zua

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Swahili

Pronunciation

Audio (Kenya): (file)

Verb

-zua (infinitive kuzua)

to spark (to trigger into activity)
to fabricate, invent

Conjugation

Conjugation of -zua

Positive present	-nazua
Subjunctive	-zue
Negative	-zui
Imperative singular	zua

Infinitives

Positive	kuzua
Negative	kutozua

Imperatives

Singular	zua
Plural	zueni

Tensed forms

Habitual	huzua
Positive past	positive subject concord + -lizua
Negative past	negative subject concord + -kuzua

Positive present (positive subject concord + -nazua)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		ninazua/nazua	tunazua
2nd person		unazua	mnazua
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	anazua	wanazua
3rd person	other classes	positive subject concord + -nazua

Negative present (negative subject concord + -zui)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		sizui	hatuzui
2nd person		huzui	hamzui
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	hazui	hawazui
3rd person	other classes	negative subject concord + -zui

Positive future	positive subject concord + -tazua
Negative future	negative subject concord + -tazua

Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -zue)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		nizue	tuzue
2nd person		uzue	mzue
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	azue	wazue
3rd person	other classes	positive subject concord + -zue

Negative subjunctive	positive subject concord + -sizue
Positive present conditional	positive subject concord + -ngezua
Negative present conditional	positive subject concord + -singezua
Positive past conditional	positive subject concord + -ngalizua
Negative past conditional	positive subject concord + -singalizua

Gnomic (positive subject concord + -azua)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		nazua	twazua
2nd person		wazua	mwazua
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	azua	wazua
	m-mi_(III/IV)	wazua	yazua
	ji-ma_(V/VI)	lazua	yazua
	ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	chazua	vyazua
	n_(IX/X)	yazua	zazua
	u_(XI)	wazua	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
	ku_(XV/XVII)	kwazua
	pa_(XVI)	pazua
	mu_(XVIII)	mwazua

Perfect	positive subject concord + -mezua
"Already"	positive subject concord + -meshazua
"Not yet"	negative subject concord + -jazua
"If/When"	positive subject concord + -kizua
"If not"	positive subject concord + -sipozua
Consecutive	kazua / positive subject concord + -kazua
Consecutive subjunctive	positive subject concord + -kazue

Object concord (indicative positive)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		-nizua	-tuzua
2nd person		-kuzua	-wazua/-kuzueni/-wazueni
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	-mzua	-wazua
	m-mi_(III/IV)	-uzua	-izua
	ji-ma_(V/VI)	-lizua	-yazua
	ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-kizua	-vizua
	n_(IX/X)	-izua	-zizua
	u_(XI)	-uzua	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
	ku_(XV/XVII)	-kuzua
	pa_(XVI)	-pazua
	mu_(XVIII)	-muzua
Reflexive		-jizua

Relative forms

General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -zua- + relative marker)
	Singular	Plural
m-wa_(I/II)	-zuaye	-zuao
m-mi_(III/IV)	-zuao	-zuayo
ji-ma_(V/VI)	-zualo	-zuayo
ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-zuacho	-zuavyo
n_(IX/X)	-zuayo	-zuazo
u_(XI)	-zuao	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
ku_(XV/XVII)	-zuako
pa_(XVI)	-zuapo
mu_(XVIII)	-zuamo

Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -zua)
	Singular	Plural
m-wa_(I/II)	-yezua	-ozua
m-mi_(III/IV)	-ozua	-yozua
ji-ma_(V/VI)	-lozua	-yozua
ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-chozua	-vyozua
n_(IX/X)	-yozua	-zozua
u_(XI)	-ozua	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
ku_(XV/XVII)	-kozua
pa_(XVI)	-pozua
mu_(XVIII)	-mozua

Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

Verbal derivations:
- Causative: -zusha
- Reciprocal: -zuana