Just Accepted
Explaining Differential Involvement in Cross-Movement Coalitions on Social Media: the #StopHateForProfit Campaign
Abstract
Social movements form coalitions to gain leverage and achieve mutual goals, however little is known about how coalitions work, especially in the realm of social media. In this paper we examine the 2020 #StopHateForProfit coalition which pressured corporations to pull their advertising spending from Facebook because of its permissive content moderation policies toward disinformation and hate. From the digital traces of the campaign on Twitter, we explain the participation differentials among coalition social movement organisations (SMO) partners and their followers. The findings show that the coalition's centrality to movement agenda, the ideological homogeneity of followership, and the SMO partners and their followership's central positions in the communication network led to the highest and most time persistent participation rates. Our counter-intuitive findings extend the literature on social movements coalitions by suggesting that multi-issues, “big tent” movements with ideological breadth may find invoking the core of their large followership rather challenging despite the ease of participation afforded by social media.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary material
- Download
- 3.82 MB
References
[1]
al Zamal, F., Liu, W., & Ruths, D. (2012). Homophily and latent attribute inference: Inferring latent attributes of twitter users from neighbors. Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.
[2]
Almeida, D. (2010). Europeanized Eurosceptics? Radical right parties and European integration. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 11(3), 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/15705854.2010.503031
[3]
Arif, A., Stewart, L. G., & Starbird, K. (2018). Acting the part: Examining information operations within# BlackLivesMatter discourse. Proceedings of the ACM on Computer-Human Interaction, 2(CSCW), 1-27.
[4]
Avaaz. (2021). Facebook: From Election to Insurrection, How Facebook Failed Voters and Nearly Set Democracy Aflame. Retrieved July 12, 2021, from https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/facebook_election_insurrection/
[5]
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
[6]
Barberá, P. (2015). Birds of the same feather tweet together: Bayesian ideal point estimation using twitter data. Political Analysis, 23(1), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpu011
[7]
Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531–1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594620
[8]
Barberá, P., Wang, N., Bonneau, R., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J., & González-Bailón, S. (2015). The critical periphery in the growth of social protests. PLoS ONE, 10(11), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143611
[9]
Barrie, C. (2020). Searching Racism after George Floyd. Socius, 6, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120971507
[10]
Bartley, T., & Child, C. (2014). Shaming the corporation: The social production of targets and the anti-sweatshop movement. American Sociological Review, 79(4), 653–679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122414540653
[11]
Beamish, T. D., & Luebbers, A. J. (2009). Alliance building across social movements: Bridging difference in a peace and justice coalition. Social Problems, 56(4), 647–676. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.647
[12]
Bell, K. (2020, June 26). Facebook's advertiser boycott is getting even bigger | Engadget. Engadget. Retrieved from https://www.engadget.com/facebook-advertiser-boycott-honda-hershey-unilever-coca-cola-005146173.html?fbclid=IwAR0SW75ppy9t-wpd_rwQthqto8E3OBlQW3U0i-8HcNcyXxxBTLag0Yw5aOE
[13]
Benkler, Y. (2011). A free irresponsible press: Wikileaks and the battle over the soul of the networked fourth estate. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 46(2), 311–397. https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v15i2.27508
[14]
Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). The Logic of Connective Action. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 739–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2012.670661
[15]
Bob, C. (2005). The marketing of rebellion: Insurgents, media, and international activism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
[16]
Bonilla, Y., & Rosa, J. (2015). #Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States. American Ethnologist, 42(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12112
[17]
Bozarth, L., & Budak, C. (2021). Beyond the eye-catchers: A large-scale study of social movement organizations’ involvement in online protests. New Media & Society, 23(10), 3062-3083.
