Шариат

Шариатът (на арабски: شريعة – пряк, правилен), на български изписвано също като шериат, е ислямското право, което урежда всички аспекти на живота и обществото.

Това е съвкупност от правови, морални и религиозни норми на исляма, които обхващат всички страни на живота на правоверните мюсюлмани. Те са изложени в Корана и сунните.

Шариатът възниква в Арабския халифат през 7 век и се доразвива до 12 век. Като основен закон днес той действа в Саудитска Арабия, Судан, Ирак, Обединените арабски емирства, Катар, Йемен, Иран, Афганистан, Пакистан, Мавритания. През май 2014 г. законите на шариата са въведени и в Бруней. В тези страни наказания, указани в шариата, като обезглавяване, бичуване и убийство с камъни се практикуват по съдебен ред или извънсъдебно.^[1] Налагането на шариата е от дълго време цел на ислямистки движения по целия свят, включително в Западния свят, но опитите за налагане на шариата са придружени с противоречия,^[2] насилие^[3] и дори войни.^[4] Във Великобритания Мюсюлманският арбитражен трибунал използва шариата за решаване на семейни диспути и това ограничено прилагане на шариата е противоречиво.^[5]

Концепцията за престъпление, съдебен процес, правосъдие и наказание, въплътена в шариата, е различна от концепцията в светското право.^[6] Различията между шариата и светското право водят до все по-чести спорове дали шариатът е съвместим със светските форми на управление, човешките права, свободата на мисълта и правата на жените.^[7]

Източници на шариата

Коран
Суна (в превод път) – описание на жизнения път на пророка Мохамед и на неговите принципи.
Иджма (в превод съгласие) – ислямските догми.
Кияс (в превод аналогия) – разрешаването на възникнал проблем по начин, подобен на описания в Корана или суната.
Адет (в превод обичай) – битово право – обичаи, които не противоречат на Корана и суната или са възникнали, следвайки тези източници.
Мазхаб (в превод правна школа) – прилагането на Корана и суната в шариата.
Бида (в превод нововъведения) – новости в шариата, които не се основават на Корана и суната, но не им противоречат.
Таклид (в превод подражание) – безусловно следване на авторитета в исляма.
Иджтихад (в превод тълкуване) – правото на всеки човек да опознава истината по свой път.

Постъпки

Шариатът обхваща целия съзнателен живот на човека и е задължителен от момента на встъпване в зрялост (пълнолетие). Навлизането в пълнолетие става по различно време за момчетата и момичетата. Шариатът предвижда период от няколко години, през които близките определят по вторичните полови белези на детето дали пълнолетието е настъпило. При момичетата е от 9 до 15-годишна възраст, при момчетата между 12 и 15 години. На 15-годишна възраст всички се смятат за пълнолетни, дори ако такива белези не са налице.

Според шариата постъпките на правоверните се делят на три вида:

фарз – задължителни;
халал – позволени;
харам – забранени.

