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The nonbank activities of bank holding companies,
J. Nellie Liang and Donald T. Savage,
in Federal Reserve Bulletin
(1990)
Keywords: Bank holding companies; non-bank activities
A note of the relationship between bank holding company risk and nonbank activity,
Elijah Brewer,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(1988)
Keywords: Risk; non-bank activities; Bank holding companies
New data on the performance of nonbank subsidiaries of bank holding companies,
J. Nellie Liang and Donald T. Savage,
from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)
(1990)
Keywords: Bank holding companies; non-bank activities
The risk of existing nonbank activities,
Elijah Brewer,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(1989)
Keywords: non-bank activities; Risk; Bank holding companies
Bank holding company voluntary nonbanking asset divestitures,
Gary Whalen,
in Economic Commentary
(1986)
Keywords: Bank investments; Bank holding companies
Risk, regulation, and bank holding company expansion into nonbanking,
John H. Boyd and Stanley L. Graham,
in Quarterly Review
(1986)
Keywords: Risk; Bank investments; Bank holding companies
Some evidence on bank holding company regulation: the question of expansion into the insurance business,
Tim S. Campbell, J. Kimball Dietrich and Mark I. Weinstein,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(1985)
Keywords: Bank holding companies; non-bank activities; Insurance
Insulation of banking from nonbanking: an empirical investigation,
George E. French and Eric Hirschhorn,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(1988)
Keywords: non-bank activities; Bank affiliates; Bank holding companies
Insulating banks from risks run by nonbank affiliates,
Samuel B. Chase,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(1988)
Keywords: Bank affiliates; non-bank activities; Bank supervision; Bank holding companies
The Nonbank Footprint of Banks,
Nicola Cetorelli and Saketh Prazad,
from Federal Reserve Bank of New York
(2024)
Keywords: banking firm; bank holding companies; firm boundaries; nonbank financial institutions; liquidity synergies; bank regulation
The Effect of Regulatory Oversight on Nonbank Mortgage Subsidiaries,
Eliana Balla, Raymond Brastow, Daniel Edgel and Morgan Rose,
in The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics
(2024)
Keywords: Mortgage, Regulation, Non-bank lenders, Mortgage default, Banking, Bank holding companies
The profitability and risk effects of allowing bank holding companies to merge with other financial firms: a simulation study,
John H. Boyd and Stanley L. Graham,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(1988)
Keywords: Bank mergers; Bank holding companies; non-bank activities
Contagious bank runs, financial structure and corporate separateness within a bank holding company,
Mark Flannery,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(1986)
Keywords: Bank holding companies; Bank failures; Bank affiliates; non-bank activities
The profitability and risk effects of allowing bank holding companies to merge with other financial firms: a simulation study,
John H. Boyd and Stanley L. Graham,
in Quarterly Review
(1988)
Keywords: Bank mergers; Bank holding companies; non-bank activities
Are Nonbank Financial Institutions Systemic?,
Andres Fernandez, Martin Hiti and Asani Sarkar,
from Federal Reserve Bank of New York
(2024)
Keywords: nonbank financial institutions (NBFIs); nonbanks; banks; systemic risk; Interconnections
Nonbanks in the payments system,
Terri Bradford, Matt Davies and Stuart E. Weiner,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City
(2002)
Keywords: Payment systems; Nonbank financial institutions; non-bank activities
Nonbank banks: catalyst for interstate banking,
Janice M. Moulton,
in Business Review
(1985)
Keywords: Nonbank financial institutions
Bank risk from nonbank activities,
Elijah Brewer, Diana Fortier and Christine A. Pavel,
in Economic Perspectives
(1988)
Keywords: non-bank activities; Risk
The Nonbank Shadow of Banks,