[18]
Brady, W. J., Wills, J. A., Jost, J. T., Tucker, J. A., & van Bavel, J. J. (2017). Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(28), 7313–7318. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618923114
[19]
Brandom, R. (2020, July 20). Facebook boycott organizers call Zuckerberg meeting ‘a disappointment’ - The Verge. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from The Verge website: https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/7/21316492/facebook-boycott-stophateforprofit-hate-moderation-meeting
[20]
Bright, J. (2018). Explaining the Emergence of Political Fragmentation on Social Media: The Role of Ideology and Extremism. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmx002
[21]
Briscoe, F., & Gupta, A. (2016). Social Activism in and Around Organizations. Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 671–727. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2016.1153261
[22]
Brooker, M. E., & Meyer, D. S. (2019). Coalitions and the Organization of Collective Action. In D.A. Snow, S. A. Soule, H. Kriesi, & H. J. McCammon (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (2nd ed., pp. 252–268). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119168577.ch14
[23]
Browning, K. (2020, September 15). Celebrities Plan an ‘Instagram Freeze,’ but Reaction Is Icy - The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from The New York Times website: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/15/technology/instagram-freeze-facebook.html
[24]
Bruns, A., Moon, B., Paul, A., & Münch, F. (2016). Towards a typology of hashtag publics: a large-scale comparative study of user engagement across trending topics. Communication Research and Practice, 2(1), 20–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2016.1155328
[25]
Brunsting, S., & Postmes, T. (2002). Social movement participation in the digital age: Predicting offline and online collective action. Small Group Research, 33(5), 525–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/104649602237169
[26]
Budak, C., Goel, S., & Rao, J. M. (2016). Fair and balanced? Quantifying media bias through crowdsourced content analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), 250–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw007
[27]
Bursztynsky, J., & Graham, M. (2020, June 29). Ford, Adidas and Denny's join the growing list of companies pausing Facebook ad spending. Retrieved July 13, 2020, from CNBC website: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/29/facebook-july-ad-suspension-ford-adidas-and-dennys-joim.html
[28]
Burt, R. S. (2005). Brokerage and closure: An introduction to social capital. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
[29]
Bystydzienski, J. M., & Schacht, S. P. (2001). Coalition Politics for the New Millennium. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
[30]
Caren, N., Andrews, K. T., & Lu, T. (2020). Contemporary social movements in a hybrid media environment. Annual Review of Sociology, 46(1), 443-465.
[31]
Carroll, W. K., & Ratner, R. S. (1996). Master framing and cross-movement networking in contemporary social movements. Sociological Quarterly, 37(4), 601–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb01755.x
[32]
Center for Countering Digital Hate. (2020). The Disinformation Dozen. Retrieved July 12, 2021, from https://www.counterhate.com/disinformationdozen
[33]
Chung, A. Y. (2001). The powers that bind: A case study of collective bases of coalition building in post-civil unrest Los Angeles. Urban Affairs Review, 37(2), 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/10780870122185262
[34]
Coleman, G. (2011). Hacker politics and publics. Public Culture, 23(3), 511–516. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-1336390
[35]
Conover, M. D., Ferrara, E., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2013). The Digital Evolution of Occupy Wall Street. PLoS ONE, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064679
[36]
Conover, M. D., Gonçalves, B., Ratkiewicz, J., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2011). Predicting the political alignment of twitter users. Proceedings - 2011 IEEE International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and IEEE International Conference on Social Computing, PASSAT/SocialCom 2011, (June 2014), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.34
[37]
Cornfield, D. B., & McCammon, H. J. (2010). Approaching merger: The converging public policy agendas of the AFL and CIO, 1938-1955. In N. van Dyke & H. J. McCammon (Eds.), Strategic alliances: Coalition building and social movements (pp. 79–98). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
[38]
Corrigall-Brown, C. (2021). Indivisible Against Trump: Coalition Strategies and Movement Success Across City Contexts. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 26(2), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-26-2-157
[39]
Corrigall-Brown, C., & Meyer, D. S. (2010). The prehistory of a coalition: The role of social ties in win without war. Strategic Alliances: Coalition Building and Social Movements, 3–21.
[40]
de Choudhury, M., Jhaver, S., Sugar, B., & Weber, I. (2016). Social media participation in an activist movement for racial equality. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Web and Social Media, ICWSM 2016, (Icwsm), 92–101.
