kova
Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *kova.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]kova (comparative kovempi, superlative kovin)
- hard (of an object, resistant to pressure)
- Antonym: pehmeä
- strict, harsh, severe, unfriendly, hard, stern, brutal (of behavior or character)
- tough (rowdy or rough)
- Hän on kova kaveri.
- He is a tough guy.
- tough, hard (demanding a lot of effort to endure)
- (physics, ferromagnetism) hard (of material: having the capability of being a permanent magnet)
- (of water) hard (high on dissolved calcium and other minerals)
- (phonetics) hard, unvoiced (pronounced without using the vocal cords)
- (of light) harsh, hard (intensive and creating disagreeable and abrupt contrasts in colour or shading)
- (vulgar, of a man) hard, aroused; erect
- strong, hard, heavy, severe (having a high impact or influence)
- Antonym: (e.g. of wind) heikko
- kova isku ― hard hit, hard blow
- kova tuuli ― strong wind
- Minulla on kova jano.
- I'm very thirsty.
- loud (of sound: of great intensity)
- Synonyms: luja, kovaääninen, äänekäs
- Antonym: hiljainen
- Radio on liian kovalla.
- The radio is too loud.
- live (of ammunition)
- Tappaja väitti, että hän ei tiennyt aseen olevan ladattu kovilla panoksilla.
- The killer claimed that he didn't know that the weapon was loaded with live rounds.
- (finance) unregulated, market-rate, unsubsidized, hard
- Synonyms: (unsubsidized) vapaarahoitteinen, (market-based) markkinaehtoinen
- kova valuutta ― hard currency (globally traded currency that is expected to serve as a reliable and stable store of value)
- kova raha ― unsubsidized financing (especially as opposite to aravalaina (“type of subsidized loan for social housing”))
- (pornography) hard, hardcore
- kova porno ― hardcore pornography
- high, great, ambitious, remarkable
- kova kysyntä ― great demand
- Pidän ilmapiiristä, mutta heidän hintansa ovat aika kovat.
- I like the atmosphere, but their prices are quite high.
- Heillä on kovat suunnitelmat - ensin valloitetaan Pohjoismaiden markkinat, sitten koko maailma.
- They have ambitious plans – first the Nordic market, then the whole world. / They have ambitious plans to first conquer the Nordic market and then the whole world.
- excellent, great, well-known
- Synonyms: erinomainen, mainio
- Alle kaksi tuntia on kova aika maratonilla.
- Less than two hours is an excellent time on a marathon.
- Niin, mutta olenkin kovassa kunnossa. Olen kova nimi urheilupiireissä.
- Yes, but I'm in a great shape. I'm a well-known name in the sports circles.
- eager, devoted
- Hän on kova kalamies.
- He's an eager fisherman.
- Hän on kova Kärppä-fani.
- He's a devoted fan of the Kärpät.
- hard, hardworking
- Hän on kova työmies.
- He's a hard worker.
Declension
[edit]Inflection of kova (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | kova | kovat | |
genitive | kovan | kovien | |
partitive | kovaa | kovia | |
illative | kovaan | koviin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | kova | kovat | |
accusative | nom. | kova | kovat |
gen. | kovan | ||
genitive | kovan | kovien kovain rare | |
partitive | kovaa | kovia | |
inessive | kovassa | kovissa | |
elative | kovasta | kovista | |
illative | kovaan | koviin | |
adessive | kovalla | kovilla | |
ablative | kovalta | kovilta | |
allative | kovalle | koville | |
essive | kovana | kovina | |
translative | kovaksi | koviksi | |
abessive | kovatta | kovitta | |
instructive | — | kovin | |
comitative | — | kovine |
Derived terms
[edit]- kivenkova
- kivikova
- kovaiskuinen
- kovajuotos
- kovajuottaa
- kovakallo
- kovakalloinen
- kovakalvo
- kovakantinen
- kovakoodata
- kovakorvainen
- kovakourainen
- kovaksikeitetty
- kovakumi
- kovakuntoinen
- kovakuoriainen
- kovakuorinen
- kovakätinen
- kovalevy
- kovaluonteinen
- kovaluontoinen
- kovametalli
- kovanaama
- kovanaamainen
- Kovaniemi
- kovankypsä
- kovaonninen
- kovaosainen
- kovaotteinen
- kovapalkkainen
- kovapanosammunta
- kovapintainen
- kovapohjainen
- kovapäinen
- kovasanainen
- kovasuinen
- kovasydäminen
- kovaääninen
- luunkova
- metallinkova
- piinkova
- puolikova
- raudankova
- teräksenkova
- timantinkova
Further reading
[edit]- “kova”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Anagrams
[edit]Hungarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From an otherwise unattested stem + -a (diminutive suffix).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kova (plural kovák)