Nicola Cetorelli and Saketh Prazad,
from Federal Reserve Bank of New York
(2023)
Keywords: nonbank financial institutions (NBFIs); conglomeration; benefits; banks
Nonbanks and the future of banking,
Gary Gorton and George Pennacchi,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(1992)
Keywords: Banks and banking; non-bank activities; Bank loans
Banks, nonbanks, and business cycles,
Yvan Becard and David Gauthier,
in European Economic Review
(2023)
Keywords: Business cycles; Europe; Banks; Nonbank financial institutions;
Banks and Nonbanks Are Not Separate, but Interwoven,
Viral V. Acharya, Nicola Cetorelli and Bruce Tuckman,
from Federal Reserve Bank of New York
(2024)
Keywords: non-bank financial intermediaries; nonbanks; shadow banking; bank regulation; macroprudential regulations; regulatory arbitrage; systemic risk
Nonbanks and Mortgage Securitization,
You Suk Kim, Karen Pence, Richard Stanton, Johan Walden and Nancy Wallace,
in Annual Review of Financial Economics
(2022)
Keywords: financial regulation, mortgage prepayment, nonbank financial institutions, securitization, systemic risk
The role of nonbanks in commercial lending,
Rafael Scolari,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(1990)
Keywords: Bank loans; Commercial loans; Nonbank financial institutions; Mutual funds
The Non-Bank Credit Cycle,
Esti Kemp, Rene van Stralen, Alexandros Vardoulakis and Peter Wierts,
from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)
(2018)
Keywords: credit cycles; Financial crisis; leading indicators; Non-bank credit
Still toe-to-toe: banks and nonbanks at the end of the '80s,
Linda M. Aguilar,
in Economic Perspectives
(1990)
Keywords: Nonbank financial institutions; Bank competition
Non-Bank Financing in Ireland: A Comparative Perspective,
Conor O'Toole, Martina Lawless and Derek Lambert,
in The Economic and Social Review
(2015)
Keywords: non-bank financing, Eurozone, Ireland
Prevalence and determinants of nonbank borrowing in CESEE: evidence from the OeNB Euro Survey,
Katharina Allinger and Elisabeth Beckmann,
in Focus on European Economic Integration
(2021)
Keywords: household debt, nonbank borrowing
CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF NON-BANKING FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS,
Joanna Hanna Buha, Dmytro Yevenko and Vitalii Pastushenko,
in Baltic Journal of Economic Studies
(2023)
Keywords: non-banking financial institution, the concept of a non-banking financial institution, classification of non-banking financial institutions
Nonbank financial intermediation in Austria – an update,
Alexandra Schober-Rhomberg, Alexander Trachta and Matthias Wicho,
in Financial Stability Report
(2021)
Keywords: nonbank finance, nonbank financial intermediation, nonbank financial institutions, investment funds, insurance corporations, pension funds, other financial institutions, finance leasing, systemic risk, financial stability
Non-bank lending during crises,
Iñaki Aldasoro, Sebastian Doerr and Haonan Zhou,
from Bank for International Settlements
(2023)
Keywords: Non-banks, syndicated loans, financial crises, financial stability, relationship lending
Letter of Credit Non-bank Issuer,
Stephen A. Jones,
from Springer
(2019)
Keywords: Documentary risk, Negotiation, Non-bank issuer letter of credit
Less Bank Regulation, More Non-Bank Lending,
Mary Chen, Seung Jung Lee, Daniel Neuhann and Farzad Saidi,
from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
(2023)
Keywords: Non-banks; Glass-steagall act; Bank regulation
Nonbanks Are Growing but Their Growth Is Heavily Supported by Banks,
Viral V. Acharya, Nicola Cetorelli and Bruce Tuckman,
from Federal Reserve Bank of New York
(2024)
Keywords: non-bank financial intermediaries; funding; credit lines
Development of non-banking sector in EU and Bulgaria,
Miroslav Nedelchev,
from University Library of Munich, Germany
(2015)
Keywords: non-banking sector, insurance corporations, pension funds
Implementation of Leasing Contract in Non-Banking Finance Institutions,
Lina Maulidiana,
in European Research Studies Journal
(2018)