[41]
DeMasi, O., Mason, D., & Ma, J. (2016). Understanding communities via hashtag engagement: A clustering based approach. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Web and Social Media, ICWSM 2016, (Icwsm), 102–111.
[42]
Diani, M., & Bison, I. (2004). Organizations, coalitions, and movements. Theory and Society, 33, 281-309.
[43]
Diaz-Veizades, J., & Chang, E. T. (1996). Building cross-cultural coalitions: A case-study of the Black-Korean Alliance and the Latino-Black Roundtable. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19(3), 680–700.
[44]
Dwoskin, E., & Timberg, C. (2021, January 17). Misinformation went down after Twitter banned Trump - The Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from The Washington Post website: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/16/misinformation-trump-twitter/
[45]
Edwards, B., McCarthy, J.D., Mataic, D.R. (2019). The Resource Context of Social Movements. In Snow, D.A., Soule, S.A., Kriesi, H., McCammon, H.J. The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (2nd. Ed). pp.79-97.
[46]
Eesley, C., Decelles, K. A., & Lenox, M. (2016). Through the mud or in the boardroom: Examining activist types and their strategies in targeting firms for social change. Strategic Management Journal, 37(12), 2425–2440.
[47]
Evans, R., & Wilson, J. (2020, May 27). The Boogaloo Movement Is Not What You Think. Retrieved July 12, 2021, from Bellingcat website: https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2020/05/27/the-boogaloo-movement-is-not-what-you-think/
[48]
Feiner, L. (2024, July 1). Supreme Court Protects the Future of Content Moderation. Retrieved July 2, 2024, from The Verge website: https://www.theverge.com/2024/7/1/24166388/supreme-court-ruling-moody-paxton-texas-florida-social-media-law
[49]
Ferree, M. M., & Roth, S. (1998). Gender, class, and the interaction between social movements: A strike of West Berlin day care workers. Gender & Society, 12(6), 626–648.
[50]
Fisher, D. R., Dow, D. M., & Ray, R. (2017). Intersectionality takes it to the streets: Mobilizing across diverse interests for the Women's March. Science Advances, 3(9), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao1390
[51]
Fisher, D. R., & Jasny, L. (2019). Understanding Persistence in the Resistance. Sociological Forum, 34, 1065–1089. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12541
[52]
Fisher, D. R., Jasny, L., & Dow, D. M. (2018). Why are we here? Patterns of intersectional motivations across the resistance. Mobilization, 23(4), 451–468. https://doi.org/10.17813/1086-671X-23-4-451
[53]
Fominaya, C. F. (2010). Collective Identity in Social Movements: Central Concepts and Debates. Sociology Compass, 4(6), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00287.x
[54]
Fominaya, C. F. (2018). Collective identity in social movements: Assessing the limits of a theoretical framework. In David A. Snow, S. A. Soule, H. Kriesi, & H. J. McCammon (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (pp. 429–445). John Wiley & Sons.
[55]
Fortunato, S., & Barthelemy, M. (2007). Resolution limit in community detection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(1), 36-41.
[56]
Jackson, S. J., & Foucault Welles, B. (2015). Hijacking #myNYPD: Social media dissent and networked counterpublics. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 932-952.
[57]
Freelon, D., McIlwain, C., & Clark, M. (2018). Quantifying the power and consequences of social media protest. New Media and Society, 20(3), 990–1011. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816676646
[58]
Fung, B. (2020, September 4). Facebook CEO: Our failure to remove Kenosha militia page was an “operational mistake” - CNN. Retrieved June 4, 2021, from CNN Business website: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/28/tech/zuckerberg-kenosha-page/index.html
[59]
Gallagher, R. J., Reagan, A. J., Danforth, C. M., & Dodds, P. S. (2018). Divergent discourse between protests and counter-protests:# BlackLivesMatter and# AllLivesMatter. PloS one, 13(4), e0195644.
[60]
Gamson, W. A. (1961). A Theory of Coalition Formation. American Sociological Review, 26, 373–382.
