Coral
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marine invertebrates of the class Anthozoa  | |||||
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A coral outcrop on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
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Anatomy of a stony coral polyp
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Montastraea cavernosa polyps with tentacles extended
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a male great star coral, Montastraea cavernosa, releasing sperm into the water
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Basal plates (calices) of Orbicella annularis
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Tabulate coral (a syringoporid); Boone limestone (Lower Carboniferous) near Hiwasse, Arkansas, scale bar is 2.0 cm
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Solitary rugose coral (Grewingkia) in three views; Ordovician, southeastern Indiana
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This dragon-eye zoanthid is a popular source of color in reef tanks
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Fungia sp. skeleton
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Polyps of Eusmilia fastigiata
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Pillar coral, Dendrogyra cylindricus
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Brain coral releasing eggs
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6-strand necklace, Navajo (Native American), ca. 1920s, Brooklyn Museum
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Porites lutea
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Brain coral spawning
Top-down and bottom-up control of microbiota structure in the coral holobiont
Stable microbes may be introduced to the holobiont through horizontal or vertical transmission and persist in ecological niches within the coral polyp where growth (or immigration) rates balance removal pressures from biophysical processes and immune or ecological interactions. Transient microbes enter the holobiont from environmental sources (e.g., seawater, prey items, or suspension feeding) and removal rates exceed growth/immigration rates such that a dynamic and high-diversity microbiota results. Transient and stable populations compete for resources including nutrients, light and space and the outcome of resource-based competition (bottom-up control) ultimately determines population growth rate and thus ability to persist when subject to removal. Whether a population is categorized as stable or transient may depend on the timeframe considered.[1]AMP = antimicrobial peptides, ROS = reactive oxygen species
- ↑ Thompson, J.R., Rivera, H.E., Closek, C.J. and Medina, M. (2015) "Microbes in the coral holobiont: partners through evolution, development, and ecological interactions". Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 4: 176. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00176.
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ↑ hompson, J.R., Rivera, H.E., Closek, C.J. and Medina, M. (2015) "Microbes in the coral holobiont: partners through evolution, development, and ecological interactions". Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 4: 176. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00176.
