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The expansion of flip-chip technologies and a lack of backside protection make the integrated circuit (IC) vulnerable to certain classes of physical attacks mounted from the IC's backside. Laser-assisted probing, electromagnetic, and body-biasing ...

Early developments in code obfuscation were chiefly motivated by the needs of Digital Rights Management (DRM). Other suggested applications included intellectual property protection of software and code diversification to combat the monoculture problem ...

The ability to protect software from malicious reverse engineering remains a challenge faced by commercial software companies who invest a large amount of resources in the development of their software product. In order to protect their investment from ...

There is a growing need to secure cryptographic keys and other secrets on SoCs and other large ASICs. For designers, smaller geometries make it more difficult to predict the precise physical and analog properties of digital logic blocks. In addition, ...

There are many practical situations in which, by policy, software is supposed to run on a specific hardware instance. This is not only useful to combat piracy, but also in national security situations, such as a battlefield loss of critical technology, ...