Search Results

The impact of Chinese competition on Africa’s manufacturing,
Sylviane Guillaumont Jeanneney and Ping Hua, from CERDI (2015)
Keywords: Manufacturing, China, Africa, Real exchange rates.

The impact of Chinese competition on Africa’s manufacturing,
Sylviane Guillaumont Jeanneney and Hua Ping, from FERDI (2016)
Keywords: manufacturing, China, Africa, real exchange rates

The impact of Chinese competition on Africa’s manufacturing,
Sylviane Guillaumont Jeanneney and Hua Ping, from FERDI (2016)
Keywords: manufacturing, China, Africa, real exchange rates

Technology and Productivity in African Manufacturing Firms,
Simon Baptist and Francis Teal, in World Development (2014)
Keywords: Africa; Ghana; manufacturing; firms; productivity; technology;

Power infrastructure quality and manufacturing productivity in Africa: A firm level analysis,
Busani Moyo, in Energy Policy (2013)
Keywords: Power infrastructure; Productivity; African manufacturing;

Rates of return on physical and human capital in Africa's manufacturing sector,
Arne Bigsten, Paul Collier, Stefan Dercon, Marcel Fafchamps, Bernard Gauthier, Jan Willem Gunning, Anders Isaksson, Abena Oduro, Remco Oostendorp, Catherine Pattillo, Mans Soderbom, Francis Teal and Albert Zeufack, from Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford (1998)
Keywords: investment; human capital; African manufacturing

Drivers of Structural Transformation: The Case of the Manufacturing Sector in Africa,
Abdoul' Ganiou Mijiyawa, in World Development (2017)
Keywords: industrial policy; manufacturing; structural transformation; Africa;

Skills, Investment and Exports from Manufacturing Firms in Africa,
M. Soderbaum and Francis Teal, in Journal of Development Studies (2000)
Keywords: Investments, Exports, Manufacturing Firms, Skills, Africa, Ghana,

Exports of African manufactures: macro policy and firm behaviour,
Arne Bigsten, Paul Collier, Stefan Dercon, Marcel Fafcharnps, Bernard Gauthier, Jan Willem Gunning, Jean Habarurema, Anders Isaksson, Abena Oduro, Remco Oostendorp, Cathy Pattillo, Mans Soderborn, Francis Teal and Albert Zeufack, in The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development (1999)
Keywords: Export performance, export incentives, African manufacturing,

Import penetration and manufacturing employment: Evidence from Africa,
Solomon Owusu, Gideon Ndubuisi and Emmanuel Mensah, from United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT) (2022)
Keywords: Import Penetration, Employment, Absorptive Capacity, Manufacturing, Africa

Financial development and manufactured exports: the african experience,
Evelyn Wamboye and Rajen Mookerjee, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2013)
Keywords: Financial Development, Granger Causality, Manufactured Exports, Africa

The Impact of Regional Integration on Africa’s Manufacturing Exports,
Rodgers Mukwaya, in Journal of African Trade (2019)
Keywords: Regional trade integration, intra-Africa trade, structural gravity model, manufacturing

Development as Diffusion: Manufacturing Productivity and Sub-Saharan Africa’s Missing Middle - Working Paper 357,
Alan Gelb, from Center for Global Development (2014)
Keywords: Productivity, Manufacturing, Dualism, Firms, Africa

MANUFACTURING AND DEVELOPMENT IN COUNTRIES AND AREAS OF AFRICA, 2000-2010,
Maria-Carmen Guisan, in Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies (2017)
Keywords: Kaldor, Industry, Manufacturing, African countries, Development for 2000-2010, Econometric Model.

When and How African Real Exchange Rates Relative to China Affect its Manufacturing?,
Sylviane Guillaumont Jeanneney and Ping Hua, in Journal of Economic Development (2020)
Keywords: Real Exchange Rate, China, Africa, African Manufacturing

Manufacturing Value Added Development in North Africa: Analysis of Key Drivers,
John Anyanwu, in Asian Development Policy Review (2017)
Keywords: Manufacturing, Manufacturing value added, Diversification, Key drivers, North Africa.

