涯

涯	U+6DAF, 涯 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DAF

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

涯 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水一土土 (EMGG), four-corner 3111₄, composition ⿰氵厓)

Derived characters

𠽎𦹹

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 627, character 38
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17582
Dae Jaweon: page 1029, character 24
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1643, character 7
Unihan data for U+6DAF

Chinese

simp. and trad.		涯
alternative forms		漄厓𪞢

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 涯
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (圭) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
街	kreː, kreː
鞋	ɡreː, ɡreː, *ɡreː
娾	ŋreː, ŋreːʔ
佳	*kreː
鮭	ɡreː, kʷeː, *kʰʷeː
涯	ŋreː, ŋre
崖	ŋreː, ŋre
啀	*ŋreː
厓	*ŋreː
捱	*ŋreː
睚	*ŋreːs
娃	*qreː
洼	qreː, qʷraː, *kʷeː
哇	qreː, qʷraː
胿	ɡeː, kʷeː
溎	*qeːns
觟	*ɡʷraːʔ
黊	ɡʷraːʔ, ɡʷreːs, *ɡʷeː
蘳	ɡʷraːʔ, qʰʷe
蛙	qʷraː, qʷreː
窪	*qʷraː
卦	*kʷreːs
挂	*kʷreːs
掛	*kʷreːs
詿	kʷreːs, ɡʷreːs
罣	kʷreːs, ɡʷreːs, *kʷeːs
絓	kʰʷreː, ɡʷreːs
鼃	ɢʷreː, qʷreː
圭	*kʷeː
珪	*kʷeː
邽	*kʷeː
閨	*kʷeː
袿	*kʷeː
窐	kʷeː, ɡʷeː
茥	kʷeː, kʰʷeː
桂	*kʷeːs
筀	*kʷeːs
奎	*kʰʷeː
刲	*kʰʷeː
蝰	*kʰʷeː
楏	*kʰʷeː
睳	*qʰʷeː
畦	*ɡʷeː
眭	ɡʷeː, sqʰʷe, qʰʷe, qʰʷi
烓	qʷeː, kʰʷeːŋʔ
跬	*kʰʷeʔ
恚	*qʷes
硅	*qʰʷreɡ

Etymology 1

From a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (“slope, nearly vertical side”), whence also 巘 (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), 山 (OC *s-ŋrar, “mountain”), and 顏 (OC *C.ŋˤrar, “forehead”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014).

Same word as 崖 (yá, “cliff”) and 睚 (yá, “rim (of the eye)”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yá (ya²)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄚˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaai⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngài

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngai²
Eastern Min (BUC): ngài
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): gâi / gâ

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngai⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶ya

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yá
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yá
  - Wade–Giles: ya²
  - Yale: yá
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ya
  - Palladius: я (ja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ngaai⁴
  - Yale: ngàaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaai⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngai⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːi̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngài
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngai^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngai²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋai̯¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngai²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋaɪ¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngài
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâi
  - Tâi-lô: gâi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gaai
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɡai²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡai¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡai²³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâ
  - Tâi-lô: gâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gaa
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /ɡa²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngai⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶ya
  - MiniDict: ya^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhia
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦia²³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 涯
Mandarin	Beijing	/ia³⁵/
	Harbin	/ia²⁴/
	Tianjin	/iɑ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/iɛ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ia⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ia⁴²/
	Xi'an	/iai²⁴/
	Xining	/ia²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ia⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ia⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ia⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ia²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ia⁵³/
	Guiyang	/ia²¹/
	Kunming	/ia̠³¹/
	Nanjing	/iɑ²⁴/
	Hefei	/ia⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ia¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ȵiɑ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ia³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦia²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɑ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦie̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ŋa³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ia³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/ŋɔ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ia¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/iɒ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋai¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋɑi¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ŋai²¹/
	Nanning	/ŋai²¹/
	Hong Kong	/ŋai²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/gai³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋai⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋa³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ŋãi⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/zai³¹/

Middle Chinese: ngje, ngea

Rime
Character	涯	涯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	支 (13)	佳 (31)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	魚羈切	五佳切
Baxter	ngje	ngea
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠiᴇ/	/ŋˠɛ/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋᵚiɛ/	/ŋᵚæ/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɛ/	/ŋæi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋjiə̆/	/ŋaɨj/
Li Rong	/ŋje/	/ŋɛ/
Wang Li	/ŋǐe/	/ŋai/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋie̯/	/ŋai/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yí	yá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁴	ngaai⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋˤrar/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋreː/, /*ŋre/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	涯
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yá
Middle Chinese	‹ ngɛ ›
Old Chinese	/*ŋˁrar/
English	river bank; limit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	涯	涯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4535	4546
Phonetic component	圭	圭
Rime group	支	支
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	崖	宜
Old Chinese	/*ŋreː/	/*ŋre/

Definitions

涯

(literary, or in compounds) bank; shore
(literary, or in compounds) limit; boundary; margin

Synonyms

(limit):

edit

墘頭／墘头 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
崖 (yá) (literary, or in compounds)
沿子 (yánzi)
沿邊／沿边 (yánbiān)
界線／界线 (jièxiàn)
端倪 (duānní) (literary)
邊／边 (biān)
邊墘／边墘 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
邊沿／边沿 (biānyán)
邊緣／边缘 (biānyuán)
邊角／边角 (biānjiǎo)
邊際／边际 (biānjì)

Compounds

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 涯 – see 𠊎 (“I; me; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 𠊎).

References

“涯”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

涯

(Jōyō kanji)

shore, horizon

Readings

Go-on: げ (ge)
Kan-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)
Kun: はて (hate, 涯)

Compounds

一生涯(いっしょうがい) (isshōgai): lifetime
境涯(きょうがい) (kyōgai): circumstances; one's situation in life
公生涯(こうしょうがい) (kōshōgai): public life
際涯(さいがい) (saigai): limits; boundary; end
水涯(すいがい) (suigai): water's edge
全生涯(ぜんしょうがい) (zenshōgai): one's whole life
天涯(てんがい) (tengai): horizon; distant land; skyline; heavenly shores; remote region
生涯(しょうがい)学習(がくしゅう) (shōgaigakushū): lifelong learning

Etymology

Kanji in this term
涯
はて Grade: S
kun'yomi

By extension from verb 果(は)てる (hateru, “to be at an end, to finish, to be done”).

The hate reading for 涯 is rare, and is not listed in all dictionaries.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) はて [hàtéꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
IPA^(key): [ha̠te̞]

Noun

涯(はて) • (hate)

the end of the land: the shore
Synonyms: 際涯, 限り
the end of the visible world: the horizon

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 涯 (MC ngje|ngea). Recorded as Middle Korean 애 (ay) (Yale: ay) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

涯

Wikisource

涯 (eumhun 물가 애 (mulga ae))

hanja form^? of 애 (“shore”)

Compounds

생애 (生涯, saeng'ae)
애한 (涯限, aehan)
경애 (境涯, gyeong'ae)
천애 (天涯, cheonae)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

涯: Hán Nôm readings: rượi, nhai, nhười, rười, nhầy

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