Keywords: Contracts, Leasing, Non-Bank Financing Institutions
Nonbank Finance and Monetary Policy Transmission in Asia,
John Beirne, Nuobu Renzhi and Ulrich Volz,
from Asian Development Bank Institute
(2022)
Keywords: nonbank finance; fintech; monetary policy; Asia
Statement of guidance for reporting activities of nonbank banks issued August 21, 1987,
Anonymous,
in Federal Reserve Bulletin
(1987)
Keywords: Nonbank financial institutions; Bank affiliates
Reduced form evidence on the substitutability between bank and nonbank loans,
Sean Becketti and Charles Morris,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(1994)
Keywords: Bank loans; Nonbank financial institutions
Nonbanks in the payments system: innovation, competition, and risk - a conference summary,
Richard Sullivan and Zhu Wang,
in Economic Review
(2007)
Keywords: Nonbank financial institutions; Payment systems
The supervisory framework surrounding nonbank participation in the U.S. retail payments system: an overview,
Richard Sullivan,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City
(2006)
Keywords: Nonbank financial institutions
Nonbanking activities of bank holding companies,
Dale S. Drum,
in Economic Perspectives
(1977)
Nonbank activities and risk,
Larry Wall,
in Economic Review
(1986)
Keywords: Risk; Bank holding companies; Bank capital; Bank affiliates
Capital Flows: The Role of Bank and Nonbank Balance Sheets,
Yuko Hashimoto and Signe Krogstrup,
from International Monetary Fund
(2019)
Keywords: WP;capital flow;bank-nonbank interconnectedness;bank share;nonbank investor;portfolio adjustment; foreign exposure; global factor; risk aversion; global financial crisis; forward contract; capital flow management measures; macro prudential policy; risk management behavior; bank credit; nonbank balance sheet exposure; nonbank liability; nonbank risk management behavior; nonbank client; nonbank share; nonbank balance sheets; nonbank risk management practice; Capital flows; Foreign currency exposure; Financial statements; Foreign assets; Nonbank financial institutions; Global; Africa
Informal hearing held on proposed rule to implement the limitations placed on grandfathered nonbank banks under the Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987,
Anonymous,
in Federal Reserve Bulletin
(1988)
Keywords: Nonbank financial institutions
Nonbank financial intermediation in Austria – developments since 2008,
Thomas Pöchel, Alexandra Schober-Rhomberg, Alexander Trachta and Matthias Wicho,
in Financial Stability Report
(2019)
Keywords: nonbank finance, nonbank financial intermediation, nonbank financial institutions, investment funds, insurance corporations, pension funds, other financial institutions, finance leasing, systemic risk, financial stability
Theorising non-bank financial intermediation,
Jo Michell,
in Review of Keynesian Economics
(2024)
Keywords: financialisation; money view; non-bank financial intermediation (NBFI); Post-Keynesian circuitist analysis; political economy analysis
Non-banking financial institutions in Bulgaria,
Jeffrey Miller and Stefan Petranov,
from University Library of Munich, Germany
(2000)
Keywords: non-banking financial institutions, capital markets, insurance sector, pension system, Bulgaria
Issues and Challenges of Non-Bank Financial Institutions in Bangladesh,
Md. Rizwan Hassan,
in Asian Business Review
(2013)
Keywords: Non-Bank Financial Institutions; asset-liability mismatch; high risk portfolio
Monetary Interventions and the Rise of Non-Bank Lenders,
Gianluca Cafiso and Giulia Rivolta,
from CESifo
(2022)
Keywords: bank loans, non-bank loans, monetary interventions, Bayesian VAR
Private Non-Bank Money – a Way for Theorizing CCS,
Rossitsa Toncheva,
from University Library of Munich, Germany
(2024)
Keywords: Private Non-bank Money, Distribution, Money, complementary currency
Understanding Bank and Nonbank Credit Cycles: A Structural Exploration,
C. Bora Durdu and Molin Zhong,
from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)
(2019)
Keywords: Banks; Capital Requirements; Credit Cycles; DSGE Models; Leverage; Nonbanks
