昏

See also: 𠯑 and 昬

昏	U+660F, 昏 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-660F

← 明
[U+660E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

昐 →
[U+6610]

Translingual

Han character

昏 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹心日 (HPA), four-corner 7260₄, composition ⿱氏日)

Derived characters

𠉣, 㖧, 婚, 崏, 𰐲, 惛, 捪, 涽, 𰡙, 𣇲, 棔, 殙, 焝, 𤘏, 琘, 䄑, 𬛆, 睧, 碈, 𥟴, 𣨯, 緍(𦈏), 䎽, 𧍎, 諙, 𮛨, 𨌲, 錉, 𪑕
𡝪, 𢽹, 𣣏, 𬁀, 𣉈, 𦖞, 𬁌, 𭤉, 𨿹, 䫒, 𣋯, 𪂆(𪉎), 𧓢, 𡨩, 𮦘, 痻, 閽(阍), 𦟕, 𬀠

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 491, character 14
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13806
Dae Jaweon: page 854, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1492, character 3
Unihan data for U+660F

Chinese

simp. and trad.		昏
alternative forms		昬𣄾𣄼

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 昏
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (昏) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
鍲	*mrɯn
抿	mrɯn, mrɯn, *mrɯnʔ
緡	*mrɯn
捪	*mrɯnʔ
湣	*mrɯnʔ
昏	*hmɯːn
婚	*hmɯːn
閽	*hmɯːn
惛	hmɯːn, hmɯːnʔ, *hmɯːns
棔	*hmɯːn
殙	*hmɯːn

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 氏 + 日 (“sun”), or abbreviated 氐 + 日 (“sun”). Hence, the twilight or nightfall is the moment in which the sun (日) lowers and goes down (氏).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mun (“dark”). Cognate with 悶 (OC *mɯːns, “bored; depressed”), Tibetan མུན་པ (mun pa, “darkness”), Burmese မှုန် (hmun, “dim; gloomy”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): hūn (hun¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hun¹
Cantonese (Jyutping): fan¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fûn

(Meixian, Guangdong): fun¹
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hong¹ / huong¹ / hue¹ / huiⁿ¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hun / hng / huiⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): hung¹ / hng¹ / hên¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹huen

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hūn
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hun
  - Wade–Giles: hun¹
  - Yale: hwūn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huen
  - Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: hun¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xun
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuən⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: fan¹
  - Yale: fān
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fan¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: fen¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɐn⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fûn
  - Hakka Romanization System: fun^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fun¹
  - Sinological IPA: /fun²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fun¹
  - Sinological IPA: /fun⁴⁴/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hong¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: heong
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: huong¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huoŋ⁵³³/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hue¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huei⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: huiⁿ¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hũĩ⁵³³/

Note:

hong1/huong1 - literary;
hue1/huiⁿ1 - vernacular.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hun
  - Tâi-lô: hun
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hwn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hun⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hun³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hng
  - Tâi-lô: hng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hngf
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /hŋ̍⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hŋ̍³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: huiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: huinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvuy
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /huĩ⁴⁴/

Note:

hun - literary;
hng/huiⁿ - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: hung¹ / hng¹ / hên¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hung / hng / heⁿ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /huŋ³³/, /hŋ³³/, /hẽ³³/

Note:

hung1 - literary;
hng1/hên1 - vernacular.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹huen
  - MiniDict: huen^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹hun
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /huən⁵³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 昏
Mandarin	Beijing	/xuən⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/xuən⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/xuən²¹/
	Jinan	/xuẽ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/xuə̃²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/xuən²⁴/
	Xi'an	/xuẽ²¹/
	Xining	/xuə̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xuŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/xũn³¹/
	Ürümqi	/xuŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/xuən⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/xuən⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/xuen⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/xuə̃/
	Nanjing	/xun³¹/
	Hefei	/xuən²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xuəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/xuŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/xũŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/huəŋ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/huən⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/hun³³/
	Wenzhou	/ɕy³³/
Hui	Shexian	/xuʌ̃³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/xuɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/fən³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɸən³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/fɨn⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/fun⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/fun²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/fɐn⁵³/
	Nanning	/wɐn⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/fɐn⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hun⁵⁵/ /hŋ̍⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/huŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xɔŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/huŋ³³/ /hŋ̍³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hun²³/ /hui²³/

Middle Chinese: xwon

Rime
Character	昏
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	呼昆切
Baxter	xwon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/huən/
Pan Wuyun	/huon/
Shao Rongfen	/xuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwən/
Li Rong	/xuən/
Wang Li	/xuən/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xuən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hūn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fan¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤu[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*hmɯːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	昏
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hūn
Middle Chinese	‹ xwon ›
Old Chinese	/*m̥ˁu[n]/
English	dusk, dark
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	昏
Reading #	1/1
No.	5529
Phonetic component	昏
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	昏
Old Chinese	/*hmɯːn/

Definitions

昏

dusk; nightfall; twilight; dark
confused; dizzy; dazed; muddled
to faint; to lose consciousness
Alternative form of 婚 (hūn, “to marry”)

Compounds

References

“昏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

昏

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

dark
evening, dusk

Readings

Go-on: こん (kon)
Kan-on: こん (kon)
Kun: くらい (kurai, 昏い)、くれる (kureru, 昏れる)、たそがれ (tasogare)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 昏 (MC xwon). Recorded as Middle Korean 혼 (hwon) (Yale: hwon) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

昏

Wikisource

昏 (eumhun 어두울 혼 (eoduul hon))

hanja form^? of 혼 (“dark; dusk”)

Compounds

혼란 (昏亂, hollan)
혼미 (昏迷, honmi)
황혼 (黃昏, hwanghon)
몽혼 (朦昏, monghon)
혼수 (昏睡, honsu)
혼수상태 (昏睡狀態, honsusangtae)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

昏: Hán Nôm readings: hôn, hon

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