DETERMINANTS OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR SIZE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (DETERMINANTY VEĽKOSTI SPRACOVATEĽSKÉHO PRIEMYSLU V SUBSAHARSKEJ AFRIKE),
Jiri Sejkora, in Medzinarodne vztahy (Journal of International Relations) (2014)
Keywords: industrialization, manufacturing, sub-Saharan Africa

The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Employment in Manufacturing Industry Sectors in Sub-Saharan African Countries,
Hyojung Kang, from International Center for Public Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University (2022)
Keywords: economic development, labor, manufacturing, Africa

Industry concentration in South African manufacturing industry: Trends and consequences, 1972-96,
Johannes Fedderke and Gábor Szalontai, in Economic Modelling (2009)
Keywords: Concentration South Africa Manufacturing industry Investment Employment

Patterns of Manufacturing Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Colonization to the Present,
Ewout Frankema, Gareth Austin and Morten Jerven, from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2016)
Keywords: Manufacturing; Industrialization; Sub-saharan africa; Colonial institutions

Investment in Africa's manufacturing sector: A four country panel data analysis,
Arne Bigsten, Paul Collier, Stefan Dercon, Bernard Gauthier, Jan Willem Gunning, Anders Isaksson, Abena Oduro, Remco Oostendorp, Catherine Pattillo, Mans Soderbom, M. Sylvain, Francis Teal and Albert Zeufack, from Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford (1997)
Keywords: firm investment; liquidity constraints; African manufacturing

Manufacturing firms in Africa: Some stylized facts about wages and productivity,
George Clarke, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2012)
Keywords: Africa, Zambia, Productivity, Manufacturing, Wages, East Asia

South African Manufacturing: The challenge of growth with jobs,
Ciaran Driver, in Structural Change and Economic Dynamics (2024)
Keywords: South African Manufacturing; Employment; Mark-ups; Competition; Trade; Investment;

Wage Gaps and Job Sorting in African Manufacturing,
Marcel Fafchamps, Najy Benhassine and Söderbom, Måns, from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2006)
Keywords: Gender wage gap; Return to education; Job selection; Africa; Manufacturing

Unit Labor Costs and Manufacturing Sector Performance in Africa,
Karmen Naidoo and Léonce Ndikumana, from University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics (2020)
Keywords: labor costs; productivity; manufacturing; exports; investment; Africa; China

The R&D performance of the South African manufacturing sector, 1970–1993,
Johannes Fedderke and Stefan Schirmer, in Economic Change and Restructuring (2006)
Keywords: R&D, Manufacturing, South Africa, O32, 033, O38, N17, N67,

International Competitiveness of Manufacturing Firms in sub-Saharan Africa,
Takahiro Fukunishi, from Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO) (2004)
Keywords: Manufacturing exports,International competitiveness,Sub-Saharan Africa,Manufacturing industries,Exports,International competition,Business enterprises,Africa,製造業,輸出,国際競争力,企業,アフリカ

Efficiency Gains from Trade Reform: Foreign Technology or Import Competition? Evidence from South Africa’s Manufacturing Sector,
Riham Shendy, from European University Institute (2007)
Keywords: Productivity; Trade Reform; Tariffs; Manufacturing; South Africa

Trade and Industrialisation in Africa: SMEs, Manufacturing and Cluster Dynamics,
Raphael Kaplinsky and Mike Morris, in Journal of African Trade (2019)
Keywords: African clusters, African trade, global value chains, regional value chains, industrial policy manufacturing SMEs

Africa’s Manufacturing Malaise,
Haroon Bhorat, Francois Steenkamp and Chris Rooney, from United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Africa
Keywords: inequality; africa; inclusive growth; poverty

Understanding South Africa’s Economic Puzzles,
Dani Rodrik, from Harvard's Growth Lab (2006)
Keywords: South Africa, unemployment, manufacturing