Declension
[edit]Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | kova | kovák |
accusative | kovát | kovákat |
dative | kovának | kováknak |
instrumental | kovával | kovákkal |
causal-final | kováért | kovákért |
translative | kovává | kovákká |
terminative | kováig | kovákig |
essive-formal | kovaként | kovákként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | kovában | kovákban |
superessive | kován | kovákon |
adessive | kovánál | kováknál |
illative | kovába | kovákba |
sublative | kovára | kovákra |
allative | kovához | kovákhoz |
elative | kovából | kovákból |
delative | kováról | kovákról |
ablative | kovától | kováktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
kováé | kováké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
kováéi | kovákéi |
Possessive forms of kova | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | kovám | kováim |
2nd person sing. | kovád | kováid |
3rd person sing. | kovája | kovái |
1st person plural | kovánk | kováink |
2nd person plural | kovátok | kováitok |
3rd person plural | kovájuk | kováik |
References
[edit]- ^ kova in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Further reading
[edit]- kova in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Ingrian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *kova. Cognates include Finnish kova and Estonian kõva.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈkoʋɑ/, [ˈko̞ʋɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈkoʋɑ/, [ˈko̞ʋɑ]
- Rhymes: -oʋɑ
- Hyphenation: ko‧va
Adjective
[edit]kova (comparative kovemp)
- hard
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 12:
- A kalastajat - koko talvia merel ollaa, ja pakkaist kittäät, etti jään kovanna pittää.
- And the fishermen - they are on the sea all winter, and thank the frost, that it keeps the ice hard.
- harsh
- 18th century, “Kui tulloo syvä syksy [When late autumn comes]”:
- Kui tulloo syvä syksy, kova talvi tallajaa.
- When late autumn comes, the harsh winter sets in.
- rough
- strong, sturdy
Declension
[edit]Declension of kova (type 3/koira, no gradation, gemination) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | kova | kovat |
genitive | kovan | kovviin |
partitive | kovvaa | kovvia |
illative | kovvaa | kovvii |
inessive | kovas | kovis |
elative | kovast | kovist |
allative | kovalle | koville |
adessive | koval | kovil |
ablative | kovalt | kovilt |
translative | kovaks | koviks |
essive | kovanna, kovvaan | kovinna, kovviin |
exessive1) | kovant | kovint |
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. |
Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “hard”): pehmiä
- (antonym(s) of “harsh”): raju, valju, valjo
- (antonym(s) of “rough”): pehmiä
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka[2], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 59
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 199
- Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку[3], →ISBN, page 72
Karelian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *kova.
Adjective
[edit]kova
Kilivila
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kova
References
[edit]- Gunter Senft (1986), Kilivila: the Language of the Trobriand Islanders. Berlin • New York • Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 291. →ISBN
Lithuanian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kovà f (plural kõvos) stress pattern 4[1]
Declension
[edit]singular (vienaskaita) | plural (daugiskaita) | |
---|---|---|
nominative (vardininkas) | kovà | kõvos |
genitive (kilmininkas) | kovõs | kovų̃ |
dative (naudininkas) | kõvai | kovóms |
accusative (galininkas) | kõvą | kovàs |
instrumental (įnagininkas) | kovà | kovomìs |
locative (vietininkas) | kovojè | kovosè |
vocative (šauksmininkas) | kõva | kõvos |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀwāˀ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kóva f (plural kóvos) stress pattern 1[2]
Declension
[edit]singular (vienaskaita) | plural (daugiskaita) | |
---|---|---|
nominative (vardininkas) | kóva | kóvos |
genitive (kilmininkas) | kóvos | kóvų |
dative (naudininkas) | kóvai | kóvoms |
accusative (galininkas) | kóvą | kóvas |
instrumental (įnagininkas) | kóva | kóvomis |
locative (vietininkas) | kóvoje | kóvose |
vocative (šauksmininkas) | kóva | kóvos |
References
[edit]- ^ “kova” in Balčikonis, Juozas et al. (1954), Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.
