[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ skip to main content
10.1145/1240624.1240785acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
Article

Modeling and understanding students' off-task behavior in intelligent tutoring systems

Published: 29 April 2007 Publication History

Abstract

We present a machine-learned model that can automatically detect when a student using an intelligent tutoring system is off-task, i.e., engaged in behavior which does not involve the system or a learning task. This model was developed using only log files of system usage (i.e. no screen capture or audio/video data). We show that this model can both accurately identify each student's prevalence of off-task behavior and can distinguish off-task behavior from when the student is talking to the teacher or another student about the subject matter. We use this model in combination with motivational and attitudinal instruments, developing a profile of the attitudes and motivations associated with off-task behavior, and compare this profile to the attitudes and motivations associated with other behaviors in intelligent tutoring systems. We discuss how the model of off-task behavior can be used within interactive learning environments which respond to when students are off-task.

References

[1]
Aleven, V., McLaren, B.M., Roll, I., and Koedinger, K.R. Toward tutoring help seeking: Applying cognitive modeling to meta-cognitive skills. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS 2004), 227--239.
[2]
Anderson, J.R., Corbett, A.T., Koedinger, K.R., Pelletier, R. Cognitive Tutors: Lessons Learned. Journal of the Learning Sciences 4, 2 (1995), 167--207.
[3]
Amershi, S., and Conati, C. Automatic Recognition of Learner Groups in Exploratory Learning Environments. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS 2006), 463--472.
[4]
Baker, R.S. (2005) Designing Intelligent Tutors That Adapt to When Students Game the System. Doctoral Dissertation. Carnegie Mellon University Technical Report CMU-HCII-05-104.
[5]
Baker, R.S., Corbett, A.T., and Koedinger, K.R. Detecting Student Misuse of Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS 2004), 531--540.
[6]
Baker, R.S.J.d., Corbett, A.T., Roll, I., Wagner, A.Z., and Koedinger, K.R. The Relationship Between Gaming the System and Learning in Cognitive Tutor Classrooms. Manuscript Under Review.
[7]
Baker, R.S., Corbett, A.T., Koedinger, K.R., Wagner, A.Z. Off--Task Behavior in the Cognitive Tutor Classroom: When Students "Game the System". Proceedings of ACM CHI 2004: Computer-Human Interaction, 383--390.
[8]
Baker, R.S., Roll, I., Corbett, A.T., Koedinger, K.R. Do Performance Goals Lead Students to Game the System? Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2005), 57--64.
[9]
Beck, J.E. Engagement tracing: using response times to model student disengagement. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2005), 88--95.
[10]
Bickmore, T.W., Picard, R.W. Towards Caring Machines. CHI Extended Abstracts (2004), 1489--1492.
[11]
Boyd, S., and Vandenberghe, L. Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2004.
[12]
Carroll, J. A Model For School Learning. Teachers College Record 64 (1963), 723--733.
[13]
Cohen, J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 20, 1 (1960), 37--46.
[14]
Collins, R.T., Lipton, A.J., Kanade, T., Fujiyoshi, H., Duggins, D., Tsin, Y., Tolliver, D., Enomoto, N., Hasegawa, O., Burt, P., Wixson, L. Carnegie Mellon University Technical Report CMU-RI-TR-00-12: A System for Video Surveillance and Monitoring (2000).
[15]
Dalton, T., Martella, R.C., and Marchand-Martella, N.E. The effects of a self-management program in reducing off-task behavior. Journal of Behavioral Education 9, 3--4 (1999), 157--176.
[16]
de Vicente, A., and Pain H. Informing the detection of the students' motivational state: an empirical study. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS 2002), 933--943.
[17]
Dillon, T.W., Garner, M., Kuilboer, J., Quinn, J.D. Accounting Student Acceptance of Tax Preparation Software. Journal of Accounting and Computers 13 (1998), 17--29.
[18]
D'Mello, S.K., Craig, S.D., Gholson, B., Franklin, S., Picard, R.W., and Graesser, A.C. Integrating Affect Sensors in an Intelligent Tutoring System. Affective Interactions: The Computer in the Affective Loop Workshop at 2005 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces,7--13.
[19]
Frantom, C.G., Green, K.E., Hoffman, E.R. Measure Development: The Children's Attitudes Towards Technology Scale (CATS). Journal of Educational Computing Research 26, 3 (2002), 249--263.
[20]
Harnisch, D.L., Hill, K.T., Fyans, L.J. Development of a Shorter, More Reliable, and More Valid Measure of Test Motivation. Paper presented at the 1980 annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education. ERIC Document #ED193273.
[21]
Knezek, G., Christensen, R. Computer Attitudes Questionnaire (1995). Denton, TX: Texas Center for Educational Technology.
[22]
Maris, E. Psychometric Latent Response Models. Psychometrika 60, 4 (1995), 523--547.
[23]
Mueller, C.M., and Dweck, C.S. Praise for Intelligence Can Undermine Children's Motivation and Performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75, 1 (1998), 33--52.
[24]
Murray, R.C., and vanLehn, K. Effects of Dissuading Unnecessary Help Requests While Providing Proactive Help. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2005), 887--889.
[25]
Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. A Question of Style: Refining the Dimensions of Personality Disorder Style. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 4 (2001), 300--318.
[26]
Ramsey, F.L., Schafer, D.W. The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis. Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA, USA, 1997.
[27]
Sarason, S.B. Anxiety in Elementary School Children: A Report of Research. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, USA, 1978.
[28]
Selwyn, N. Students' Attitudes Towards Computers: Validation of a Computer Attitude Scale for 16-19 Education. Computers & Education, 28 (1997), 35--41.
[29]
Suchman, L. Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1987.
[30]
Yu, L., and Liu, H. Feature selection for high-dimensional data: a fast correlation-based filter solution. Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (2003), 856--863.
[31]
Ziemek, T.R. Two-D or not Two-D. Gender Implications of Visual Cognition in Electronic Games. Proceedings of the 2006 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games, 183--190.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Sensor-free Affect Detection in Learning Environments: A Systematic Literature ReviewRevista Brasileira de Informática na Educação10.5753/rbie.2024.436232(679-717)Online publication date: 21-Nov-2024
  • (2024)Mining User-Object Interaction Data for Student Modeling in Intelligent Learning EnvironmentsProgramming and Computer Software10.1134/S036176882308008X49:8(657-670)Online publication date: 24-Jan-2024
  • (2024)Interpretable Cognitive State Prediction via Temporal Fuzzy Cognitive MapIEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies10.1109/TLT.2023.330756517(514-526)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Modeling and understanding students' off-task behavior in intelligent tutoring systems

