Left and Right Cortical Activity Arising from Preferred Walking Speed in Older Adults
<p>(<b>a</b>) fNIRS montage measuring the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex according to the EEG 10-10 system. Red circles represent sources and blue circles represent detectors. Numbers represent channels. (<b>b</b>) Walking path configuration. Images adapted from Hoang et al. [<a href="#B10-sensors-23-03986" class="html-bibr">10</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>A typical fNIRS haemodynamic response function, adapted from Scholkmann et al. [<a href="#B37-sensors-23-03986" class="html-bibr">37</a>], where (<b>a</b>) [HbT] corresponds to total haemoglobin concentration (HbO+HbR) and (<b>b</b>) max_HbO (resp. minHbR) corresponds to the maximum (resp. minimum) of the oxyhaemoglobin (resp. deoxyhaemoglobin) concentration over the 20 first seconds of walking; avg_HbO and avg_HbR correspond to the average during the same period; diff_Hb corresponds to the difference between avg_HbO and avg_HbR; deltaH corresponds to the difference of max_HbO and min_HbR and tmax_HbO (resp. tmin_HbR) corresponds to the time when the maximum HbO (resp minimum HbR) is reached.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Left (red, striped) and right (green, unstriped) cortical activity in slow and fast clusters for 8 measures: avg, max, and tmax for HbO (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) and HbT (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>), diff_Hb (<b>g</b>) and delta_H (<b>h</b>). Significant differences are signalled with the symbols * and ** for <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values under 0.05 and 0.01, respectively.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Initial Variables and Pre-Processing
2.2. Additional Variables
2.3. Complete List of Variables
2.4. Definition of Two Groups in the Population by K-Means Clustering
2.5. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Comparisons between Slow and Fast Clusters
3.2. Comparisons between Left and Right Cortical Hemispheres
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Description | HbO | HbR |
---|---|---|
the mean value during the first 20 s of the walking trial. | avg_HbO | avg_HbR |
the minimum or maximum values during the first 20 s of the walking trial. | max_HbO | min_HbR |
time of the minimum or maximum values during the first 20 s of the walking trial. | tmax_HbO | tmin_HbR |
Abbreviation | Definition | Description |
---|---|---|
avg_HbT | mean(HbO+HbR) | Average of total haemoglobin during the 20 first seconds of the walking trial. |
max_HbT | max(HbT) | Maximum value of HbT during the 20 first seconds of the walking trial. |
tmax_HbT | Time at max(HbT) | The time at which max_HbT occurs |
diff_Hb | diff_Hb = avg_HbO − avg_HbR | Difference between the average in oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin as a measure of cortical activation |