[61]
Gamson, W. A. (1975). The strategy of social protest. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
[62]
Gawerc, M. I. (2020). Diverse social movement coalitions: Prospects and challenges. Sociology Compass, 14(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12760
[63]
George, J. J., & Leidner, D. E. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization, 29(3), 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001
[64]
Ghaffary, S., & Heilweil, R. (2020, July 15). Why Facebook is “the front line in fighting hate today.” Retrieved April 14, 2021, from Vox website: https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/7/15/21325728/facebook-stop-hate-for-profit-campaign-jonathan-greenblatt-anti-defamation-league
[65]
Ghaziani, A., & Baldassarri, D. (2011). Cultural Anchors and the Organization of Differences: A Multi-method Analysis of LGBT Marches on Washington. American Sociological Review, 76(2), 179–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411401252
[66]
Gilbert, D. (2020, September 15). Hate Speech on Facebook Is Pushing Ethiopia Dangerously Close to a Genocide. Retrieved July 12, 2021, from Vice News website: https://www.vice.com/en/article/xg897a/hate-speech-on-facebook-is-pushing-ethiopia-dangerously-close-to-a-genocide
[67]
Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
[68]
González-Bailón, S., Borge-Holthoefer, J., Rivero, A., & Moreno, Y. (2011). The dynamics of protest recruitment through an online network. Scientific Reports, 1(1), 1-7.
[69]
González-Bailón, S., & Wang, N. (2016). Networked discontent: The anatomy of protest campaigns in social media. Social Networks, 44, 95-104.
[70]
Goss, K. A., & Heaney, M. T. (2010). Organizing women as women: Hybridity and grassroots collective action in the 21st century. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 27–52. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592709992659
[71]
Heaney, M. T., & Rojas, F. (2008). Coalition dissolution, mobilization, and network dynamics in the U.S. antiwar movement. In Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change (Vol. 28, pp. 39–82). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-786X(08)28002-X
[72]
Heaney, M. T., & Rojas, F. (2014). Hybrid activism: Social movement mobilization in a multimovement environment. American Journal of Sociology, 119(4), 1047–1103. https://doi.org/10.1086/674897
[73]
Hsu, T., & Friedman, G. (2020, July 7). CVS, Dunkin’, Lego: The Brands Pulling Ads From Facebook Over Hate Speech. Retrieved July 13, 2020, from The New York Times website: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/business/media/Facebook-advertising-boycott.html
[74]
Hsu, T., & Lutz, E. (2020, August 1). More Than 1,000 Companies Boycotted Facebook. Did It Work? - The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from The New York Times website: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/01/business/media/facebook-boycott.html
[75]
Isaac, M., & Conger, K. (2021, January 7). Trump Is Banned on Facebook “at Least” Until His Term is Over - The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from The New York Times website: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/facebook-trump-ban.html
[76]
Iyengar, R. (2020, July 1). Here's how big Facebook's ad business really is - CNN. Retrieved July 8, 2021, from CNN website: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/30/tech/facebook-ad-business-boycott/index.html
[77]
Jackson, S. J., Bailey, M., & Welles, B. F. (2020). # HashtagActivism: Networks of race and gender justice. MIT Press.
[78]
Johnson, N. F., Velásquez, N., Restrepo, N. J., Leahy, R., Gabriel, N., el Oud, S., … Lupu, Y. (2020). The online competition between pro- and anti-vaccination views. Nature, 582(7811), 230–233. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2281-1
[79]
Jones, A. W., Hutchinson, R. N., van Dyke, N., Gates, L., & Companion, M. (2001). Coalition Form and Mobilization Effectiveness in Local Social Movements. Sociological Spectrum, 21(2), 207–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170121587
[80]
Jost, J. T. (2006). The end of the end of ideology. American Psychologist, 61(7), 651–670. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.651
[81]
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
[82]
Jost, J. T., Nosek, B. A., & Gosling, S. D. (2008). Ideology: Its resurgence in social, personality, and political psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(2), 126–136.
[83]
Jung, W., King, B. G., & Soule, S. A. (2014). Issue bricolage: Explaining the configuration of the social movement sector, 1960–1995. American Journal of Sociology, 120(1), 187–225. https://doi.org/10.1086/677196
[84]
King, B. G., & Jasper, J. M. (2022). Strategic interactions and arenas: A sociological perspective on strategy. Strategic Organization, 20(4), 810-820.