Източници

↑ Otto, Jan. Sharia incorporated a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present. Leiden, Leiden University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-90-8728-057-4.
↑
Hamann, Katie (29 декември 2009). „Aceh's Sharia Law Still Controversial in Indonesia“. Voice of America. Посетен на 19 септември 2011.
- Iijima, Masako (13 януари 2010). „Islamic Police Tighten Grip on Indonesia's Aceh“. Reuters. Посетен на 18 септември 2011.
- „Aceh Sharia Police Loved and Hated“. The Jakarta Post.
↑
Staff (3 януари 2003). „Analysis: Nigeria's Sharia Split“. BBC News. Посетен на 19 септември 2011. „Thousands of people have been killed in fighting between Christians and Muslims following the introduction of sharia punishments in northern Nigerian states over the past three years“.
- Harnischfeger, Johannes (2008).
  • p. 16. „When the Governor of Kaduna announced the introduction of Sharia, although non-Muslims form almost half of the population, violence erupted, leaving more than 1000 people dead.“
  • p. 189. „When a violent confrontation loomed in February 200, because the strong Christian minority in Kaduna was unwilling to accept the proposed sharia law, the sultan and his delegation of 18 emirs went to see the governor and insisted on the passage of the bill.“
- Mshelizza, Ibrahim (28 юли 2009). „Fight for Sharia Leaves Dozens Dead in Nigeria – Islamic Militants Resisting Western Education Extend Their Campaign of Violence“. The Independent. Посетен на 19 септември 2011.
- „Nigeria in Transition: Recent Religious Tensions and Violence“. PBS.
- Staff (28 декември 2010). „Timeline: Tensions in Nigeria – A Look at the Country's Bouts of Inter-Religious and Ethnic Clashes and Terror Attacks“. Al Jazeera English. Посетен на 19 септември 2011. „Thousands of people are killed in northern Nigeria as non-Muslims opposed to the introduction of sharia, or Islamic law, fight Muslims who demand its implementation in the northern state of Kaduna.“.
- Ibrahimova, Roza (27 юли 2009). „Dozens Killed in Violence in Northern Nigeria“ (video (requires Adobe Flash; 00:01:49)). Al Jazeera English. Посетен на 19 септември 2011. „The group Boko Haram, which wants to impose sharia (Islamic law) across the country, has attacked police stations and churches.“
↑
[1]. Library of Congress Country Studies: Sudan:. „The factors that provoked the military coup, primarily the closely intertwined issues of Islamic law and of the civil war in the south, remained unresolved in 1991. The September 1983 implementation of the sharia throughout the country had been controversial and provoked widespread resistance in the predominantly non-Muslim south... Opposition to the sharia, especially to the application of hudud (sing., hadd), or Islamic penalties, such as the public amputation of hands for theft, was not confined to the south and had been a principal factor leading to the popular uprising of April 1985 that overthrew the government of Jaafar an Nimeiri“.
- Marchal, R. (2013), Islamic political dynamics in the Somali civil war. Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform, pp. 331-352
- PBS Frontline: "Civil war was sparked in 1983 when the military regime tried to impose sharia law as part of its overall policy to „Islamicize“ all of Sudan." // Pbs.org. Посетен на 4 април 2012.
- Tibi, Bassam (2008). Political Islam, World Politics and Europe. Routledge. p. 33. „The shari'a was imposed on non-Muslim Sudanese peoples in September 1983, and since that time Muslims in the north have been fighting a jihad against the non-Muslims in the south.“
↑
Taher, Abul (14 септември 2008). Revealed: UK’s first official sharia courts. The Sunday Times
- Inside Britain's Sharia courts Jane Corbin, The Telegraph (7 април 2013)
- Bowen, J. R. (2009). How could English courts recognize Shariah?, U. St. Thomas Law Journal, 7, 411
↑
Encyclopædia Britannica, see article on Shari'ah (Islamic law), 2006
- Otto, J. M. (2008). Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries (Vol. 3), Amsterdam University Press
↑ Al-Suwaidi, J. (1995). Arab and western conceptions of democracy; in Democracy, war, and peace in the Middle East (Editors: David Garnham, Mark A. Tessler), Indiana University Press, see Chapters 5 and 6; ISBN 978-0-253-20939-9

Външни препратки

[1] Otto, Jan. Sharia incorporated a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present. Leiden, Leiden University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-90-8728-057-4.

[2] Hamann, Katie (29 декември 2009). „Aceh's Sharia Law Still Controversial in Indonesia“. Voice of America. Посетен на 19 септември 2011.
Iijima, Masako (13 януари 2010). „Islamic Police Tighten Grip on Indonesia's Aceh“. Reuters. Посетен на 18 септември 2011.

„Aceh Sharia Police Loved and Hated“. The Jakarta Post.

[3] Iijima, Masako (13 януари 2010). „Islamic Police Tighten Grip on Indonesia's Aceh“. Reuters. Посетен на 18 септември 2011.

[4] „Aceh Sharia Police Loved and Hated“. The Jakarta Post.

[3] Staff (3 януари 2003). „Analysis: Nigeria's Sharia Split“. BBC News. Посетен на 19 септември 2011. „Thousands of people have been killed in fighting between Christians and Muslims following the introduction of sharia punishments in northern Nigerian states over the past three years“.
Harnischfeger, Johannes (2008).
• p. 16. „When the Governor of Kaduna announced the introduction of Sharia, although non-Muslims form almost half of the population, violence erupted, leaving more than 1000 people dead.“
• p. 189. „When a violent confrontation loomed in February 200, because the strong Christian minority in Kaduna was unwilling to accept the proposed sharia law, the sultan and his delegation of 18 emirs went to see the governor and insisted on the passage of the bill.“

Mshelizza, Ibrahim (28 юли 2009). „Fight for Sharia Leaves Dozens Dead in Nigeria – Islamic Militants Resisting Western Education Extend Their Campaign of Violence“. The Independent. Посетен на 19 септември 2011.

„Nigeria in Transition: Recent Religious Tensions and Violence“. PBS.

Staff (28 декември 2010). „Timeline: Tensions in Nigeria – A Look at the Country's Bouts of Inter-Religious and Ethnic Clashes and Terror Attacks“. Al Jazeera English. Посетен на 19 септември 2011. „Thousands of people are killed in northern Nigeria as non-Muslims opposed to the introduction of sharia, or Islamic law, fight Muslims who demand its implementation in the northern state of Kaduna.“.

