肴

See also: 餚

肴	U+80B4, 肴 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80B4

← 肳
[U+80B3]

CJK Unified Ideographs

肵 →
[U+80B5]

Translingual

Han character

肴 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 大大月 (KKB), four-corner 4022₇, composition ⿱㐅有)

cooked or prepared meat

Derived characters

倄, 崤, 𢯎, 淆, 𤉶, 餚(𬳁)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 976, character 18
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29322
Dae Jaweon: page 1427, character 31
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2049, character 17
Unihan data for U+80B4

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (爻) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
崤	ɢaːw, ɢraːw
郩	*qaːwʔ
敎	kraːw, kraːws
較	kreːwɢs, kreːwɢ
肴	*ɢraːw
淆	*ɢraːw
倄	ɢraːw, ɢʷɯːʔ
爻	*ɢraːw
餚	*ɢraːw
殽	*ɢraːw
笅	*ɢraːw
駁	*praːwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢraːw) : phonetic 爻 (OC *ɢraːw) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – meat dishes.

Current form resembles 乂 + 有 – the lower 乂 of 爻 has moved to the side and down.

Etymology 1

trad.		肴
simp. ^#		肴

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yáo (yao²)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄠˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaau⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hâu / gâu / ngâu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yáo
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄠˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yáo
  - Wade–Giles: yao²
  - Yale: yáu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yau
  - Palladius: яо (jao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɑʊ̯³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ngaau⁴
  - Yale: ngàauh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaau⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngao⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːu̯²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâu
  - Tâi-lô: hâu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haau
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /hau²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hau¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâu
  - Tâi-lô: gâu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gaau
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡau²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngâu
  - Tâi-lô: ngâu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ngaau
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /ŋãu²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋãu²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋãu¹³/

Note:

hâu - literary;
gâu/ngâu - vernacular (俗).

Middle Chinese: haew

Rime
Character	肴
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	肴 (90)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡茅切
Baxter	haew
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠau/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚau/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣau/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨw/
Li Rong	/ɣau/
Wang Li	/ɣau/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣau/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiáo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haau⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤraw/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɢraːw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	肴
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yáo
Middle Chinese	‹ hæw ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁraw/
English	food
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	肴
Reading #	1/1
No.	14645
Phonetic component	爻
Rime group	宵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	肴
Old Chinese	/*ɢraːw/

Definitions

肴

prepared meat

Compounds

佳肴 (jiāyáo)
嘉肴 (jiāyáo)
山肴野蔌
旨酒嘉肴
溷肴
美酒佳肴
肴蔌
肴覈
肴饌 (yáozhuàn)
酒肴 (jiǔyáo)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 肴 – see 餚 (“meat dish”). (This character is the simplified form of 餚).
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Japanese

Kanji

肴

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)^{←げう (geu, historical)}
Kan-on: こう (kō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
Kun: さかな (sakana, 肴)、な (na)

Compounds

佳肴(かこう) (kakō), 嘉肴(かこう) (kakō)
口取(くちと)り肴(ざかな) (kuchitorizakana)
組(く)み肴(ざかな) (kumizakana)
下戸(げこ)の肴荒(さかなあら)し (geko no sakanaarashi)
下肴(げざかな) (gezakana): inferior fish, cheap fish
肴核(こうかく) (kōkaku)
小肴(こざかな) (kozakana): small fish
肴荒(さかなあ)らし (sakanaarashi)
肴奉行(さかなぶぎょう) (sakanabugyō)
肴札(さかなふだ) (sakanafuda)
肴舞(さかなまい) (sakanamai)
酒肴(さけさかな) (sakesakana)
残肴(ざんこう) (zankō)
強(し)い肴(ざかな) (shiizakana)
酒肴(しゅこう) (shukō)
酢肴(すざかな) (suzakana)
進(すす)め肴(ざかな) (susumezakana)
粗肴(そこう) (sokō)
珍肴(ちんこう) (chinkō)
取(と)り肴(ざかな) (torizakana)
直(なお)し肴(ざかな) (naoshizakana)
生肴(なまざかな) (namazakana): raw fish
熨斗肴(のしざかな) (noshizakana)
箱肴(はこざかな) (hakozakana)
鉢肴(はちざかな) (hachizakana)
引(ひ)き肴(ざかな) (hikizakana)
美肴(びこう) (bikō)

Etymology 1

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

肴

Wikipedia ^ja

肴 (*sakana*): a side dish served with alcoholic beverages.

Kanji in this term
肴
さかな Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

Compound of Old Japanese elements 酒 (saka, “sake, rice wine”, old combining form of modern sake reading) +‎ 菜 (na, “side dish”).^[1]^[2]^[3] Likely source of Okinawan さかな (sakana).

Alternative forms

魚

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) さかな [sàkáná] (Heiban – [0])^[2]^[4]
IPA^(key): [sa̠ka̠na̠]

Noun

肴(さかな) • (sakana)

fish
a side dish served with alcoholic beverages: not necessarily fish, may be a vegetable or other meat
entertainment at a drinking party

Usage notes

The fish sense is more commonly spelled 魚.

Idioms

肴(さかな)にする (sakana ni suru): to belittle someone, to make fun of someone

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
肴
な Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Also spelled variously in kanji in modern Japanese as 肴 (for meat or fish), 菜 (for vegetables), 魚 (for fish).^[1]

This reading appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [na̠]

Noun

肴(な) • (na)

a side dish, be it meat or fish or greens

Derived terms

肴(さかな) (sakana) (see above)
魚(さかな) (sakana) (see above)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

肴 • (hyo) (hangeul 효, revised hyo, McCune–Reischauer hyo, Yale hyo)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[KDJ-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJS-3] Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[NHK-4] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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