rugio

See also: rugió

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *rougjō. Per De Vaan, related to Ancient Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “roar”), ὀρῠμαγδός (orumagdós, “noise”), ὠρῡγή (ōrūgḗ, “noise, roaring”), and possibly related to rū̆dō (“(of lions) to roar; (of donkeys) to bray”). Despite the phonetic similarity to ērūgō (“belch”), De Vaan thinks cognacy is unlikely, viewing the semantics as a poor match (although Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai) also has the meaning "belch", which De Vaan considers a homophone).^[1] Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“to roar”).

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈruː.ɡi.oː/, [ˈruːɡioː] or IPA^(key): /ˈru.ɡi.oː/, [ˈrʊɡioː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈru.d͡ʒi.o/, [ˈruːd͡ʒio]
The u in the first syllable is marked short by Lewis and Short as well as Gaffiot, but long by De Vaan (2008) and Wartburg (1928–2002).^[2] Buchi and Schweickard say that although the Romance outcomes require the reconstruction of Proto-Romance */u/ (as if from long ū), the quantity of the vowel in written Latin is uncertain.^[3]

Verb

rū̆giō (present infinitive rū̆gīre, perfect active rū̆gīvī or rū̆giī); fourth conjugation, no passive, no supine stem

(intransitive) to roar, bellow; rumble
- 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Ieremias.2.15:
  super eum rugierunt leones et dederunt vocem suam posuerunt terram eius in solitudinem civitates eius exustae sunt et non est qui habitet in eis
  The young lions have roared on him, and yelled; and they have made his land waste: his cities are burned up, without inhabitant.
(intransitive) to bray

Conjugation

Conjugation of rū̆giō (fourth conjugation, no supine stem, active only)
indicative		singular			plural
indicative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	rū̆giō	rū̆gīs	rū̆git	rū̆gīmus	rū̆gītis	rū̆giunt
	imperfect	rū̆giēbam	rū̆giēbās	rū̆giēbat	rū̆giēbāmus	rū̆giēbātis	rū̆giēbant
	future	rū̆giam	rū̆giēs	rū̆giet	rū̆giēmus	rū̆giētis	rū̆gient
	perfect	rū̆gīvī, rū̆giī	rū̆gīvistī, rū̆giistī	rū̆gīvit, rū̆giit	rū̆gīvimus, rū̆giimus	rū̆gīvistis, rū̆giistis	rū̆gīvērunt, rū̆gīvēre, rū̆giērunt, rū̆giēre
	pluperfect	rū̆gīveram, rū̆gieram	rū̆gīverās, rū̆gierās	rū̆gīverat, rū̆gierat	rū̆gīverāmus, rū̆gierāmus	rū̆gīverātis, rū̆gierātis	rū̆gīverant, rū̆gierant
	future perfect	rū̆gīverō, rū̆gierō	rū̆gīveris, rū̆gieris	rū̆gīverit, rū̆gierit	rū̆gīverimus, rū̆gierimus	rū̆gīveritis, rū̆gieritis	rū̆gīverint, rū̆gierint
subjunctive		singular			plural
subjunctive		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	rū̆giam	rū̆giās	rū̆giat	rū̆giāmus	rū̆giātis	rū̆giant
	imperfect	rū̆gīrem	rū̆gīrēs	rū̆gīret	rū̆gīrēmus	rū̆gīrētis	rū̆gīrent
	perfect	rū̆gīverim, rū̆gierim	rū̆gīverīs, rū̆gierīs	rū̆gīverit, rū̆gierit	rū̆gīverīmus, rū̆gierīmus	rū̆gīverītis, rū̆gierītis	rū̆gīverint, rū̆gierint
	pluperfect	rū̆gīvissem, rū̆giissem	rū̆gīvissēs, rū̆giissēs	rū̆gīvisset, rū̆giisset	rū̆gīvissēmus, rū̆giissēmus	rū̆gīvissētis, rū̆giissētis	rū̆gīvissent, rū̆giissent
imperative		singular			plural
imperative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	rū̆gī	—	—	rū̆gīte	—
active	future	—	rū̆gītō	rū̆gītō	—	rū̆gītōte	rū̆giuntō
non-finite forms		active			passive
non-finite forms		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		rū̆gīre	rū̆gīvisse, rū̆giisse	—	—	—	—
participles		rū̆giēns	—	—	—	—	—
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		rū̆giendī	rū̆giendō	rū̆giendum	rū̆giendō	—	—

Synonyms

(roar, bellow): mūgiō, rū̆dō

Derived terms

Descendants

Aromanian: arujescu, arujiri
→ Asturian: ruxir
→ French: rugir
Italian: ruggire
Old French: ruir
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: rogir
- Galician: ruxir
- Portuguese: rugir
Old Spanish: ruir
Romanian: rugi, rugire
→ Spanish: rugir
- → Catalan: rugir^[3]
⇒ Vulgar Latin: brugio (from a Gaulish root)
- Old French: bruire
  - French: bruire

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-rūgiō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 528-529
^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “rūgīre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 10: R, page 546
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Buchi, Éva, Schweickard, Wolfgang (2008–) “*/ˈruɡ-i-/ v.”, in Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman, Nancy: Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française, retrieved 18 May 2023: “Si la reconstruction comparative exige clairement */ˈu/, la quantité du <u> en latin écrit est mal assurée (cf. Ernout/Meillet₄).”.

Lithuanian

Noun

rùgio

genitive singular of rugỹs (“rye”)

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-rūgiō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 528-529

[2] Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “rūgīre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 10: R, page 546

[DÉRom-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Buchi, Éva, Schweickard, Wolfgang (2008–) “*/ˈruɡ-i-/ v.”, in Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman, Nancy: Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française, retrieved 18 May 2023: “Si la reconstruction comparative exige clairement */ˈu/, la quantité du <u> en latin écrit est mal assurée (cf. Ernout/Meillet₄).”.

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