deltaH | deltaH = max_HbO − min_HbR | Maximum difference in oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin |
Abbreviation | Description of the Cortical Activation Parameters |
---|---|
avg_HbO_l | Mean change in oxyhaemoglobin, left hemisphere |
avg_HbO_r | Mean change in oxyhaemoglobin, right hemisphere |
avg_HbR_l | Mean change in deoxyhaemoglobin, left hemisphere |
avg_HbR_r | Mean change in deoxyhaemoglobin, right hemisphere |
avg_HbT_l | Mean change in total haemoglobin, left hemisphere |
avg_HbT_r | Mean change in total haemoglobin, right hemisphere |
max_HbO_l | Maximum change in oxyhaemoglobin, left hemisphere |
max_HbO_r | Maximum change in oxyhaemoglobin, right hemisphere |
max_HbR_l | Maximum change in deoxyhaemoglobin, left hemisphere |
max_HbR_r | Maximum change in deoxyhaemoglobin, right hemisphere |
max_HbT_l | Maximum change in total haemoglobin, left hemisphere |
max_HbT_r | Maximum change in total haemoglobin, right hemisphere |
diff_Hb_l | Mean difference in oxy and deoxy -haemoglobin as a measure of cortical activation, left hemisphere |
diff_Hb_r | Mean difference in oxy and deoxy -haemoglobin as a measure of cortical activation, right hemisphere |
deltaH_l | Maximum difference in oxy and deoxy -haemoglobin, left hemisphere |
deltaH_r | Maximum difference in oxy and deoxy -haemoglobin, right hemisphere |
tmax_HbO_l | Time elapsed at maximal change in oxyhaemoglobin, left hemisphere |
tmax_HbO_r | Time elapsed at maximal change in oxyhaemoglobin, right hemisphere |
tmax_HbR_l | Time elapsed at maximal change in deoxyhaemoglobin, left hemisphere |
tmax_HbR_r | Time elapsed at maximal change in deoxyhaemoglobin, right hemisphere |
tmax_HbT_l | Time elapsed at maximal change in total haemoglobin, left hemisphere |
tmax_HbT_r | Time elapsed at maximal change in total haemoglobin, right hemisphere |
Abbreviation | Description of the Gait Parameters |
---|---|
avg_gct | Mean gait cycle time, the time from one heel strike to the next heel strike of the ipsilateral foot (stride time) |
gct_CV | Coefficient of variation for gait cycle time |
avg_cad | Mean walking cadence |
cad_CV | Coefficient of variation for walking cadence |
avg_Slength | Mean stride length, the distance covered over a given stride |
Slength_CV | Coefficient of variation for stride length, the distance covered over a given stride |
avg_speed | Mean walking speed |
speed_CV | Coefficient of variation for walking speed |
55–65 Years Old | 67–85 Years Old | Men | Women | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
slow cluster (0.95 m/s) | 14 | 8 | 7 | 15 | 22 |
fast cluster (1.28 m/s) | 11 | 17 | 12 | 16 | 28 |
Total | 25 | 25 | 19 | 31 | 50 |
Variable | Slow Cluster (Mean ± SD) | Fast Cluster (Mean ± SD) | p-Value | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) [Lower CI, Upper CI] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 66.18 ± 5.87 | 67.46 ± 7.62 | 0.518 | −0.18 [−0.75, 0.37] |
