唾

唾	U+553E, 唾 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-553E

Translingual

Han character

唾 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 口竹十一 (RHJM), four-corner 6201₄, composition ⿰口垂)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 194, character 14
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3785
Dae Jaweon: page 414, character 20
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 641, character 14
Unihan data for U+553E

Chinese

trad.		唾
simp. ^#		唾

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 唾
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (垂) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
埵	*toːlʔ
綞	*toːlʔ
涶	tʰoːl, tʰoːls
唾	*tʰoːls
厜	*stol
腄	tol, dols, *ɢʷɯ
箠	tol, tjolʔ
娷	*tols
諈	*tols
錘	dol, dols, *du
甀	dol, dols
硾	*dols
捶	*tjolʔ
垂	*djol
陲	*djol
倕	*djol
菙	*djolʔ
睡	*djols

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰoːls) : semantic 口 + phonetic 垂 (OC *djol).

Etymology

Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan ཐོ་ལེ (tho le, “spit”), Burmese တွေး (twe:, “spittle”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): tuò (tuo⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄛˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): to⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): to³ / toe³ / tou³ / toe⁵

(Taishan, Wiktionary): tu⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): tho

(Meixian, Guangdong): to⁴ / tui⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): te³
Eastern Min (BUC): tó̤
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): tui⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): thò / thò͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): to²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵thu
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): to⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tuò
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄛˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tuò
  - Wade–Giles: tʻo⁴
  - Yale: twò
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuoh
  - Palladius: то (to)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: to⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: to
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰo²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: to³ / toe³ / tou³ / toe⁵
  - Yale: to / teu / tou / téuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: to³ / toe³ / tou³ / toe⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: to³ / tê³ / tou³ / tê⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɔː³³/, /tʰœː³³/, /tʰou̯³³/, /tʰœː¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: tu⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tho
  - Hakka Romanization System: to
  - Hagfa Pinyim: to⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰo⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: to⁴ / tui⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰo⁵³/, /tʰuɪ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: te³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰɤ⁴⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tó̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɔ²¹³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: tui⁴
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: tu̍i
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰui⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thò
  - Tâi-lô: thò
  - Phofsit Daibuun: toix
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰo¹¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰo⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰo²¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɤ²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thò͘
  - Tâi-lô: thòo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tox
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: to²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰo⁵²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵thu
  - MiniDict: thu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²thu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰu³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: to⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰo⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: thwaH

Rime
Character	唾
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	湯卧切
Baxter	thwaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuɑ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰuɑ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰuɑ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰwa^H/
Li Rong	/tʰuɑ^H/
Wang Li	/tʰuɑ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰuɑ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tuò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	to³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤoj-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*tʰoːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	唾
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tuò
Middle Chinese	‹ thwa^H ›
Old Chinese	/*tʰˁoj-s/
English	to spit (Sagart & Ma, 2020)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	唾
Reading #	1/1
No.	1661
Phonetic component	垂
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	唾
Old Chinese	/*tʰoːls/

Definitions

唾

saliva
唾腺 ― tuòxiàn ― salivary gland
to spit
to spit at; to spit with contempt
to vomit

