Tampilan Siap pakai

Several of Django's built-in views are documented in Menulis tampilan as well as elsewhere in the documentation.

Melayani berkas di pengembangan

static.serve(request, path, document_root, show_indexes=False)

There may be files other than your project's static assets that, for convenience, you'd like to have Django serve for you in local development. The serve() view can be used to serve any directory you give it. (This view is not hardened for production use and should be used only as a development aid; you should serve these files in production using a real front-end web server).

The most likely example is user-uploaded content in MEDIA_ROOT. django.contrib.staticfiles is intended for static assets and has no built-in handling for user-uploaded files, but you can have Django serve your MEDIA_ROOT by appending something like this to your URLconf:

from django.conf import settings
from django.urls import re_path
from django.views.static import serve

# ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...

if settings.DEBUG:
    urlpatterns += [
        re_path(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)$', serve, {
            'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT,
        }),
    ]

Note, the snippet assumes your MEDIA_URL has a value of '/media/'. This will call the serve() view, passing in the path from the URLconf and the (required) document_root parameter.

Since it can become a bit cumbersome to define this URL pattern, Django ships with a small URL helper function static() that takes as parameters the prefix such as MEDIA_URL and a dotted path to a view, such as 'django.views.static.serve'. Any other function parameter will be transparently passed to the view.

Tampilan kesalahan

Django comes with a few views by default for handling HTTP errors. To override these with your own custom views, see Menyesuaikan tampilan kesalahan.

Tampilan 404 (halaman tidak ditemukan)

defaults.page_not_found(request, exception, template_name='404.html')

When you raise Http404 from within a view, Django loads a special view devoted to handling 404 errors. By default, it's the view django.views.defaults.page_not_found(), which either produces a very simple "Not Found" message or loads and renders the template 404.html if you created it in your root template directory.

The default 404 view will pass two variables to the template: request_path, which is the URL that resulted in the error, and exception, which is a useful representation of the exception that triggered the view (e.g. containing any message passed to a specific Http404 instance).

Tiga hal untuk dicatat tentang tampilan 404:

  • The 404 view is also called if Django doesn't find a match after checking every regular expression in the URLconf.
  • The 404 view is passed a RequestContext and will have access to variables supplied by your template context processors (e.g. MEDIA_URL).
  • If DEBUG is set to True (in your settings module), then your 404 view will never be used, and your URLconf will be displayed instead, with some debug information.

Tampilan 500 (kesalahan peladen)

defaults.server_error(request, template_name='500.html')

Similarly, Django executes special-case behavior in the case of runtime errors in view code. If a view results in an exception, Django will, by default, call the view django.views.defaults.server_error, which either produces a very simple "Server Error" message or loads and renders the template 500.html if you created it in your root template directory.

The default 500 view passes no variables to the 500.html template and is rendered with an empty Context to lessen the chance of additional errors.

If DEBUG is set to True (in your settings module), then your 500 view will never be used, and the traceback will be displayed instead, with some debug information.

Tampilan 403 (Terlarang HTTP)

defaults.permission_denied(request, exception, template_name='403.html')

In the same vein as the 404 and 500 views, Django has a view to handle 403 Forbidden errors. If a view results in a 403 exception then Django will, by default, call the view django.views.defaults.permission_denied.

This view loads and renders the template 403.html in your root template directory, or if this file does not exist, instead serves the text "403 Forbidden", as per RFC 7231#section-6.5.3 (the HTTP 1.1 Specification). The template context contains exception, which is the string representation of the exception that triggered the view.

django.views.defaults.permission_denied dipicu oleh sebuah pengecualian PermissionDenied. Untuk menyangkal akses dalam sebuah tampilan anda dapat menggunakan kode seperti ini:

from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied

def edit(request, pk):
    if not request.user.is_staff:
        raise PermissionDenied
    # ...

Tampilan (permintaan buruk) 400

defaults.bad_request(request, exception, template_name='400.html')

Ketika sebuah SuspiciousOperation dimunculkan di Django, dia mungkin ditangani oleh komponen dari Django (sebagai contoh mengatur kembali data sesi). Jika tidak secara khusus ditangani, Django akan memperimbangkan permintaan saat ini 'bad request' daripada kesalahan peladen.

django.views.defaults.bad_request, jika tidak sangat mirip pada tampilan server_error, tetapi mengembalikan dengan kode keadaan 400 yang kondisi kesalahan adalah hasil dari pengerjaan klien. Secara awal, tidak ada terhubung pada pengecualian yang memicu tampilan dilewatkan ke konteks cetakan, sebagai pesan pengecualian mungkin mengandung informasi sensitif seperti jalur sistem berkas.

Tampilan bad_request juga hanya digunakan ketika DEBUG adalah False.

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