FES-I_score | 20.05 ± 3.75 | 19.21 ± 3.11 | 0.340 | 0.24 [−0.32, 0.8] |
MoCA | 26.82 ± 2.08 | 27.14 ± 1.80 | 0.611 | −0.17 [−0.73, 0.39] |
Gait parameters | ||||
avg_gct (s) *** | 1.24 ± 0.14 | 1.07 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 1.42 [0.82, 2.08] |
avg_cad (steps/min) *** | 96.27 ± 12.11 | 112.81 ± 9.41 | <0.001 | −1.52 [−2.19, −0.91] |
avg_Slength (m) *** | 1.16 ± 0.08 | 1.33 ± 0.11 | <0.001 | −1.76 [−2.45, −1.12] |
avg_speed (m/s) *** | 0.95 ± 0.14 | 1.28 ± 0.10 | <0.001 | −2.68 [−3.50, −1.94] |
gct_CV (%) | 4.42 ± 3.00 | 3.56 ± 1.53 | 0.054 | 0.37 [−0.19, 0.94] |
cad_CV (%) * | 4.05 ± 1.65 | 3.49 ± 1.45 | 0.041 | 0.36 [−0.20, 0.93] |
Slength_CV (%) | 6.65 ± 2.78 | 6.28 ± 1.46 | 0.792 | 0.17 [−0.39, 0.73] |
speed_CV (%) | 8.08 ± 1.57 | 7.86 ± 1.81 | 0.406 | 0.13 [−0.43, 0.69] |
Cortical activity parameters | ||||
avg_HbO_l (µmol/L) ** | 0.056 ± 0.135 | −0.035 ± 0.190 | 0.005 | 0.54 [−0.02, 1.11] |
avg_HbO_r (µmol/L) | 0.092 ± 0.153 | 0.084 ± 0.168 | 0.854 | 0.05 [−0.51, 0.61] |
max_HbO_l (µmol/L) | 0.212 ± 0.141 | 0.170 ± 0.221 | 0.087 | 0.22 [−0.34, 0.78] |
max_HbO_r (µmol/L) | 0.238 ± 0.154 | 0.279 ± 0.211 | 0.632 | −0.21 [−0.78, 0.34] |
diff_Hb_l (µmol/L) ** | 0.068 ± 0.120 | −0.014 ± 0.238 | 0.003 | 0.42 [−0.14, 0.99] |
diff_Hb_r (µmol/L) | 0.098 ± 0.160 | 0.079 ± 0.181 | 0.696 | 0.11 [−0.45, 0.67] |
avg_HbR_l (µmol/L) | −0.012 ± 0.047 | −0.021 ± 0.071 | 0.777 | 0.15 [−0.41, 0.71] |
avg_HbR_r (µmol/L) | −0.006 ± 0.036 | 0.005 ± 0.060 | 0.462 | −0.21 [−0.77, 0.35] |
min_HbR_l (µmol/L) | −0.060 ± 0.050 | −0.074 ± 0.083 | 0.792 | 0.19 [−0.36, 0.76] |
min_HbR_r (µmol/L) | −0.055 ± 0.037 | −0.060 ± 0.070 | 0.732 | 0.07 [−0.48, 0.63] |
avg_HbT_l (µmol/L) * | 0.045 ± 0.163 | −0.056 ± 0.161 | 0.020 | 0.61 [0.05, 1.20] |
avg_HbT_r (µmol/L) | 0.086 ± 0.154 | 0.088 ± 0.175 | 0.961 | −0.01 [−0.57, 0.54] |
max_HbT_l (µmol/L) | 0.211 ± 0.155 | 0.152 ± 0.170 | 0.111 | 0.36 [−0.20, 0.93] |
max_HbT_r (µmol/L) | 0.232 ± 0.153 | 0.280 ± 0.224 | 0.689 | −0.24 [−0.80, 0.32] |
deltaH_l (µmol/L) | 0.272 ± 0.148 | 0.244 ± 0.283 | 0.071 | 0.12 [−0.44, 0.68] |
deltaH_r (µmol/L) | 0.293 ± 0.162 | 0.338 ± 0.236 | 0.689 | −0.21 [−0.78, 0.34] |
tmax_HbO_l (s) * | 9.47 ± 5.33 | 6.32 ± 3.70 | 0.018 | 0.69 [0.12, 1.28] |
tmax_HbO_r (s) | 10.38 ± 3.44 | 8.37 ± 3.90 | 0.062 | 0.54 [−0.02, 1.11] |
tmax_HbT_l (s) | 9.51 ± 5.86 | 6.66 ± 4.25 | 0.052 | 0.56 [0, 1.14] |
tmax_HbT_r (s) | 10.02 ± 3.96 | 8.54 ± 4.10 | 0.113 | 0.36 [−0.20, 0.93] |
Variable | LH (Mean ± SD) | RH (Mean ± SD) | LH–RH (Mean ± SD) | p-Value | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) [Lower CI Upper CI] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slow cluster | |||||
avg_HbO (µmol/L) | 0.056 ± 0.135 | 0.092 ± 0.153 | −0.036 ± 0.147 | 0.269 | −0.24 [−0.69, 0.19] |
max_HbO (µmol/L) | 0.212 ± 0.141 | 0.238 ± 0.154 | −0.025 ± 0.136 | 0.391 | −0.17 [−0.57, 0.22] |