Understanding South Africa’s Economic Puzzles,
Dani Rodrik, from Center for International Development at Harvard University (2006)
Keywords: South Africa, unemployment, manufacturing

Energy Consumption and Manufacturing Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Income Group Matters?,
Sallahuddin Hassan, Ismail Aliyu Danmaraya and Muhammad Rabiu Danlami, in International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy (2018)
Keywords: Energy Consumption, Manufacturing Performance, Sub-Sahara Africa

Firm Productivity and Investment Climate in Developing Countries: How Does Middle East and North Africa Manufacturing Perform?,
Patrick Plane, Marie-Ange Véganzonès and Tidiane Kinda, from CERDI (2011)
Keywords: Manufacturing firms, Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Firm Size, Employment and Value-added in African Manufacturing Firms: Why Ghana needs its 1 per cent,
Francis Teal, from Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford (2016)
Keywords: African manufacturing firms; missing-middle; census data

Are African manufacturing firms really inefficient? Evidence from firm-level panel data,
Mans Soderbom and Francis Teal, from Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford (2001)
Keywords: African manufacturing; productivity; efficiency; firm size

Trade related business climate and manufacturing export performance in Africa: A firm-level analysis,
Lawrence Edwards and Neil Balchin, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2008)
Keywords: Business climate, Africa, manufacturing firms, export performance

Trade facilitation and Africa's manufactured goods' export: a panel data analysis,
Oluyele Akinkugbe, in Journal of Developing Areas (2009)
Keywords: Trade facilitation, Trade expansion, Manufacture exports, Panel regression, Africa

Economic geography and manufacturing productivity in Africa: ananalysis of firm level data,
Ibrahim Elbadawi, Taye Mengistae, Tilahun Temesge and Albert Zeufack, in Journal of Developing Areas (2009)
Keywords: Economic geography, Productivity, International trade, Economic Development, Manufacturing, Africa

Geographical Orientation of Export in Manufacturing Sector in Sub-Sahara Africa,
Didier Alia, in Global Economy Journal (GEJ) (2015)
Keywords: manufacture export, geographic orientation, multinomial logistics, Sub-Sahara Africa

Real Exchange Rate and Manufacturing Export Competitiveness in Eastern Africa,
Fetene Bogale Hunegnaw, in Journal of Economic Integration (2017)
Keywords: ARDL Model; Eastern Africa; Exchange Rate; Manufacturing Exports

Weaknesses in policy to support technology diffusion: a study of additive manufacturing in South Africa,
Daniel Kunniger and David R. Walwyn, in International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development (2017)
Keywords: additive manufacturing; technological diffusion; South Africa; Bass model.

Export agglomeration economies in Sub-Saharan Africa manufacturing and service sectors,
Melaku Abegaz and Gibson Nene, in The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance (2022)
Keywords: Sub-Saharan Africa; Export spillovers; Agglomeration; Manufacturing firms; Service sector;

. Operational risk factors and the sustainability of small and medium manufacturing enterprises in South Africa,
Urim-Tummim Shipanga, Suzaan Le Roux and Jobo Dubihlela, in Insights into Regional Development (2022)
Keywords: small medium enterprises, manufacturing SMEs, sustainability, operational risks, South Africa

Market access, supplier access, and Africa's manufactured exports: A firm level analysis,
Ibrahim Elbadawi, Taye Mengistae and Albert Zeufack, in The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development (2006)
Keywords: Economic geography, institutions, international trade, economic development, manufacturing, Africa,

Manufacturing Sector and Economic Growth: A Panel Study of Selected African Countries,
Clement Moyo, from Global Academy of Training and Research (GATR) Enterprise (2019)
Keywords: Manufacturing Value Added; Economic Growth; African Countries; System-GMM.

