RTNS

Safety-critical cyber-physical systems increasingly use components that are unable to provide deterministic guarantees of the correctness of their functional outputs; rather, they characterize each outcome of a computation with an associated “...

In federated scheduling of parallel real-time tasks on multiprocessor systems, high-utilization tasks are allocated dedicated processors on which they execute exclusively. Several methods exist for allocating a sufficient number of processors to ...

Safety and control functions of modern automotive systems are implemented as chains of periodic data producer/consumer tasks run at different rates. To simplify the development of such systems, automotive standards relax synchronization requirements ...

In the framework of embedded and time-critical systems we consider the scheduling of preemptive real-time periodic tasks upon uniprocessor. We consider the notion of simulation interval, a finite time interval such that the schedule starts to repeat in ...

Time-Sensitive Networks (TSN) enhance standard IEEE 802.1Q Ethernet devices with real-time and time-aware capabilities. The forwarding of time-critical frames is done according to a so-called Gate Control List (GCL) schedule via the timed-gate ...

Latency and jitter are two main requirements when controlling cyber-physical systems, especially in case of remote control through a network. When jitter is a major concern, one can either control the jitter all along the path, or compensate it by ...

The Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards provide a toolbox of features to be utilized in various application domains.The core TSN features include deterministic zero-jitter and low-latency data transmission and transmitting traffic with various ...

The majority of prior academic research into mixed criticality systems assumes that if high-criticality tasks continue to execute beyond the execution time limits at which they would normally finish, then further workload due to low-criticality tasks ...

Real-time systems usually require guarantees in all possible scenarios including the worst case. As a result, when each system parameter is specified by a single estimate, significant pessimism is inevitably introduced. To mitigate such pessimism, ...

The most significant trend in real-time systems design in recent years has been the adoption of multi-core processors and the accompanying integration of functionality with different criticality levels onto the same hardware platform. This paper ...

Vestal proposed an abstract model for mixed-criticality workloads in which each job is characterized by multiple different estimates of its actual, but unknown, worst-case execution time (WCET). While this model helped establish the study of mixed-...

Unarbitrated contention over shared resources at different levels of the memory hierarchy represents a major source of temporal interference. Hardware manufacturers are increasingly more receptive to issues with temporal interference and are starting ...

In order to prove conformance to memory standards and bound memory access latency, recently proposed real-time DRAM controllers rely on paper and pencil proofs, which can be troubling: they are difficult to read and review, they are often shown only ...

Static Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) estimation techniques take as input the binary code of a program and output a conservative estimate of its execution time. While compilers, and iterative compilation, usually optimize for the average-case, ...

Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) is the most important design criterion in the domain of hard real-time systems. Most embedded systems also need to satisfy additional design criteria like, e.g., energy consumption. Performing WCET and energy analyses ...

Meeting timing requirements is essential for the correct behavior of embedded systems in today’s vehicles. In the automotive domain, the AUTOSAR Timing Extensions are a widely used and accepted standard for specifying timing requirements. Previous work ...

Benchmarking is crucial for testing and validating any system, including—and perhaps especially—real-time systems. Typical real-time applications adhere to well-understood abstractions: they exhibit a periodic behavior, operate on a well-defined ...

Assessing traversal times is the main concern in the verification of embedded real-time networks. Schedulability analysis, as it provides firm guarantees, is the preferred technique for the designers of critical systems. There are however contexts ...

The Time-Sensitive Network (TSN) amendments and protocols add capabilities on top of standard 802.1 Ethernet for guaranteeing the timeliness of both (isochronous) scheduled traffic (ST) and shaped (audio-video) communication (AVB) in distributed ...

To reduce the latency of time-sensitive flows in Ethernet networks, the IEEE TSN Task Group introduced the IEEE 802.1Qbu Standard, which specifies a 1-level preemption scheme for IEEE 802.1 networks. Recently, serious limitations of this scheme w.r.t. ...

Network technologies are being developed to increase not only performance of data communication but also for provision of deterministic guarantees. Such designs foster the development of distributed real-time applications. When networks must provide ...