diff_Hb (µmol/L) | 0.068 ± 0.120 | 0.098 ± 0.160 | −0.030 ± 0.137 | 0.315 | −0.21 [−0.63, 0.21] |
avg_HbR (µmol/L) | −0.012 ± 0.047 | −0.006 ± 0.036 | −0.006 ± 0.060 | 0.671 | −0.13 [−0.75, 0.48] |
min_HbR (µmol/L) | −0.060 ± 0.050 | −0.055 ± 0.037 | −0.004 ± 0.057 | 0.935 | −0.13 [−0.75, 0.48] |
avg_HbT (µmol/L) | 0.045 ± 0.163 | 0.086 ± 0.154 | −0.041 ± 0.178 | 0.291 | −0.25 [−0.74, 0.22] |
max_HbT (µmol/L) | 0.211 ± 0.155 | 0.232 ± 0.153 | −0.020 ± 0.163 | 0.563 | −0.13 [−0.59, 0.32] |
deltaH (µmol/L) | 0.272 ± 0.148 | 0.293 ± 0.162 | −0.021 ± 0.124 | 0.438 | −0.13 [−0.48, 0.21] |
tmax_HbO (s) | 9.47 ± 5.33 | 10.38 ± 3.44 | −0.92 ± 5.50 | 0.443 | −0.20 [−0.73, 0.32] |
tmax_HbT (s) | 9.51 ± 5.86 | 10.02 ± 3.96 | −0.51 ± 5.91 | 0.689 | −0.10 [−0.61, 0.40] |
Fast cluster | |||||
avg_HbO (µmol/L) ** | −0.035 ± 0.190 | 0.084 ± 0.168 | −0.119 ± 0.148 | 0.001 | −0.65 [−1.01, −0.32] |
max_HbO (µmol/L) ** | 0.170 ± 0.221 | 0.279 ± 0.211 | −0.108 ± 0.147 | 0.002 | −0.49 [−0.78, −0.22] |
diff_Hb (µmol/L) ** | −0.014 ± 0.238 | 0.079 ± 0.181 | −0.093 ± 0.170 | 0.004 | −0.43 [−0.76, −0.12] |
avg_HbR (µmol/L) | −0.021 ± 0.071 | 0.005 ± 0.060 | −0.026 ± 0.070 | 0.088 | −0.38 [−0.80, 0.02] |
min_HbR (µmol/L) | −0.074 ± 0.083 | −0.060 ± 0.070 | −0.014 ± 0.079 | 0.202 | −0.18 [−0.57, 0.21] |
avg_HbT (µmol/L) *** | −0.056 ± 0.161 | 0.088 ± 0.175 | −0.144 ± 0.157 | <0.001 | −0.84 [−1.26, −0.46] |
max_HbT (µmol/L) ** | 0.152 ± 0.170 | 0.280 ± 0.224 | −0.128 ± 0.165 | 0.001 | −0.63 [−0.99, −0.30] |
deltaH (µmol/L) ** | 0.244 ± 0.283 | 0.338 ± 0.236 | −0.094 ± 0.170 | 0.004 | −0.36 [−0.62, −0.10] |
tmax_HbO (s) * | 6.32 ± 3.70 | 8.37 ± 3.90 | −2.04 ± 4.09 | 0.014 | −0.53 [−0.96, −0.12] |
tmax_HbT (s) * | 6.66 ± 4.25 | 8.54 ± 4.10 | −1.87 ± 4.60 | 0.040 | −0.44 [−0.8, −0.02] |
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Greenfield, J.; Delcroix, V.; Ettaki, W.; Derollepot, R.; Paire-Ficout, L.; Ranchet, M. Left and Right Cortical Activity Arising from Preferred Walking Speed in Older Adults. Sensors 2023, 23, 3986. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083986
Greenfield J, Delcroix V, Ettaki W, Derollepot R, Paire-Ficout L, Ranchet M. Left and Right Cortical Activity Arising from Preferred Walking Speed in Older Adults. Sensors. 2023; 23(8):3986. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083986
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreenfield, Julia, Véronique Delcroix, Wafae Ettaki, Romain Derollepot, Laurence Paire-Ficout, and Maud Ranchet. 2023. "Left and Right Cortical Activity Arising from Preferred Walking Speed in Older Adults" Sensors 23, no. 8: 3986. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083986
APA StyleGreenfield, J., Delcroix, V., Ettaki, W., Derollepot, R., Paire-Ficout, L., & Ranchet, M. (2023). Left and Right Cortical Activity Arising from Preferred Walking Speed in Older Adults. Sensors, 23(8), 3986. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083986