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Lijevi centar

politička pozicija

Lijevi centar ili umjerena ljevica, u političkoj teoriji, je naziv za poziciju na političkom spektru.

Crvena zastava, simbol pokreta ljevice i lijevog centra
Crvena ruža, simbol demokratije i anti-autoritarizma u načinu djelovanja protiv društvenih nepravdi[1][2][3]

Označava političke ideje, političke stranke i političke pokrete koji po svojim temeljnim programskim određenjima pripadaju političkoj ljevici, ali u svojoj praktičnoj platformi imaju dosta kompromisnih sadržaja što ih približava političkom centru, te ih se zbog toga ne može nazvati političkom ljevicom u klasičnom smislu.

Političke stranke i organizacije koje se smatraju lijevim centrom najčešće nastoje pronaći kompromis između socijalno-odgovornih i pragmatičnih sadržaja u svojim programima. Od njih su najpoznatije stranke, organizacije i pokreti socijaldemokratske orijentacije, koji se najčešće nazivaju lijevim centrom.

Pojam lijevog centra se često koristi i za opis koalicije koju čine stranke ljevice i centra.

Lijevi centar na političkom spektru predstavlja ljevicu okrenutu političkom pragmatizmu.[4][5] Pragmatična politika lijevog centra se usmjerava samo na minimalni program, kojim u okviru ustanova predstavničke, parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije nastoji sprovesti djelimičnu promjenu putem aktivne ekonomske uloge javnog sektora, javnih institucija i servisa koji bi trebalo da rade na ublažavanju nepravdi koje nanosi neregulirani, liberalni model kapitalizma.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Praktično ostvarenje takve djelimične promjene u okviru ustanova parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije uobičajeno se naziva socijalno odgovornom državom ili državom blagostanja.[8][12][13][14][15] Lijevi centar se smatra umjerenom strujom u suvremenom ljevičarskom pokretu.[16][17][18][19]

Karakteristike

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Obilježja lijevog centra:[11][20][21]

Umjerena progresivna stranka u matičnom toku zemlje koja je zasnovana na parlamentarnoj demokratiji i tržišnoj kapitalističkoj ekonomiji, sa glasačkim tijelom kako u nižoj klasi tako i u srednjoj klasi, mogla bi biti opisana kao politička stranka lijevog centra.[22][23] Dok bi stranka sa većim zahtjevima i ciljevima, koja ima glasačko tijelo među onim dijelom malobrojnije, ali svjesnije srednje i niže klase, fizičke i intelektualne, te sa historijom podrške i učešća u emancipacijskim i progresivnim pokretima, mogla biti opisana kao stranka radikalnije, nove ljevice.[24][25][26][27]

Političke stranke lijevog centra, kao i druge suvremene ljevičarske stranke, uobičajeno ističu sljedeće vrijednosti:[28]

  • sloboda — ne samo ljudske slobode, nego i sloboda od diskriminacije, sloboda demokratskog sudjelovanja i sloboda od zavisnosti, ekstremnog siromaštva, straha i zlouporabe političke, ekonomske i druge moći i položaja;
  • jednakost — ne samo pred zakonom, nego i jednake šanse i mogućnosti za sve ljude u raznim oblastima života, bez obzira na identitetske različitosti, uključujući i one osobe sa poteškoćama bilo koje vrste;
  • solidarnost — pokazivanje razumijevanja i saosjećanja prema osobama koje su žrtve nekog oblika diskriminacije, nepravde, neravnopravnosti ili nezgodnog sticaja okolnosti, te osobna spremnost zajedničkog djelovanja sa drugima na pronalaženju načina za umanjivanje i sprječavanje takvih pojava. Ovo načelo podrazumijeva i razvijanje institucionalnih oblika solidarnosti, te internacionalne solidarnosti.
 
Clement Attlee, umjereni ljevičar i premijer Velike Britanije (1945-1951)
 
Vili Brant, umjereni ljevičar i kancelar Nemačke (1969-1974)
 
Ulof Palme, umjereni ljevičar i premijer Švedske (1969-1976 i 1982-1986)
 
Helen Klark, umjerena ljevičarka i premijerka Novog Zelanda (1999-2008)

Lijevi centar se opire svakom obliku autoritarizma i jednopartizma.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Stoga, lijevi centar se opire konceptima jednopartijske vladavine takozvanih komunističkih partija 20. stoljeća.[37][38][39]

Popis političkih stranaka lijevog centra i umjerene ljevice

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Popis političara lijevog centra i umjerene ljevice

