災難

See also: 灾难

Chinese

		disaster; calamity	disaster; distress; to scold disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good
trad. (災難)		災	難
simp. (灾难)		灾	难

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zāinàn

(Zhuyin): ㄗㄞㄋㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zoi¹ naan⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): châi-nan
Jin (Wiktionary): zai¹ nan³
Northern Min (KCR): cuói-nūing
Eastern Min (BUC): căi-nâng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chai-lān

(Teochew, Peng'im): zai¹ lang⁷

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zāinàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄗㄞㄋㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: zainàn
  - Wade–Giles: tsai¹-nan⁴
  - Yale: dzāi-nàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzainann
  - Palladius: цзайнань (czajnanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saɪ̯⁵⁵ nän⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zoi¹ naan⁶
  - Yale: jōi naahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzoi¹ naan⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: zoi¹ nan⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɔːi̯⁵⁵ naːn²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: châi-nan
  - Hakka Romanization System: zai^ˊ nan
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zai¹ nan⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ nan⁵⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zai¹ nan³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sai¹¹ næ̃⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cuói-nūing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suɛ⁵⁴ nuiŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: căi-nâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sai⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡɑŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chai-lān
  - Tâi-lô: tsai-lān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zailan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² lan²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sai³³ lan⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² lan²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻³³ lan³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻³³ lan³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zai¹ lang⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsai lāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sai³³⁻²³ laŋ¹¹/

Middle Chinese: tsoj nanH

Rime
Character	災	難
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	祖才切	奴案切
Baxter	tsoj	nanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʌi/	/nɑn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡səi/	/nɑn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sɒi/	/nɑn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡səj/	/nan^H/
Li Rong	/t͡sᴀi/	/nɑn^H/
Wang Li	/t͡sɒi/	/nɑn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡sɑ̆i/	/nɑn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zāi	nàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zoi¹	naan⁶

Noun

災難

disaster; calamity; catastrophe (Classifier: 場／场; 次)
- 災難延於宗子，權柄隆於朝廷。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  灾难延于宗子，权柄隆于朝廷。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: 648 CE, Fang Xuanling (lead editor), Book of Jin
  Zāinàn yán yú zōngzǐ, quánbǐng lóng yú cháotíng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

edit

亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
劫煞 (Hokkien)
劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
厄 (literary, or in compounds)
大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
天災／天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)
慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
沙𧐔 (sua¹ sab⁴) (Teochew)
浩劫 (hàojié)
災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
災害／灾害 (zāihài)
災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
禍息／祸息 (ho⁵ si⁶) (Xiang)
禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)

Derived terms

月亮有災難／月亮有灾难
災難性／灾难性 (zāinànxìng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (災難):

→ Japanese: 災難(さいなん) (sainan)
→ Korean: 재난(災難) (jaenan)
→ Vietnamese: tai nạn (災難)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
災	難
さい Grade: 5	なん Grade: 6
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
災難 (kyūjitai)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) さいなん [sàínáꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])^[1]
IPA^(key): [sa̠inã̠ɴ]

Noun

災(さい)難(なん) • (sainan)

disaster
災難(さいなん)に遭(あ)う
sainan ni au
to meet with disaster

災難(さいなん)を免(まぬか)れる
sainan o manukareru
to escape disaster
- 2015 September 14, Kaori Shoji, “When disaster strikes in Japan, keep calm and carry a diaper”, in The Japan Times‎^[1], retrieved 2023-04-11:
  On a smaller scale, there’s the roster of small catastrophes called sainan (災難); these include everything from mushisasare (虫さされ, mosquito bites) and hage (ハゲ, losing your hair) to wakare (別れ, break-ups), rikon (離婚, divorce) and other relationship troubles.

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
災	難

Noun

災難 • (jaenan) (hangeul 재난)

hanja form^? of 재난 (“disaster”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
災	難

Noun

災難

chữ Hán form of tai nạn (“accident”).

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]