Survival of Private Sector Manufacturing Establishments in Africa: The Role of Productivity and Ownership,
Admasu Shiferaw, in World Development (2009)
Keywords: firm survival productivity ownership structure Africa Ethiopian manufacturing

An Assessment of South Africa's Investment Incentive Regime with a Focus on the Manufacturing Sector,
Paul Barbour, from Economics and Statistics Analysis Unit (ESAU), Overseas Development Institute (2005)
Keywords: South Africa, investment incentives, tax incentives, manufacturing, METR analysis

Geographical Orientation of Export in Manufacturing Sector in Sub-Sahara Africa,
Didier Alia, in Global Economy Journal (2015)
Keywords: manufacture export, geographic orientation, multinomial logistics, Sub-Sahara Africa

Interventions to Skills Development in the Automotive Manufacturing Sector of South Africa,
Opeyeolu Timothy Laseinde and Grace Mukondeleli Kanakana, from IntechOpen
Keywords: skills, South Africa, automotive, interventions, skill development, automobile, manufacturing

Do Unions Matter? Trade Reform and Manufacturing Wages in South Africa,
Riham Shendy, from European University Institute (2007)
Keywords: Trade Reform, Tariffs, Manufacturing Wages, Trade Unions, South Africa

Trade liberalisation and labour demand within South African manufacturing firms,
Alberto Behar and Lawrence Edwards, from Economic Research Southern Africa (2005)
Keywords: Development Economics, International trade, Manufacturing Sector, South Africa

Social Networks and Ethnic Niches: An Econometric Analysis of the Manufacturing Sector in South Africa,
Andre Hofmeyr, from Economic Research Southern Africa (2008)
Keywords: Group Behavior, Manufacturing Sector, Market Regulation, South Africa

Patterns of Manufacturing Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Colonization to the Present,
Gareth Austin, Ewout Frankema and Morten Jerven, from Utrecht University, Centre for Global Economic History (2015)
Keywords: Manufacturing, Sub-Saharan Africa, Colonial institutions, Economic History

Adjustment Costs and Irreversibility as Determinants of Investment: Evidence from African Manufacturing,
Arne Bigsten, Collier Paul, Stefan Dercon, Marcel Fafchamps, Bernard Gauthier, Jan Willem Gunning, Remco Oostendorp, Pattillo Catherine, Mans Soderbom and Francis Teal, in The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy (2005)
Keywords: investment, adjustment costs, irreversibility, hazard function, African manufacturing

Can Africa Compete with China in Manufacturing? The Role of Relative Unit Labor Costs,
Janet Ceglowski, Stephen Golub, Aly Mbaye and Varun Prasad, from University of Cape Town, Development Policy Research Unit (2015)
Keywords: Sub-Saharan Africa, China, relative unit labor costs, trade, manufacturing

The effect of credit on growth and convergence of firm size in Kenyan manufacturing,
Janvier Desire Nkurunziza, in The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development (2010)
Keywords: Africa, manufacturing sector, growth,

Learning to export and learning from exporting: The case of Ethiopian manufacturing,
Eyerusalem Siba and Mulu Gebreeyesus, in Journal of African Economies (2017)
Keywords: exports, learning, Africa, manufacturing

Financial development and manufactured exports: the African experience,
Evelyn Wamboye and Rajen Mookerjee, in International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies (2014)
Keywords: financial development; Granger causality; manufactured exports; Africa; export diversification; exporting; emerging economies.

Econometric Models and Causality Relationships Between Manufacturing and Non-Manufacturing Production in MOROCCO, TUNISIA and other Northern African Countries, 1950-2000,
Maria-Carmen Guisan and Pilar Exposito, from University of Santiago de Compostela. Faculty of Economics and Business. Econometrics. (2004)
Keywords: Northern Africa, Development of Magreb, Causality and Economic Development, Manufacturing in Africa, Tunisia, Morocco.

