艱
See also: 艰
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]艱 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 廿人日女 (TOAV), four-corner 47532, composition ⿰𦰩艮)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 29
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30600
- Dae Jaweon: page 1473, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3171, character 5
- Unihan data for U+8271
Chinese
[edit]| trad. | 艱 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 艰 | |
| alternative forms | 𦫒 囏 𡆒 𮎚 𡿤 | |
Glyph origin
[edit]| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 艱 | *krɯːn |
| 齦 | *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn |
| 眼 | *ŋrɯːnʔ |
| 蛝 | *ɡrɯːn |
| 限 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 硍 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 豤 | *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn |
| 詪 | *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns |
| 根 | *kɯːn |
| 跟 | *kɯːn |
| 珢 | *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn |
| 艮 | *kɯːns |
| 茛 | *kɯːns |
| 墾 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 懇 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 垠 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn |
| 泿 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn |
| 痕 | *ɡɯːn |
| 拫 | *ɡɯːn |
| 鞎 | *ɡɯːn |
| 很 | *ɡɯːnʔ |
| 恨 | *ɡɯːns |
| 銀 | *ŋrɯn |
| 檭 | *ŋrɯn |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯːn) : semantic 𦰩 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kân / kiên / kiân
- Eastern Min (BUC): găng
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jian
- Wade–Giles: chien1
- Yale: jyān
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
- Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gaan1
- Yale: gāan
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaan1
- Guangdong Romanization: gan1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaːn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân / kiên
- Hakka Romanization System: ganˊ / gienˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gan1 / gian1
- Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴/, /ki̯en²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân / kiân
- Hakka Romanization System: ganˊ / gianˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gan1 / gian1
- Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴/, /ki̯an²⁴/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note:
- kan - literary;
- kian - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gang1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ³³/
- Middle Chinese: kean
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤrə[r]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*krɯːn/
Definitions
[edit]艱
Compounds
[edit]- 丁內艱／丁内艰
- 丁外艱／丁外艰
- 丁艱／丁艰 (dīngjiān)
- 人艱不拆／人艰不拆 (rénjiānbùchāi)
- 備嘗艱苦／备尝艰苦
- 內艱／内艰
- 共體時艱／共体时艰
- 創業維艱／创业维艰
- 國困民艱／国困民艰
- 國步艱難／国步艰难
- 外艱／外艰
- 委重投艱／委重投艰
- 時艱／时艰 (shíjiān)
- 步履維艱／步履维艰 (bùlǚwéijiān)
- 歷盡艱辛／历尽艰辛 (lìjìnjiānxīn)
- 歷盡艱險／历尽艰险
- 涉艱履危／涉艰履危
- 物力維艱／物力维艰
- 稼穡艱難／稼穑艰难
- 維艱／维艰 (wéijiān)
- 舉步維艱／举步维艰 (jǔbùwéijiān)
- 艱危／艰危 (jiānwēi)
- 艱困／艰困
- 艱子／艰子
- 艱巨／艰巨 (jiānjù)
- 艱深／艰深 (jiānshēn)
- 艱澀／艰涩 (jiānsè)
- 艱苦／艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
- 艱苦卓絕／艰苦卓绝 (jiānkǔzhuójué)
- 艱苦奮鬥／艰苦奋斗 (jiānkǔfèndòu)
- 艱虞／艰虞
- 艱貞／艰贞
- 艱辛／艰辛 (jiānxīn)
- 艱險／艰险 (jiānxiǎn)
- 艱難／艰难 (jiānnán)
- 艱難險阻／艰难险阻 (jiānnánxiǎnzǔ)
- 蒿目時艱／蒿目时艰
- 運拙時艱／运拙时艰
- 險阻艱難／险阻艰难
References
[edit]- “艱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]艱
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Readings
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]艱 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan, Yale kan)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Categories:
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
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- Hakka nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
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- Chinese terms with obsolete senses
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese hyōgai kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading けん
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading かん
- Japanese kanji with kun reading なや・む
- Japanese kanji with kun reading かた・い
- Japanese kanji with kun reading なやみ
- Korean lemmas
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