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Povezano

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Izvori

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  2. ^ "Metropolitan. v.38 1913". HathiTrust. p. 63. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  3. ^ "Most's Meeting". Indianapolis Indiana State Sentinel. September 21, 1887. p. 1 Column 1.
  4. ^ Blaazer, David (2002) [1992]. The Popular Front and the Progressive Tradition: Socialists, Liberals, and the Quest for Unity, 1884–1939. Cambridge University Press. Lijevi centar
  5. ^ Understanding Social Democracy (PDF). What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University. Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2016.
  6. ^ Notermans, Ton (2000). Money, Markets, and the State: Social Democratic Economic Policies since 1918. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. Lijevi centar
  7. ^ Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind; Thorsen, Dag Einar (2013). The Nordic Model of Social Democracy. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. Lijevi centar
  8. ^ a b Sejersted, Francis (2011). Adams, Madeleine B., ur. The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century. Prevod: Daly, Richard. Princeton University Press. Lijevi centar
  9. ^ Berman, Sheri (1998). The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Lijevi centar
  10. ^ Aspalter, Christian (2001). Importance of Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics: With Special Reference to Germany, Austria and Sweden. Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers. Lijevi centar
  11. ^ a b Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, ur. (2011). „Social Democracy”. International Encyclopedia of Political Science. 8. Sage Publications. Lijevi centar
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  13. ^ Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2006). „The Social Welfare State, beyond Ideology”. Scientific American. sv. 295 br. 5. New York. str. 42. ISSN 0036-8733. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 12. 10. 2007. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2016.
  14. ^ Upchurch, Martin; Taylor, Graham; Mathers, Andrew (2009). The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives. Contemporary Employment Relations. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing. Lijevi centar
  15. ^ Fitzpatrick, Tony (2003). After the New Social Democracy: Social Welfare for the Twenty-First Century. Manchester University Press. Lijevi centar
  16. ^ Bardhan, Pranab; Roemer, John E. (1992). „Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation”. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 6 (3): 101—116. ISSN 0895-3309
  17. ^ Britain, Ian (2005) [1982]. Fabianism and Culture: A Study in British Socialism and the Arts, c. 1884–1918. Cambridge University Press. Lijevi centar
  18. ^ Hinnfors, Jonas (2006). Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party. Critical Labour Movement Studies. Manchester University Press. Lijevi centar
  19. ^ Janowsky, Oscar Isaiah (1959). Foundations of Israel: Emergence of a Welfare State. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand.
  20. ^ Meyer, Thomas; Hinchman, Lewis P. (2007). The Theory of Social Democracy. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. Lijevi centar
  21. ^ • Hoefer, Richard (2013). „Social Welfare Policy and Politics”. Colby, Ira C.; Dolmus, Catherine N.; Sowers, Karen M. Connecting Social Welfare Policy to Fields of Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Lijevi centar
  22. ^ Jackson, Ben (2008). „Social Democracy”. Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 7 (2nd edition). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. Lijevi centar
  23. ^ Ishay, Michelle R. (2008) [2005]. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkeley: University of California Press. Lijevi centar
  24. ^ Hudson, Kate (2012). The New European Left: A Socialism for the Twenty-First Century?. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. Lijevi centar
  25. ^ Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. Lijevi centar
  26. ^ Harrington, Michael (2011) [1989]. Socialism: Past and Future. New York: Arcade Publishing. Lijevi centar
  27. ^ Schweickart, David (2007). „Democratic Socialism”. Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. 1. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Lijevi centar
  28. ^ Tansey, Stephen D.; Jackson, Nigel (2008). Politics: The Basics. London: Routledge. Lijevi centar
  29. ^ (2006). The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. Lijevi centar
  30. ^ Evans, Bryan; Schmidt, Ingo, ur. (2012). Social Democracy After the Cold War. Edmonton, Alberta: Athabasca University Press. Lijevi centar
  31. ^ Kenworthy, Lane (2014). Social Democratic America. New York: Oxford University Press. Lijevi centar
  32. ^ Cronin, James E.; Ross, George W.; Shoch, James (2011). What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. Lijevi centar
  33. ^ Rubinstein, David (2006). The Labour Party and British Society: 1880–2005. Brighton, England: Sussex University Press. Lijevi centar
  34. ^ Corfe, Robert (2010). The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System. Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books. Lijevi centar
  35. ^ Orlow, Dietrich (2000). Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969. New York: Berghahn Books. Lijevi centar
  36. ^ Edinger, Lewis Joachim (1956). German Exile Politics: The Social Democratic Executive Committee in the Nazi Era. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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  39. ^ Van Oudenaren, John (1991). Détente in Europe: The Soviet Union and the West since 1953. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. Lijevi centar
  40. ^ Martti Ahtisaari: a New Kind of President for an Era of Change by Jaakko Iloniemi
  41. ^ "Commission for Racial Equality: Clement Attlee Lecture: Trevor Phillips's speech, 21 April 2005". Arhivirano s originala, 16. 8. 2007. Pristupljeno 15. 5. 2020.
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Vanjski linkovi

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