- ^ “kova 3”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2024
- “kova” in Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN
Ludian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *kova.
Adjective
[edit]kova
Swedish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Finnish kova, from expressions like kova raha (“hard money”).
Noun
[edit]kova c
Usage notes
[edit]Only as part of compounds and certain expressions.
Declension
[edit]nominative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|
singular | indefinite | kova | kovas |
definite | kovan | kovans | |
plural | indefinite | — | — |
definite | — | — |
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- kova in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
- kova in Svensk ordbok (SO)
- kova in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
Turkish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Ottoman Turkish قوغه (koğa. kova), from Proto-Turkic *kobga. Cognate to Southern Altai кого (kogo).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kova (definite accusative kovayı, plural kovalar)
Declension
[edit]Inflection | ||
---|---|---|
Nominative | kova | |
Definite accusative | kovayı | |
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | kova | kovalar |
Definite accusative | kovayı | kovaları |
Dative | kovaya | kovalara |
Locative | kovada | kovalarda |
Ablative | kovadan | kovalardan |
Genitive | kovanın | kovaların |
Veps
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *kova.
Adjective
[edit]kova
Inflection
[edit]Inflection of kova (inflection type 6/kuva) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative sing. | kova | ||
genitive sing. | kovan | ||
partitive sing. | kovad | ||
partitive plur. | kovid | ||
singular | plural | ||
nominative | kova | kovad | |
accusative | kovan | kovad | |
genitive | kovan | koviden | |
partitive | kovad | kovid | |
essive-instructive | kovan | kovin | |
translative | kovaks | kovikš | |
inessive | kovas | koviš | |
elative | kovaspäi | kovišpäi | |
illative | kovaha | kovihe | |
adessive | koval | kovil | |
ablative | kovalpäi | kovilpäi | |
allative | kovale | kovile | |
abessive | kovata | kovita | |
comitative | kovanke | kovidenke | |
prolative | kovadme | kovidme | |
approximative I | kovanno | kovidenno | |
approximative II | kovannoks | kovidennoks | |
egressive | kovannopäi | kovidennopäi | |
terminative I | kovahasai | kovihesai | |
terminative II | kovalesai | kovilesai | |
terminative III | kovassai | — | |
additive I | kovahapäi | kovihepäi | |
additive II | kovalepäi | kovilepäi |
References
[edit]- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish 2-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/oʋɑ
- Rhymes:Finnish/oʋɑ/2 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish adjectives
- Finnish terms with usage examples
- fi:Physics
- fi:Phonetics
- Finnish vulgarities
- Finnish terms with collocations
- fi:Finance
- fi:Pornography
- Finnish koira-type nominals
- Hungarian diminutive nouns
- Hungarian nouns suffixed with -a
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/vɒ
- Rhymes:Hungarian/vɒ/2 syllables
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian nouns
- hu:Materials
- hu:Fire
- Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Ingrian/oʋɑ
- Rhymes:Ingrian/oʋɑ/2 syllables
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian adjectives
- Ingrian terms with quotations
- Karelian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Karelian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Karelian lemmas
- Karelian adjectives
- Kilivila terms with IPA pronunciation
- Kilivila lemmas
- Kilivila nouns
- Lithuanian terms suffixed with -a
- Lithuanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Lithuanian lemmas
- Lithuanian nouns
- Lithuanian feminine nouns
- Lithuanian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- lt:Corvids
- Ludian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Ludian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Ludian lemmas
- Ludian adjectives
- Swedish terms borrowed from Finnish
- Swedish terms derived from Finnish
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish nouns
- Swedish common-gender nouns
- Swedish informal terms
- Turkish terms inherited from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Turkish terms with audio pronunciation
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish nouns
- tr:Containers
- Veps terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Veps terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Veps lemmas
- Veps adjectives
- Veps kuva-type nominals