瀨

See also: 濑 and 瀬

瀨	U+7028, 瀨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7028

← 瀧
[U+7027]

CJK Unified Ideographs

瀩 →
[U+7029]

Translingual

Traditional	瀨
Shinjitai	瀬
Simplified	濑

Han character

瀨 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 水木中金 (EDLC), four-corner 3118₆, composition ⿰氵賴)

Derived characters

𬟣

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 660, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18672
Dae Jaweon: page 1070, character 13
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1782, character 5
Unihan data for U+7028

Chinese

trad.		瀨
simp.		濑
alternative forms		瀬

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 瀨
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (賴) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
賴	*raːds
籟	*raːds
癩	raːds, raːd
瀨	*raːds
藾	*raːds
攋	raːds, reːdʔ, *raːd
懶	*raːnʔ
嬾	*raːnʔ
獺	r̥ʰaːd, hr'aːd

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːds) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 賴 (OC *raːds).

Etymology 1

As this word appeared in texts about ancient Eastern Yue (now Min) area and Chen Zan remarked that it was a Wu-Yue word, Schuessler (2007) speculates that it has Austroasiatic origin, comparing it to Wa-Lawa-Bulang *rah "rapids, waterfall" & Old Khmer rat (“to move swiftly, to run”), possibly derived from a root meaning "swift". Proto-Min *l̥aiꟲ is identical to Proto-Tai *hla:iᴮ¹.

Possibly unrelated to 濿 (OC *m·rads) "a ford".

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lài (lai⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄞˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): laai⁶
Northern Min (KCR): suōi
Eastern Min (BUC): lái
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lōa / loah / nāi
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶le

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lài
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄞˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lài
  - Wade–Giles: lai⁴
  - Yale: lài
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lay
  - Palladius: лай (laj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /laɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: laai⁶
  - Yale: laaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: laai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: lai⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /laːi̯²²/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: suōi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /suɛ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lái
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ɑi²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lōa
  - Tâi-lô: luā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: loa
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lua⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lua²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lua³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: loah
  - Tâi-lô: luah
  - Phofsit Daibuun: loaq
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /luaʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nāi
  - Tâi-lô: nāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: nai
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /nãi⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /nãi³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /nãi²²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶le
  - MiniDict: le^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³le
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²³/

Middle Chinese: lajH

Rime
Character	瀨
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	落蓋切
Baxter	lajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɑi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/lɑi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/lɑi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/laj^H/
Li Rong	/lɑi^H/
Wang Li	/lɑi^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/lɑi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	laai⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.rˤa[t]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*raːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	瀨
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lài
Middle Chinese	‹ laj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*C.rˁa[t]-s/
English	rapids
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	瀨
Reading #	1/1
No.	7634
Phonetic component	賴
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	賴
Old Chinese	/*raːds/

Definitions

瀨

rapids; swift current
(Hokkien) shallow part of a river with a rapid current

Synonyms

(rapids): (literary) 湍流 (tuānliú)

Compounds

湍瀨／湍濑
滲瀨／渗濑
瀨仔／濑仔 (Hokkien)
瀨戶內海／濑户内海 (Làihù Nèihǎi)
瀨粉／濑粉 (làifěn)

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Same word as 賴 "to leave behind"?”)

Pronunciation

Cantonese (Jyutping): laai⁶

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: laai⁶
  - Yale: laaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: laai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: lai⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /laːi̯²²/

Definitions

瀨

(Cantonese) to pass (urine or feces) involuntarily
我就嚟急到瀨喇，可唔可以去廁所呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
我就嚟急到濑喇，可唔可以去厕所呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
ngo⁵ zau⁶ lei⁴ gap¹ dou³ laai⁶ laa³, ho² m⁴ ho² ji⁵ heoi³ ci³ so² aa³? [Jyutping]
I need to go so badly that I'm going to wet myself. Can I go to the washroom?

Compounds

瀨尿／濑尿
瀨屎／濑屎

Japanese

Shinjitai	瀬
Kyūjitai	瀨

Kanji

瀨

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 瀬)

swift current
rapids

Readings

On (unclassified): らい (rai)
Kun: せ (se, 瀨)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 瀨 (MC lajH). Recorded as Middle Korean 뢰〮 (lwóy) (Yale: lwoy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

瀨

Wikisource

瀨 (eumhun 여울 뢰 (yeoul roe), word-initial (South Korea) 여울 뇌 (yeoul noe))

hanja form^? of [[뢰/뇌#Korean:_瀨|뢰/뇌]] (“rapids”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]