Abstract
For several years, augmented and virtual reality technologies have attracted increasing interest in all areas. In the midst of this universe, the concept, already well known, of mixed reality has established itself as a distinct paradigm. However, and contrary to augmented and virtual realities, there is not a clear and standard definition of what it is exactly, what it is not and why it is different from the other paradigms. In this paper, we attempt to provide a new user-centered classification scheme to standardize the definition of virtual, augmented and mixed realities. First, a quick overview of existing taxonomies of augmented, virtual realities is made, then we present our user-centered classification which is based on three criteria we called 3iVClass (immersion, interaction, information). After that, a weighting system is proposed, the objective of this method is to give a simple way for anyone, expert or not, to quickly and simply characterize or define the best user experiences. Finally, to test our classification, we tried to characterize different user experiences through the study of two use cases.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Azuma RT (1997) A survey of augmented reality. Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ 6:355–385
Berg LP, Vance JM (2017) Industry use of virtual reality in product design and manufacturing: a survey. Virtual Reality 21(1):1–17
Billinghurst M, Kato H (1999) Collaborative mixed reality. In: Proceedings of the first international symposium on mixed reality, pp 261–284
Coates G (1992) Program from Invisible Site—a virtual sho, a multimedia performance work presented by George Coates Performance Works. San Francisco, CA, March 1992
Chalhoub J, Ayer SK (2018) Using mixed reality for electrical construction design communication. Autom Constr 86:1–10
Chen Y (2006) Olfactory display: development and application in virtual reality therapy. In: Artificial reality and telexistence–workshops, 2006. ICAT’06. 16th international conference. IEEE, pp 580–584
Dunn M, Pavan D, Ramirez P, Rava S, Atiqah S (2018) An automated method to extract three-dimensional position data using an infrared time-of-flight camera. MDPI Proc 2:502–507
Durrant-Whyte H, Bailey T (2006) Simultaneous localization and mapping: part I. IEEE Robot Autom Mag 13:99–110
Ellis SR (1995) Virtual environments and environmental instruments. In: Simulated and virtual realities: elements of perception, pp 85–101
Erra U, Capece N (2017) Engineering an advanced geo-location augmented reality framework for smart mobile devices. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-017-0654-6
Fox D, Burgard W, Dellaert F, Thrun S (1999) Monte carlo localization: Efficient position estimation for mobile robots. In: AAAI/IAAI, p 2-2
Freeman KM, Thompson SF, Allely EB, Sobel AL, Stansfield SA, Pugh WM (2001) A virtual reality patient simulation system for teaching emergency response skills to US Navy medical providers. Prehosp Disaster Med 16:3–8
Ganapathi V, Plagemann C, Koller D, Thrun S (2010) Real time motion capture using a single time-of-flight camera. In: computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), 2010 IEEE conference. IEEE, pp 755–762
Gobbetti E, Scateni R (1998) Virtual reality: past, present, and future. In: Virtual environments in clinical psychology and neuroscience: methods and techniques in advanced patient-therapist interaction
Imbs P, Quemada B (1992) Trésor de la langue française: Présence vol 15. Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique
Jeanne F, Thouvenin I (2015) KIVA: informed virtual environment for technical gesture training. Paper presented at the 10èmes journées de l’Association Française de Réalité Virtuelle, Augmentée, Mixte et d’Interaction 3D, Latresne, France
Kinnebrew PT, Kipman A (2012) Mixed reality presentation. Google Patents
Kosslyn SM, Pylyshyn Z (1994) Image and brain: the resolution of the imagery debate. Nature 372:289
Kress BC, Cummings WJ (2017a) 11-1: invited paper: towards the ultimate mixed reality experience: HoloLens display architecture choices. In: SID symposium digest of technical papers, vol 1. Wiley Online Library, pp 127–131
Kress BC, Cummings WJ (2017b) Optical architecture of HoloLens mixed reality headset. In: Digital optical technologies 2017. International Society for Optics and Photonics, p 103350K
Lele A (2013) Virtual reality and its military utility Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized. Computing 4:17–26
Mann S, Nnlf SM (1994) Mediated reality
Meierhenrich UJ, Golebiowski J, Fernandez X, Cabrol-Bass D (2005) De la molécule à l’odeur. L’actualité chimique 289:29
Merriam-Webster (2019a). https://www.merriam-webster.com
Merriam-Webster (2019b). https://www.merriam-webster.com
Milgram P, Kishino F (1994) A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. IEICE Trans Inf Syst 77:1321–1329
Mujber TS, Szecsi T, Hashmi MS (2004) Virtual reality applications in manufacturing process simulation. J Mater Process Technol 155:1834–1838
Nowozin S, Adam A, Mazor S, Yair O (2018) Depth from time-of-flight using machine learning. Google Patents
Pan Z, Cheok AD, Yang H, Zhu J, Shi J (2006) Virtual reality and mixed reality for virtual learning environments. Comput Graph 30:20–28
Parveau M, Adda M (2018) 3iVClass: a new classification method for virtual, augmented and mixed realities. Proc Comput Sci 141:263–270
Rekimoto J, Nagao K (1995) The world through the computer: computer augmented interaction with real world environments. In: Proceedings of the 8th annual ACM symposium on user interface and software technology. ACM, pp 29–36
Ren A, Chen C, Luo Y (2008) Simulation of emergency evacuation in virtual reality. Tsinghua Sci Technol 13:674–680
Reznek M, Harter P, Krummel T (2002) Virtual reality and simulation: training the future emergency physician. Acad Emerg Med 9:78–87
Schuemie MJ, Van Der Straaten P, Krijn M, Van Der Mast CA (2001) Research on presence in virtual reality: a survey. CyberPsychol Behav 4:183–201
Sensorama simulator (1962) Google Patents
Shendarkar A, Vasudevan K, Lee S, Son Y-J (2006) Crowd simulation for emergency response using BDI agent based on virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the 38th conference on winter simulation. Winter simulation conference, pp 545–553
Srivastava AK, Kumar S, Zareapoor M (2018) Self-organized design of virtual reality simulator for identification and optimization of healthcare software components. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-018-1100-0
Starner T et al (1997) Augmented reality through wearable computing. Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ 6:386–398
Sutherland IE (1968) A head-mounted three dimensional display. In: Proceedings of the December 9–11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I. ACM, pp 757–764
Van der Meijden OA, Schijven MP (2009) The value of haptic feedback in conventional and robot-assisted minimal invasive surgery and virtual reality training: a current review. Surg Endosc 23:1180–1190
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), 06351. Cette recherche a été financée par le Conseil de recherches en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada (CRSNG), 06351.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Parveau, M., Adda, M. Toward a user-centric classification scheme for extended reality paradigms. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 11, 2237–2249 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01352-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01352-9