Monitoring Banks’ Exposure to Nonbanks: The Network of Interconnections Matters,
Nicola Cetorelli, Mattia Landoni and Lina Lu,
from Federal Reserve Bank of New York
(2023)
Keywords: nonbank financial institutions (NBFIs); fire sale; network; monitoring
Organization of non-bank financial institutions and their need for supervision,
Medar Lucian-Ion,
in Annals - Economy Series
(2009)
Keywords: non-bank financial institutions, money creation, prudential supervision, monetary activities
Organization of Non-Bank Financial Institutions and Their Need for Supervision,
Lucian-Ion Medar,
in Annals - Economy Series
(2010)
Keywords: non-bank financial institutions, money creation, prudential supervision, monetary activities
Non-bank lending and the transmission of monetary policy,
Dominic Cucic and Denis Gorea,
from Bank for International Settlements
(2024)
Keywords: monetary policy, nonbanks, shadow banks, banks, real effects
Financial stability indicator for non-banking markets,
Marius Cristian Acatrinei,
in Journal of Financial Studies
(2020)
Keywords: financial stability indicator, non-bank financial markets, state-space model
Why do banks acquire non-banks?,
Maretno Harjoto, Ha-Chin Yi and Tosporn Chotigeat,
in Journal of Economics and Finance
(2012)
Keywords: Non-Bank Acquisitions, Subsequent Performance, Executives Compensation, G2, G21, G34,
Accounting Harmonization Measurement: The Case of Non-Banking Financial Institutions in Romania,
Denis Levanti, Ileana Cosmina Pitulice and Aurelia Stefanescu,
in Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems
(2021)
Keywords: IFRS, convergence, harmonization, non-banking financial institution
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Non-Bank Loan Market in Poland,
Waliszewski Krzysztof,
in Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
(2020)
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, non-bank loans, consumer protection
Key linkages between banks and the non-bank financial sector,
Emanuele Franceschi, Maciej Grodzicki, Benedikt Kagerer, Christoph Kaufmann, Francesca Lenoci, Luca Mingarelli, Cosimo Pancaro and Richard Senner,
in Financial Stability Review
(2023)
Keywords: Banks, non-bank financial intermediation, sectoral interlinkages
Non-Bank Financing for Euro Area Companies During the Crisis,
Annalisa Ferrando and Emmanouil Mavrakis,
from Palgrave Macmillan
(2017)
Keywords: Capital structure, Financial diversification, Non-bank financing
The role of banks and nonbanks in serving low- and moderate income communities,
Constance R. Dunham,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(2001)
Keywords: Nonbank financial institutions; Community development corporations
The effects of credit availability, nonbank competition, and tax reform on bank consumer lending,
John Duca and Bonnie Garrett,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
(1992)
Keywords: Consumer credit; Credit; Nonbank financial institutions
The Rise of Nonbanks and the Quality of Financial Services: Evidence from Consumer Complaints,
Ahmet Degerli and Jing Wang,
from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)
(2022)
Keywords: Product quality; Mortgage lending; Banks; Nonbanks
THE EVOLUTION OF NON-BANKING FINANCIAL SERVICES IN ROMANIA WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC RELAUNCHING,
Cecilia Rabontu and Ana Gabriela Babucea,
in Annals - Economy Series
(2014)
Keywords: non-banking, financial, services, evolution, Romania
International bank credit, nonbank lenders, and access to external financing,
Jose Maria Serena Garralda, Marina-Eliza Spaliara and Serafeim Tsoukas,
from Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow
(2022)
Keywords: International bank credit, nonbank lenders, external financing
Nonbank Financial Intermediation in Times of Crisis: Identifying Leadership in the G20 Countries,
Yulia S. Evlakhova and Nataliya A. Amosova,
in Journal of Applied Economic Research
(2022)
Keywords: shadow banking; non-banking financial intermediaries; financial stability; non-banking intermediation index; clustering.