Skills, investment and exports from manufacturing firms in Africa,
Mans Soderbom and Francis Teal, from Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford (2000)
Keywords: African

Adjustment Costs, Irreversibility and Investment Patterns in African Manufacturing,
Arne Bigsten, from International Monetary Fund (1999)
Keywords: WP;adjustment cost;cost function;investment rate; African manufacturing; investment; adjustment costs; duration dependence; nonparametric methods; unobserved heterogeneity; firm investment model; investment spike; mandated investment; investment behavior; Stocks; Manufacturing; Agroindustries; Employment; Logit models; Sub-Saharan Africa

Evaluation of the Influence of IA roles and functions in preventing and detecting fraud in South African manufacturing SMEs,
Ayodeji Adewumi and Omole Ilesanmi Isaac, in Romanian Journal of Economics (2023)
Keywords: internal audit;manufacturing;logistic regression model,spearman correlation;South Africa

Exports Promotion Policies for African Manufacturing Firms: Does electricity infrastructure matter more than exchange rate undervaluation ?,
Kabinet Kaba, from HAL (2021)
Keywords: Power outages,Exchange rate,Manufacturing firms,Exports,Domestic sales,Africa

Size and Efficiency in African Manufacturing Firms:Evidence from Firm-Level Panel Data,
Mans Soderbom and Francis Teal, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2004)
Keywords: African manufacturing, productivity, efficiency, human capital, firm size

Analysis of the Keynesian Theory of Employment and Sectoral Job Creation: The Case of the South African Manufacturing Sector,
Habanabakize Thomas and Muzindutsi Paul-Francois, in Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia (2018)
Keywords: Keynesian model, job creation, unemployment, manufacturing sector, South Africa

Manufacturing and Economic Development: Inter-sectoral relationships in Europe, America, Africa and Asia-Pacific, 1999-2006,
Maria-Carmen Guisan, in Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies (2008)
Keywords: Manufacturing, Services, Development, Europe, America, Africa, Asia, Pacific

Size and efficiency in African manufacturing firms: Evidence from firm-level panel data,
Mans Soderbom and Francis Teal, from Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford (2002)
Keywords: African manufacturing; productivity; efficiency; human capital; firm size

Assessing and Forecasting the Long-Term Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Manufacturing Sales in South Africa,
Tendai Makoni and Delson Chikobvu, in Economies (2023)
Keywords: South Africa; manufacturing sales; forecasting; global financial crisis

The Dynamics of Firm Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ethiopian Manufacturing Sector 1996–2017,
Kahsay Gerezihar Tsaedu and Zhihong Chen, in Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade (2021)
Keywords: Sub-Saharan Africa manufacturing, Firm size, Firm growth, System GMM

Factors that Inhibit Sustainable Adoption of Industry 4.0 in the South African Manufacturing Industry,
Whisper Maisiri, Liezl van Dyk and Rojanette Coeztee, in Sustainability (2021)
Keywords: Industry 4.0; sustainability; manufacturing industry; South Africa; technology adoption drivers; technology adoption barriers; qualitative descriptive study

Manufacturing environment and economic growth in South Africa: evidence from Fourier Toda Yamamoto causality test,
Andisheh Saliminezhad and Pejman Bahramian, in International Journal of Business Environment (2020)
Keywords: South African manufacturing; Fourier Toda-Yamamoto method; economic growth; South Africa.

Trade Policy Space, Aid for Trade and, Intra-African and External African Manufactured Exports,
Sèna Kimm Gnangnon, in International Economics (2024)
Keywords: Trade policy space; Aid for trade flows; Intra and external african manufactured exports;

Beyond Tariffs and Quotas: Why Do African Manufacturers Not Export More?,
George Clarke, in Emerging Markets Finance and Trade (2009)
Keywords: Africa, exports, manufacturing, trade regulations,

Management standard certification and firm productivity: micro-evidence from Africa,
Micheline Goedhuys and Pierre Mohnen, from United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT) (2016)
Keywords: standards, productivity, Africa, manufacturing, services

Firm Size Distribution in African Manufacturing Firms: Revisiting the ‘Missing Middle’,
Kahsay G Tsaedu, Zhihong Chen and Hana W Azmete, in Journal of African Economies (2023)
Keywords: census data, missing middle, firm size distribution, Sub-Saharan Africa manufacturing, JEL classifications: L11, L50, L60, O14, O55

Manufacturing in Africa: an example from Zambia,
Richard Grabowski and Sharmistha Self, in African Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development (2021)
Keywords: structural change; agriculture; manufacturing; price distortions; policy.

