯, 左
	Taiwan	錯, 不對
	Malaysia	錯, 不對
	Singapore	錯, 不對
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	錯, 差
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	錯
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	錯
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	錯, 拐
	Wuhan	錯, 左
	Guilin	錯
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	差
	Yangzhou	錯
	Hefei	錯
Cantonese	Guangzhou	錯, 唔啱
	Hong Kong	錯, 唔啱
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	錯
	Macau	錯
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	錯
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	唔啱
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	錯
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	錯
	Foshan	錯
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	錯
	Foshan (Shunde)	錯
	Foshan (Sanshui)	錯, 唔啱
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	錯
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	錯
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	錯
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	錯
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	錯
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	錯
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	錯
	Taishan	錯
	Kaiping (Chikan)	錯
	Enping (Niujiang)	錯
	Heshan (Yayao)	錯
	Dongguan	錯
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	錯
	Yangjiang	錯
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	唔啱, 錯
	Singapore (Guangfu)	唔啱, 錯
Gan	Nanchang	錯
Gan	Lichuan	錯
Hakka	Meixian	差, 唔啱
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	錯
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	錯
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	錯
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	錯
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	錯
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	唔著
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	唔著
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	唔著
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	唔著
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	唔著
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	唔著
Jin	Taiyuan	錯, 不對, 差
Northern Min	Jian'ou	錯
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	賺
Eastern Min	Matsu	賺
Southern Min	Xiamen	賺, 毋著
	Quanzhou	賺, 毋著
	Shishi	賺
	Zhangzhou	賺, 毋著
	Zhao'an	毋著
	Taipei	毋著
	Kaohsiung	毋著
	Penang (Hokkien)	salah, 毋著, 賺
	Singapore (Hokkien)	salah, 毋著
	Manila (Hokkien)	毋著, 賺
	Chaozhou	賺
	Shantou	賺, 唔對, 唔著
	Jieyang	賺
	Singapore (Teochew)	salah, 唔著, 賺
	Leizhou	無著
	Wenchang	無著
	Haikou	錯
	Singapore (Hainanese)	無著
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	錯, 唔啱
Wu	Shanghai	錯
	Suzhou	錯
	Ningbo	錯, 賺
	Wenzhou	賺
	Jinhua	賺
Xiang	Changsha	錯, 左
Xiang	Shuangfeng	造, 錯

(error):

edit

不好
不是
不韙／不韪 (bùwěi) (literary)
偏差 (piānchā)
問題／问题 (wèntí)
失誤／失误 (shīwù)
差失 (chāshī)
差池
差舛 (chāchuǎn) (literary)
差誤／差误 (chāwù)
差謬／差谬 (chāmiù) (literary)
差錯／差错 (chācuò)
疏失 (shūshī) (careless mistake)
紕繆／纰缪 (pīmiù) (literary)
誤差／误差 (wùchā) (especially in data)
誤謬／误谬 (wùmiù) (fallacy)
謬誤／谬误 (miùwù) (fallacy)
責任／责任 (zérèn)
過失／过失 (guòshī)
過錯／过错 (guòcuò)
錯／错
錯誤／错误 (cuòwù)

(to extort):

edit

勒索 (lèsuǒ)
敲 (qiāo) (colloquial)
敲剝／敲剥 (Hokkien)
敲竹槓／敲竹杠 (qiāo zhúgàng)
敲詐／敲诈 (qiāozhà)
訛詐／讹诈 (ézhà)
開刀／开刀 (hoi¹ dou¹) (Cantonese)
閹錢／阉钱 (Zhangzhou Hokkien, to extort money)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

訛

(Hyōgai kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: が (ga)
Kan-on: が (ga)
Kan’yō-on: か (ka)
Kun: なまる (namaru, 訛る)、なまり (namari, 訛)、あやまる (ayamaru, 訛る)

Compounds

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 訛 (MC ngwa).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅌᅪᆼ (Yale: ngwà)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576	그르될 (Yale: kulu-twoyl)	와 (Yale: wa)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [wa̠]
Phonetic hangul: [와]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

訛

Wikisource

訛 (eumhun 그릇될 와 (geureutdoel wa))

hanja form^? of 와 (“erroneous; mistaken”)

Compounds

와전 (訛傳, wajeon)
와언 (訛言, wa'eon)
와어 (訛語, wa'eo)
와음 (訛音, wa'eum)
전와 (傳訛, jeonwa)
와자 (訛字, waja)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

訛: Hán Nôm readings: ngoa, ngỏa/ngoả

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.