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

        Information & Contributors

        Information

        Published In

        cover image ACM Conferences
        CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
        April 2007
        1654 pages
        ISBN:9781595935939
        DOI:10.1145/1240624
        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

        Sponsors

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        Published: 29 April 2007

        Permissions

        Request permissions for this article.

        Check for updates

        Author Tags

        1. intelligent tutoring systems
        2. motivation
        3. off-task behavior
        4. user attitudes
        5. user modeling

        Qualifiers

        • Article

        Conference

        CHI07
        Sponsor:
        CHI07: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
        April 28 - May 3, 2007
        California, San Jose, USA

        Acceptance Rates

        CHI '07 Paper Acceptance Rate 182 of 840 submissions, 22%;
        Overall Acceptance Rate 6,199 of 26,314 submissions, 24%

        Upcoming Conference

        CHI 2025
        ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
        April 26 - May 1, 2025
        Yokohama , Japan

        Contributors

        Other Metrics

        Bibliometrics & Citations

        Bibliometrics

        Article Metrics

        • Downloads (Last 12 months)77
        • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)9
        Reflects downloads up to 19 Dec 2024

        Other Metrics

        Citations

        Cited By

        View all
        • (2024)Sensor-free Affect Detection in Learning Environments: A Systematic Literature ReviewRevista Brasileira de Informática na Educação10.5753/rbie.2024.436232(679-717)Online publication date: 21-Nov-2024
        • (2024)Mining User-Object Interaction Data for Student Modeling in Intelligent Learning EnvironmentsProgramming and Computer Software10.1134/S036176882308008X49:8(657-670)Online publication date: 24-Jan-2024
        • (2024)Interpretable Cognitive State Prediction via Temporal Fuzzy Cognitive MapIEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies10.1109/TLT.2023.330756517(514-526)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2024
        • (2024)Modeling Complex Data from Simulations to Assess Middle School Students’ NGSS-Aligned Science LearningMeasurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives10.1080/15366367.2023.224675422:2(200-218)Online publication date: 29-Feb-2024
        • (2024)Learning analytics in mathematics education: the case of feedback use in a digital classification task on reflective symmetryZDM – Mathematics Education10.1007/s11858-024-01551-556:4(727-739)Online publication date: 3-Mar-2024
        • (2024)Generative Adversarial Networks for Imputing Sparse Learning PerformancePattern Recognition10.1007/978-3-031-78172-8_25(381-396)Online publication date: 3-Dec-2024
        • (2024)Understanding the Impact of Observer Effects on Student AffectAdvances in Quantitative Ethnography10.1007/978-3-031-76332-8_7(79-94)Online publication date: 2-Nov-2024
        • (2024)Affect Behavior Prediction: Using Transformers and Timing Information to Make Early Predictions of Student Exercise OutcomeArtificial Intelligence in Education10.1007/978-3-031-64299-9_14(194-208)Online publication date: 2-Jul-2024
        • (2023)Analytika učení a data mining ve vzdělávání v kontextu systémů pro řízení výuky10.5817/CZ.MUNI.M280-0185-2023Online publication date: 2023
        • (2023)Open Game Data: A Technical Infrastructure for Open Science with Educational GamesSerious Games10.1007/978-3-031-44751-8_1(3-19)Online publication date: 26-Oct-2023
        • Show More Cited By

        View Options

        Login options

        View options

        PDF

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader

        Media

        Figures

        Other

        Tables

        Share

        Share

        Share this Publication link

        Share on social media