Ibrahimova, Roza (27 юли 2009). „Dozens Killed in Violence in Northern Nigeria“ (video (requires Adobe Flash; 00:01:49)). Al Jazeera English. Посетен на 19 септември 2011. „The group Boko Haram, which wants to impose sharia (Islamic law) across the country, has attacked police stations and churches.“

[6] Harnischfeger, Johannes (2008).
• p. 16. „When the Governor of Kaduna announced the introduction of Sharia, although non-Muslims form almost half of the population, violence erupted, leaving more than 1000 people dead.“
• p. 189. „When a violent confrontation loomed in February 200, because the strong Christian minority in Kaduna was unwilling to accept the proposed sharia law, the sultan and his delegation of 18 emirs went to see the governor and insisted on the passage of the bill.“

[7] Mshelizza, Ibrahim (28 юли 2009). „Fight for Sharia Leaves Dozens Dead in Nigeria – Islamic Militants Resisting Western Education Extend Their Campaign of Violence“. The Independent. Посетен на 19 септември 2011.

[8] „Nigeria in Transition: Recent Religious Tensions and Violence“. PBS.

[9] Staff (28 декември 2010). „Timeline: Tensions in Nigeria – A Look at the Country's Bouts of Inter-Religious and Ethnic Clashes and Terror Attacks“. Al Jazeera English. Посетен на 19 септември 2011. „Thousands of people are killed in northern Nigeria as non-Muslims opposed to the introduction of sharia, or Islamic law, fight Muslims who demand its implementation in the northern state of Kaduna.“.

[10] Ibrahimova, Roza (27 юли 2009). „Dozens Killed in Violence in Northern Nigeria“ (video (requires Adobe Flash; 00:01:49)). Al Jazeera English. Посетен на 19 септември 2011. „The group Boko Haram, which wants to impose sharia (Islamic law) across the country, has attacked police stations and churches.“

[4] [1]. Library of Congress Country Studies: Sudan:. „The factors that provoked the military coup, primarily the closely intertwined issues of Islamic law and of the civil war in the south, remained unresolved in 1991. The September 1983 implementation of the sharia throughout the country had been controversial and provoked widespread resistance in the predominantly non-Muslim south... Opposition to the sharia, especially to the application of hudud (sing., hadd), or Islamic penalties, such as the public amputation of hands for theft, was not confined to the south and had been a principal factor leading to the popular uprising of April 1985 that overthrew the government of Jaafar an Nimeiri“.
Marchal, R. (2013), Islamic political dynamics in the Somali civil war. Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform, pp. 331-352

PBS Frontline: "Civil war was sparked in 1983 when the military regime tried to impose sharia law as part of its overall policy to „Islamicize“ all of Sudan." // Pbs.org. Посетен на 4 април 2012.

Tibi, Bassam (2008). Political Islam, World Politics and Europe. Routledge. p. 33. „The shari'a was imposed on non-Muslim Sudanese peoples in September 1983, and since that time Muslims in the north have been fighting a jihad against the non-Muslims in the south.“

[12] Marchal, R. (2013), Islamic political dynamics in the Somali civil war. Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform, pp. 331-352

[13] PBS Frontline: "Civil war was sparked in 1983 when the military regime tried to impose sharia law as part of its overall policy to „Islamicize“ all of Sudan." // Pbs.org. Посетен на 4 април 2012.

[14] Tibi, Bassam (2008). Political Islam, World Politics and Europe. Routledge. p. 33. „The shari'a was imposed on non-Muslim Sudanese peoples in September 1983, and since that time Muslims in the north have been fighting a jihad against the non-Muslims in the south.“

[5] Taher, Abul (14 септември 2008). Revealed: UK’s first official sharia courts. The Sunday Times
Inside Britain's Sharia courts Jane Corbin, The Telegraph (7 април 2013)

Bowen, J. R. (2009). How could English courts recognize Shariah?, U. St. Thomas Law Journal, 7, 411

[16] Inside Britain's Sharia courts Jane Corbin, The Telegraph (7 април 2013)

[17] Bowen, J. R. (2009). How could English courts recognize Shariah?, U. St. Thomas Law Journal, 7, 411

[6] Encyclopædia Britannica, see article on Shari'ah (Islamic law), 2006
Otto, J. M. (2008). Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries (Vol. 3), Amsterdam University Press

[19] Otto, J. M. (2008). Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries (Vol. 3), Amsterdam University Press

[7] Al-Suwaidi, J. (1995). Arab and western conceptions of democracy; in Democracy, war, and peace in the Middle East (Editors: David Garnham, Mark A. Tessler), Indiana University Press, see Chapters 5 and 6; ISBN 978-0-253-20939-9

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