Three Varieties of Africa’s Industrial Future,
Wim Naudé, from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (2019)
Keywords: technology, entrepreneurship, manufacturing, industrial policy, Africa

Manufacturing in Structural Change in Africa,
Pierre Nguimkeu and Albert G. Zeufack, from The World Bank (2019)
Keywords: Textiles, Apparel&Leather Industry,Pulp&Paper Industry,Plastics&Rubber Industry,Food&Beverage Industry,Common Carriers Industry,Construction Industry,Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies,General Manufacturing,Economic Development,Industrial Economics,Economic Growth,Economic Theory&Research,Labor Markets,International Trade and Trade Rules

The Dynamics of Returns to Education in Kenyan and Tanzanian Manufacturing,
Mans Soderbom, Francis Teal, Anthony Wambugu and Godius Kahyarara, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2004)
Keywords: Returns to education, Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, manufacturing

The Dynamics of Returns to Education in Kenyan and Tanzanian Manufacturing,
Mans Soderbom, Francis Teal, Anthony Wambugu and Godius Kahyarara, from Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford (2003)
Keywords: Returns to education; Africa; Kenya; Tanzania; manufacturing

Why can Mauritius export manufactures and Ghana not?,
Francis Teal, from Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford (1999)
Keywords: Productivity; wages; manufacturing exports; sub-Saharan Africa

Addressing the Missing Link for Sustainable African Continental Free Trade: Lessons from Ghana’s Manufacturing Industry,
Jonathan D. Quartey, in Asian Development Policy Review (2021)
Keywords: Adjustment cost, African continental free trade, Environmental damage, Ghana, Race-to-the-bottom, Manufacturing sector, Pollution haven.

Hydropower Potentials and Effects of Poor Manufacturing Infrastructure on Small Hydropower Development in Sub-Saharan Africa,
Williams Ebhota and Pavel Y. Tabakov, in International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy (2017)
Keywords: Hydropower, Small Hydropower, Manufacturing Infrastructure, Sub-Saharan Africa, Electricity, Hydro Turbine, Renewable Energy

Firm Productivity and Investment Climate in Developing Countries: How Does Middle East and North Africa Manufacturing Perform?,
Patrick Plane, Marie-Ange Véganzonès and Tidiane Kinda, from HAL (2011)
Keywords: Manufacturing firms,productivity,investment climate,developing countries,Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Firm Productivity and Investment Climate in Developing Countries: How Does Middle East and North Africa Manufacturing Perform?,
Patrick Plane, Marie-Ange Véganzonès and Tidiane Kinda, from HAL (2011)
Keywords: developing countries,investment climate,productivity,Manufacturing firms,Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Firm productivity and investment climate in developing countries: how does Middle East and North Africa manufacturing perform?,
Patrick Plane, Marie-Ange Véganzonès and Tidiane Kinda, from HAL (2011)
Keywords: investment climate,productivity,Manufacturing firms,developing countries,Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Rising to the challenge or perish? Chinese import penetration and its impact on growth dynamics of manufacturing firms in South Africa,
Sofia Torreggiani and Antonio Andreoni, in Structural Change and Economic Dynamics (2023)
Keywords: Chinese import competition; Manufacturing firms; Capabilities; Input-output linkages; South africa; Growth dynamics;

Firm Size, Employment and Value Added in African Manufacturing Firms: Why Ghana Needs Its 1%,
Francis Teal, in Journal of African Economies (2023)
Keywords: African manufacturing firms, missing middle, census data, JEL classification: O14, O17, O55, J21

Firm Productivity and Investment Climate in Developing Countries: How Does Middle East and North Africa Manufacturing Perform?,
Patrick Plane, Marie-Ange Véganzonès and Tidiane Kinda, from HAL (2011)
Keywords: Manufacturing firms,productivity,investment climate,developing countries,Middle East and North Africa (MENA)