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 口水 (“saliva; drool”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		涎, 唾
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		唾液, 口涎, 口水
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	哈喇子
	Taiwan	口水
	Ulanhot	哈喇子
	Tongliao	哈喇子
	Chifeng	唾沫
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	哈喇子
	Harbin	口水, 哈喇子
	Shenyang	吃水, 哈喇子
	Singapore	口水
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	哈喇子
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	吃拉拉, 咧涎, 涎線, 哈喇子
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	痴水, 痴水痘兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	涎水
	Zhengzhou	嘴水
	Xi'an	涎水
	Xining	涎水
	Xuzhou	口水, 口婁水
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	涎水
	Bayanhot	涎水, 口水
	Lanzhou	涎水
	Ürümqi	涎水, 哈喇子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	口水, 憨口水, 清口水
	Chongqing	口水
	Wuhan	涎, 涎水
	Guiyang	口水
	Kunming	口水
	Guilin	口水
	Liuzhou	口水, 口漦 dated
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	口水
	Yangzhou	口水
	Nantong	涎, 唾沫
	Hefei	口水
Cantonese	Guangzhou	口水
	Hong Kong	口水
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	口水
	Macau	口水
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	口水
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	口水
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	口水
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	口水
	Foshan	口水
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	口水
	Foshan (Shunde)	口水
	Foshan (Sanshui)	口水
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	口水
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	口瀾
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	口瀾
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	口水
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	口水
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	口水
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	口水
	Taishan	口水
	Kaiping (Chikan)	口水
	Enping (Niujiang)	口水
	Heshan (Yayao)	口水泡
	Dongguan	口水
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	口水
	Shaoguan	口水
	Yunfu	口水
	Yangjiang	口水
	Xinyi	口水
	Lianjiang	口水
	Nanning	口水
	Wuzhou	口水
	Yulin	涎水
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	涎水, 口水
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	口水
	Singapore (Guangfu)	口水
	Yangon (Taishan)	口水
	Mandalay (Taishan)	口水
Gan	Nanchang	涎
	Lichuan	口瀾
	Pingxiang	饞水
Hakka	Meixian	口瀾, 口瀾水, 口水
	Xingning	口瀾
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	口水
	Huidong (Daling)	口水
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	口水
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	口水
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	口水
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	口水
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	口水
	Wengyuan	口水
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	口瀾
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	口水
	Liannan	口水
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	口水
	Jiexi	口瀾
	Luhe	口水
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	嘴瀾水
	Changting	口瀾
	Wuping	口瀾
	Wuping (Yanqian)	喉瀾
	Wuping (Pingyu)	口瀾
	Liancheng	口瀾
	Ninghua	口瀾
	Yudu	喉瀾水
	Ningdu	口瀾水
	Ruijin	夫瀾水, 夫瀾
	Shicheng	口瀾
	Shangyou (Shexi)	口瀾
	Tonggu (Sandu)	口水
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	口水
	Dayu	口水
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	口瀾, 口瀾水
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	口瀾, 口瀾水
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	口水, 口瀾, 口瀾水
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	口瀾, 口瀾水
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	口瀾, 口瀾水
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	口瀾, 口瀾水
	Hong Kong	口水
	Mengshan (Xihe)	口水
	Luchuan	口水
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	口水
	Sabah (Longchuan)	口水
	Senai (Huiyang)	口水
	Singkawang	口水
Huizhou	Jixi	口涎, 口水
Jin	Taiyuan	涎水, 唾沫, 吐沫
	Xinzhou	涎水
	Taibus (Baochang)	涎水
	Linhe	涎水
	Jining	涎水
	Hohhot	涎拉子
	Baotou	涎水
	Dongsheng	涎水
	Haibowan	涎水
Northern Min	Jian'ou	瀾, 瀾水
Northern Min	Jianyang (Huangkeng)	唾
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	瀾
	Fuzhou (Changle)	瀾
	Fuqing	瀾
	Yongtai	瀾
	Gutian	瀾
	Fu'an	瀾
	Ningde	瀾
	Shouning	瀾
	Zhouning	瀾
	Fuding	瀾
Southern Min	Xiamen	瀾, 喙瀾, 津液
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	瀾
	Quanzhou	瀾, 喙瀾, 津液
	Zhangzhou	瀾, 喙瀾, 津液
	Zhao'an	瀾
	Taipei	瀾, 喙瀾
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	喙瀾
	Kaohsiung	瀾, 喙瀾
	Yilan	瀾, 喙瀾
	Changhua (Lukang)	瀾
	Taichung	瀾, 喙瀾
	Taichung (Wuqi)	喙瀾
	Tainan	瀾, 喙瀾
	Taitung	喙瀾
	Hsinchu	瀾, 喙瀾
	Kinmen	瀾
	Penghu (Magong)	瀾, 喙瀾
	Penang (Hokkien)	瀾
	Singapore (Hokkien)	瀾, 喙瀾
	Longyan	喙瀾
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	瀾水
	Chaozhou	瀾
	Shantou	瀾
	Jieyang	瀾
	Haifeng	瀾
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	瀾
	Singapore (Teochew)	瀾, 喙瀾
	Leizhou	瀾
	Wenchang	瀾
	Haikou	瀾, 瀾水
	Qionghai	瀾
	Singapore (Hainanese)	瀾
Puxian Min	Putian	瀾
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	瀾
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	瀾
	Xianyou	瀾
	Xianyou (Fengting)	瀾
	Xianyou (Youyang)	瀾
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	呲嘴瀾
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	涎
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	口水
Wu	Shanghai	饞唾, 饞唾水
	Shanghai (Chongming)	饞唾水
	Suzhou	饞唾, 饞唾水
	Danyang	痰吐, 涎吐, 饞吐
	Hangzhou	饞唾, 饞唾水兒
	Ningbo	饞唾水, 饞茶水, 瀾唾水
	Wenzhou	口瀾水, 饞瀾, 瀾
	Jinhua	口唾水
Xiang	Changsha	饞
	Xiangtan	痰水子
	Loudi	口水, 饞
	Shuangfeng	口水, 饞
	Hengyang	口水
	Quanzhou	口水

Compounds

References

莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “唾”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 550.

Japanese

See also 唾する

Kanji

唾

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: た (ta)
Kan-on: た (ta)
Kan’yō-on: だ (da, Jōyō)
Kun: つばき (tsubaki, 唾)、つば (tsuba, 唾, Jōyō)、つ (tsu, 唾)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
唾
つばき Grade: S
kun'yomi

Derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of now-obsolete verb 唾吐く (tsubaku, “to spit, to expectorate”), itself from 唾 (tsu, “saliva”) + 吐く (haku, “to expel from the mouth: to spit, to vomit, to exhale”).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) つばき [tsùbákíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])^[1]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨba̠kʲi]

Noun

唾(つばき) • (tsubaki)

spit, saliva

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
唾
つば Grade: S
kun'yomi

Appears to be a shortening of tsubaki above. Alternatively, may be a fusion of tsu below with particle は (wa, originally pa in Old Japanese, combining in some cases as ba).^[2]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) つば [tsúꜜbà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨba̠]

Noun

唾(つば) • (tsuba)

spit, saliva

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
唾
つ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Appears to be the oldest form.^[2] Possibly onomatopoeia.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [t͡sɨ]

Noun

唾(つ) • (tsu)

(archaic, possibly obsolete) spit, saliva

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

唾 (eumhun 침 타 (chim ta))

hanja form^? of 타 (“saliva”)

Compounds

타액 (唾液, taaek, “saliva”)

Vietnamese

Han character

唾: Hán Nôm readings: thóa/thoá

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[1]

[2]