[85]
Kosinski, M., Stillwell, D., & Graepel, T. (2013). Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(15), 5802–5805. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218772110
[86]
Levi, M., & Murphy, G. H. (2006). Coalitions of contention: The case of the WTO protests in Seattle. Political Studies, 54(4), 651–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00629.x
[87]
Lex, A., Gehlenborg, N., Strobelt, H., Vuillemot, R., & Pfister, H. (2014). UpSet: Visualization of intersecting sets. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 20(12), 1983–1992. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2014.2346248
[88]
Lewis, D. & Abbott, A. (2024). Political Scientists Under Pressure. Nature, 360, 548-550.
[89]
Li, Y., Bernard, J.-G., & Luczak-Roesch, M. (2021). Beyond Clicktivism: What Makes Digitally Native Activism Effective? An Exploration of the Sleeping Giants Movement. Social Media + Society, 7(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211035357
[90]
Lichterman, P. (1995). Piecing Together Multicultural Community: Cultural Differences in Community Building among Grass-Roots Environmentalists. Social Problems, 42(4), 513–534. https://doi.org/10.2307/3097044
[91]
Liptak, A. (2024, June 26). Supreme Court Rejects Challenge to Biden Administration's Contacts With Social Media Companies. Retrieved July 2, 2024, from The New York Times website: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/26/us/politics/supreme-court-biden-free-speech.html
[92]
Luo, X. R., Zhang, J., & Marquis, C. (2016). Mobilization in the internet age: Internet activism and corporate response. Academy of Management Journal, 59(6), 2045–2068. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0693
[93]
Mac, R., & Silverman, C. (2021, February 21). “Mark Changed The Rules”: How Facebook Went Easy on Alex Jones And Other Right-Wing Figures. Retrieved July 12, 2021, from Buzzfeed News website: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/mark-zuckerberg-joel-kaplan-facebook-alex-jones
[94]
Mac, R., & Silverman, G. (2020, October 3). How Facebook failed Kenosha. Retrieved June 9, 2021, from BuzzFeed News website: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/facebook-failed-kenosha
[95]
McCammon, H. J., & Moon, M. (2015). Social Movement Coalitions. In D. della Porta & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements (pp. 1–16). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199678402.013.38
[96]
Mendelsohn, J., Vijan, M., Card, D., & Budak, C. (2024). Framing Social Movements on Social Media: Unpacking Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Motivational Strategies. Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media, 4, 1-61.
[97]
Mix, T. L., & Cable, S. (2006). Condescension and cross-class coalitions: Working class activists’ perspectives on the role of social status. Sociological Focus, 39(2), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2006.10571279
[98]
Monge, P. R., & Contractor, N. S. (2003). Theories of communication networks. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
[99]
Mozur, P. (2018, October 15). A Genocide Incited on Facebook, With Posts From Myanmar's Military. Retrieved July 12, 2021, from The New York Times website: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html
[100]
Myers, S.K. & Grant, N. (2023, February 14). Combating Disinformation Wanes at Social Media Giants. Retrieved July 2, 2024, from The New York Times website: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/technology/disinformation-moderation-social-media.html
[101]
Mundt, M., Ross, K., & Burnett, C. M. (2018). Scaling Social Movements Through Social Media: The Case of Black Lives Matter. Social Media and Society, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118807911
[102]
Neff, J. (2023, July 11). How the Ad Industry's Social Media Practices Could be Upended by the GOP. Retrieved July 2, 2024, from AdAge website: https://adage.com/article/digital-marketing-ad-tech-news/how-ad-industrys-social-media-practices-could-be-upended-gop/2503486
[103]
O'Connor, C., Gatewood, C., McDonald, K., & Brandt, S. (2020). The Boom Before the Ban: QAnon and Facebook. Retrieved July 12, 2021, from Institute for Strategic Dialogue website: https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/the-boom-before-the-ban-qanon-and-facebook/
[104]
Oliver, P., & Johnston, H. (2000). What a good idea! Ideologies and frames in social movement research. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 5(1), 37-54.