Cash holdings speed of adjustment,
Svetlana V. Orlova and Ramesh Rao,
in International Review of Economics & Finance
(2018)
Keywords: Cash holdings; Speed of adjustment;
Litigation risk and cash holdings,
James Malm and Srinidhi Kanuri,
in Journal of Economics and Finance
(2017)
Keywords: Litigation risk, Cash holdings
Nonbank activities of Fifth District bank holding companies,
Walter A. Varvel and John Walter,
in Economic Review
(1979)
Keywords: Banks and banking
Bank Holding Companies: Diversification Opportunities in Nonbank Activities,
Rodney Johnson and David Meinster,
in Eastern Economic Journal
(1974)
Convergence in the Functioning of Banking and Nonbanking Financial Institutions in Serbia,
Nestorov Valentina,
in Economic Themes
(2017)
Keywords: development tendencies of banking, operations of non-banking institutions, synergy effects, the level of convergence
Risk and performance of non-bank financial institutions,
Patience Asamoah Sakyi, Isaac Ofoeda, Anthony Kyereboah-Coleman and Joshua Abor,
in International Journal of Financial Services Management
(2014)
Keywords: NBFIs; non-bank financial institutions; risk levels; performance evaluation; financial services management; Ghana; institution size.
Less Bank Regulation, More Non-Bank Lending,
Mary Chen, Seung Jung Lee, Daniel Neuhann and Farzad Saidi,
from University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany
(2023)
Keywords: Non-bank lending, bank deregulation, credit supply, loan liquidity, industrial organization of financial markets
Non-bank Financial Intermediaries and Financial Stability,
Sirio Aramonte, Andreas Schrimpf and Hyun Song Shin,
from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
(2022)
Keywords: Financial intermediation; Non-banks; Market-based finance; Market liquidity; Systemic risk
Inner control within the non-banking financial institutions,
Victor Troaca,
from University Library of Munich, Germany
(2009)
Keywords: non-banking financial institution/ inner control/ committe of audit/ inner control organizing
Less Bank Regulation, More Non-Bank Lending,
Mary Chen, Seung Jung Lee, Daniel Neuhann and Farzad Saidi,
from University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany
(2024)
Keywords: Non-bank lending, bank deregulation, credit supply, loan liquidity, industrial organization of financial markets
Less Bank Regulation, More Non-Bank Lending,
Mary Chen, Seung Jung Lee, Daniel Neuhann and Farzad Saidi,
from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)
(2023)
Keywords: Non-bank lending; Bank deregulation; Credit supply; Loan liquidity; Industrial organization of financial markets
Non-bank financial intermediaries and financial stability,
Sirio Aramonte, Andreas Schrimpf and Hyun Song Shin,
from Bank for International Settlements
(2021)
Keywords: financial intermediation, non-banks, market-based finance, market liquidity, systemic risk
A Study of the Non-Banking Finance Companies in India,
Rajeswari Sengupta, Lei Lei Son and Harsh Vardhan,
from Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India
(2022)
Keywords: Non-banking financial company, financial intermediation, financial regulation, systemic risk, liquidity crunch
Nonbanks in the Payments System: Vertical Integration Issues,
Nicholas Economides,
from NET Institute
(2007)
Keywords: payments system; credit cards; debit cards; non-banks; vertical integration; market power; monopoly
Changes in Regulation Y streamline entry into nonbank activities,
Anonymous,
in Financial Update
(1997)
Keywords: Bank holding companies; Regulation Y: Bank Holding Companies and Change in Bank Control
Performance of nonbanking organisations granting guarantees within cohesion policy,
Halina Waniak-Michalak, Jan Michalak and Maciej Turala,
in INVESTIGACIONES REGIONALES - Journal of REGIONAL RESEARCH
(2021)
Keywords: nonbanking organisations; guarantees; performance; regional development; cohesion policy
NON-BANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS - ACTORS IN THE SHADOW BANKING SYSTEM,
Silvia Ghita-Mitrescu, Cristina Duhnea, Ionut Antohi and Andreea-Daniela Moraru,
in Annals of Faculty of Economics
(2016)
Keywords: shadow banking, non-bank financial institutions, Romanian financial system
Distance Effects in CMBS Loan Pricing: Banks versus Non-Banks,
Piet Eichholtz, Nagihan Mimiroglu, Steven Ongena and Erkan Yönder,
from Swiss Finance Institute
(2019)
Keywords: CMBS, non-bank lending, geographical distance, asymmetric information, loan spread.