[105]
Olson, M. (1968). The logic of collective action (Vol. 124). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[106]
Pennacchiotti, M., & Popescu, A.-M. (2011). A machine learning approach to twitter user classification. Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.
[107]
Perez, S. (2020, October 13). Facebook, in a reversal, will now ban Holocaust denial content under its hate-speech policy | TechCrunch. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from TechCrunch website: https://techcrunch.com/2020/10/12/facebook-in-a-reversal-will-now-ban-holocaust-denial-content-under-its-hate-speech-policy/
[108]
Priante, A., Ehrenhard, M. L., van den Broek, T., & Need, A. (2017). Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research. New Media & Society, 146144481774478. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817744783
[109]
Powell, W. W., Horvath, A., & Brandtner, C. (2016). Click and mortar: Organizations on the web. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 101-120.
[110]
Reich, A. D. (2017). The Organizational Trace of an Insurgent Moment. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 3(1–21), 237802311770065. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023117700651
[111]
Robertson, R. E., Jiang, S., Joseph, K., Friedland, L., Lazer, D., & Wilson, C. (2018). Auditing partisan audience bias within Google search. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW). https://doi.org/10.1145/3274417
[112]
Rodgrigo, C. M. (2020, June 17). Civil rights groups call for Facebook ad boycott | TheHill. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from The Hill website: https://thehill.com/policy/technology/503189-civil-rights-groups-call-for-facebook-ad-boycott
[113]
Rodriguez, S. (2021, April 28). Facebook revenue rises 48%, driven by higher-priced ads. Retrieved May 14, 2021, from CNBC website: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/28/facebook-fb-earnings-q1-2021.html
[114]
Sen, I., Flöck, F., Weller, K., Weiß, B., & Wagner, C. (2021). A total error framework for digital traces of human behavior on online platforms. Public Opinion Quarterly, 85(S1), 399-422.
[115]
Silverman, C., Mac, R., & Lytvynenko, J. (2020, April 22). Facebook Knows It Was Used To Help Incite The Capitol Insurrection. Retrieved July 12, 2021, from Buzzfeed News website: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/facebook-failed-stop-the-steal-insurrection
[116]
Staggenborg, S. (1986). Coalition Work in the Pro-Choice Movement: Organizational and Environmental Opportunities and Obstacles. Social Problems, 33(5), 374–390. https://doi.org/10.2307/800657
[117]
Starbird, K., DiResta, R., & DeButts, M. (2023). Influence and improvisation: Participatory disinformation during the 2020 US election. Social Media+ Society, 9(2), 20563051231177943.
[118]
Stella, M., Ferrara, E., & de Domenico, M. (2018). Bots increase exposure to negative and inflammatory content in online social systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(49), 12435–12440. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803470115
[119]
Thingnes, M., & Li, Y. (2021). A Twitter crawler for Python 3 based on Twitter's public API. GitHub. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5464138
[120]
Tucker, J.A., Guess, A., Barberá, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D. and Nyhan, B., (2018). Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A review of the scientific literature. In Hewlett Foundation. Retrieved from https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/87402/1/Social-Media-Political-Polarization-and-Political-Disinformation-Literature-Review.pdf
[121]
Turner, F. (2006). From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. IL: University of Chicago Press.
[122]
Useem, B., & Goldstone, J. A. (2021). The paradox of victo social movement fields, adverse outcomes, and social movement success. Theory and Society, (0123456789). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-021-09460-2
[123]
VanDam, C., & Tan, P. N. (2016, May). Detecting hashtag hijacking from twitter. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Web Science (pp. 370-371).
[124]
van Dyke, Nella. (2003). Crossing movement boundaries: Factors that facilitate coalition protest by American college students, 1930-1990. Social Problems, 50(2), 226–250. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2003.50.2.226
[125]
van Dyke, Nella, & Amos, B. (2017). Social movement coalitions: Formation, longevity, and success. Sociology Compass, 11(7), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12489
[126]
van Dyke, Nella, & McCammon, H. J. (2010). Strategic alliances: Coalition building and social movements. U of Minnesota Press.
[127]
Vaughan, M., Gruber, J. B., & Langer, A. I. (2023). The tension between connective action and platformisation: disconnected action in the GameStop short squeeze. New Media & Society, 14614448231182617.
[128]
Walker, E. T., Martin, A. W., & McCarthy, J. D. (2008). Confronting the state, the corporation, and the academy: The influence of institutional targets on social movement repertoires. American Journal of Sociology, 114(1), 35–76. https://doi.org/10.1086/588737
[129]
Wang, D., Piazza, A., & Soule, S. A. (2018). Boundary-spanning in social movements: Antecedents and outcomes. Annual Review of Sociology, 44, 167–187. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041258
[130]
Zald, M. N., & McCarthy, J. D. (1980). Social movement industries: Competition and cooperation among movement organizations. Researlch in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 3, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315129648
[131]
Zhang, J., & Luo, X. R. (2013). Dared to care: Organizational vulnerability, institutional logics, and MNCs’ social responsiveness in emerging markets. Organization Science, 24(6), 1742–1764. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0813
[132]
Zhou, A., & Yang, A. (2021). The Longitudinal Dimension of Social-Mediated Movements: Hidden Brokerage and the Unsung Tales of Movement Spilloverers. Social Media and Society, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211047545
[133]
Meyer, D. S., & Tarrow, S. (Eds.). (2018). The resistance: The dawn of the anti-Trump opposition movement. Oxford University Press.
[134]
Bail, Christopher A. 2016. "Combining Network Analysis and Natural Language Processing to Examine how Advocacy Organizations Stimulate Conversation on Social Media." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113:42 11823-11828
[135]
Csardi G, Nepusz T (2006). “The igraph software package for complex network research.” InterJournal, Complex Systems, 1695
[136]
Clauset, A., Newman, M. E., & Moore, C. (2004). Finding community structure in very large networks. Physical Review E—Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 70(6), 066111.
[137]
Scola, N. (2020, July 3). Inside the Ad Boycott That Has Facebook on the Defensive. Retrieved July 2, 2024, from Politico website: https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/07/03/activists-advertising-boycott-facebook-348528
[138]
Fischer, S. (2020, June 29). Facebook boycott battle goes global. Retrieved July 2, 2024, from AXIOS website: https://www.axios.com/2020/06/29/facebook-boycott-battle-goes-global
Index Terms
- Explaining Differential Involvement in Cross-Movement Coalitions on Social Media: the #StopHateForProfit Campaign
Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.
Recommendations
Role of Social Media in Social Protest Cycles: A Sociomaterial Examination
Contemporary social media fueled social protest is self-organized, rapidly dynamic, and decentralized, constitutes vast populations, and is shaped by multiple and concurrent channels of information flows. Such protest activity is captured in the concept ...
Influences of media on social movements: Problematizing hyperbolic inferences about impacts
Pronouncements about the value of information and communication technology (ICT) (hereafter traditional, new, and social media) to social movements - hyperbolic in popular media references to new and social media (e.g., Facebook revolution, Twitter ...
Social Media: An Exploratory Study of Information, Misinformation, Disinformation, and Malinformation
AbstractThe widespread use of social media all around the globe has affected the way of life in all aspects, not only for individuals but for businesses as well. Businesses share their upcoming events, reveal their products, and advertise to their ...
Comments
Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.Information & Contributors
Information
Published In
EISSN:2469-7826
Table of ContentsCopyright © 2024 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.
Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor or affiliate of a national government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only. Request permissions from owner/author(s).
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY, United States
Publication History
Online AM: 27 August 2024
Accepted: 03 August 2024
Revision received: 18 July 2024
Received: 18 April 2023
Check for updates
Author Tags
Qualifiers
- Research-article
Contributors
Other Metrics
Bibliometrics & Citations
Bibliometrics
Article Metrics
- 0Total Citations
- 158Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)158
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)57
Reflects downloads up to 10 Dec 2024
Other Metrics
Citations
View Options
Login options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Sign in