Non-Bank Financial Institutions and Banks’ Fire-Sale Vulnerabilities,
Nicola Cetorelli, Mattia Landoni and Lina Lu,
from Federal Reserve Bank of New York
(2023)
Keywords: fire sales; externalities; network; financial stability; nonbanks; monitoring
Non-Bank Financial Institutions and Banks’ Fire-Sale Vulnerabilities,
Nicola Cetorelli, Mattia Landoni and Lina Lu,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
(2023)
Keywords: fire sales; network externalities; financial stability; nonbanks; monitoring
The potential diversification and failure reduction benefits of bank expansion into nonbanking activities,
Elizabeth Laderman,
from Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
(2000)
Keywords: non-bank activities; Risk; Financial institutions; Banking Act of 1933
Economic uncertainty and non-bank financial intermediation: Evidence from a European panel,
Martin Hodula, Blanka Skrabic Peric and Petar Sorić,
in Finance Research Letters
(2023)
Keywords: Shadow banking; Non-bank financial intermediation; Economic uncertainty; Risk aversion;
The macroeconomic relevance of bank and nonbank credit: An exploration of U.S. data,
Alexander Herman, Deniz Igan and Juan Solé,
in Journal of Financial Stability
(2017)
Keywords: Macro-financial linkages; Financial intermediation; Liquidity transformation; Nonbank financial institutions;
Bank and non-bank balance sheet responses to monetary policy shocks,
Fédéric Holm-Hadulla, Falk Mazelis and Sebastian Rast,
in Economics Letters
(2023)
Keywords: Monetary policy; Non-bank finance; High-frequency identification; Euro area;
Consolidation and efficiency: Evidence from non-bank financial institutions in Malaysia,
Fadzlan Sufian and Muhamed Zulkhibri,
from University Library of Munich, Germany
(2007)
Keywords: Non-Bank Financial Institutions, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Malaysia, Tobit
Effects of bank capital requirements on lending by banks and non-bank financial institutions,
Peter Bednarek, Olga Briukhova, Steven Ongena and Natalja von Westernhagen,
from Deutsche Bundesbank
(2023)
Keywords: non-bank financial intermediation, bank capital requirements, EBA capital exercise
Taking the lead: When non-banks arrange syndicated loans,
Marcel Grupp,
from Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE
(2015)
Keywords: non-bank lead arrangers, syndicated loans, spread premium
DEVELOPMENT OF NONBANKING FINANCIAL MARKET THROUGH FISCAL INCENTIVES: ALBANIAN CASE,
Flora Musta and Gentiana Sharku,
in Studies in Business and Economics
(2011)
Keywords: non-banking financial institutions, voluntary pension schemes, insurance, securities market
Do macroprudential policies affect non-bank financial intermediation?,
Leonardo Gambacorta, Stijn Claessens, Giulio Cornelli, Francesco Manaresi and Yasushi Shiina,
from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
(2021)
Keywords: Macroprudential policy; Non-bank financial intermediation; Shadow banking; International spillovers
International Banking and Nonbank Financial Intermediation: Global Liquidity, Regulation, and Implications,
Claudia Buch and Linda Goldberg,
from Federal Reserve Bank of New York
(2024)
Keywords: international banks; nonbank financial institutions; global liquidity; regulation; prudential policy
Do macroprudential policies affect non-bank financial intermediation?,
Stijn Claessens, Giulio Cornelli, Leonardo Gambacorta, Francesco Manaresi and Yasushi Shiina,
from Bank for International Settlements
(2021)
Keywords: macroprudential policy, non-bank financial intermediation, shadow banking, international spillovers
Banks, non-banks, and the incorporation of local information in CMBS loan pricing,
Piet Eichholtz, Steven Ongena, Nagihan Simeth and Erkan Yönder,
in Journal of Banking & Finance
(2023)
Keywords: CMBS; Non-bank lending; Geographical distance; Asymmetric information; Loan spread;