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15 Alignment, font styles, and horizontal rules
This section of the specification discusses some HTML elements and
attributes that may be used for visual formatting of elements. Many of
them are deprecated.
15.1 Formatting
Attribute definitions
- bgcolor =
color
[CI]
- Deprecated.
This attribute sets the background color for the document body or table cells.
This attribute sets the background color of the canvas for the
document body (the BODY element) or for
tables (the TABLE, TR, TH, and TD elements). Additional attributes for specifying
text color can be used with the BODY
element.
This attribute has been deprecated in favor of style sheets for
specifying background color information.
It is possible to align block elements (tables, images, objects,
paragraphs, etc.) on the canvas with the align
element. Although this attribute may be set for many HTML elements, its
range of possible values sometimes differs from element to element. Here we
only discuss the meaning of the align attribute for text.
Attribute definitions
- align =
left|center|right|justify
[CI]
- Deprecated. This attribute specifies the horizontal
alignment of its element with respect to the surrounding context.
Possible values:
- left: text lines are rendered flush left.
- center: text lines are centered.
- right: text lines are rendered flush right.
- justify: text lines are justified to both margins.
The default depends on the base text direction. For left to
right text, the default is align=left, while for
right to left text, the default is align=right.
DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:
This example centers a heading on the canvas.
<H1 align="center"> How to Carve Wood </H1>
Using CSS, for example, you could achieve the same effect as follows:
<HEAD>
<TITLE>How to Carve Wood</TITLE>
<STYLE type="text/css">
H1 { text-align: center}
</STYLE>
<BODY>
<H1> How to Carve Wood </H1>
Note that this would center all H1
declarations. You could reduce the scope of the style by setting the
class attribute on the element:
<HEAD>
<TITLE>How to Carve Wood</TITLE>
<STYLE type="text/css">
H1.wood {text-align: center}
</STYLE>
<BODY>
<H1 class="wood"> How to Carve Wood </H1>
DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:
Similarly, to right align a paragraph on the canvas with HTML's
align attribute you could have:
<P align="right">...Lots of paragraph text...
which, with CSS, would be:
<HEAD>
<TITLE>How to Carve Wood</TITLE>
<STYLE type="text/css">
P.mypar {text-align: right}
</STYLE>
<BODY>
<P class="mypar">...Lots of paragraph text...
DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:
To right align a series of paragraphs, group them with the
DIV element:
<DIV align="right">
<P>...text in first paragraph...
<P>...text in second paragraph...
<P>...text in third paragraph...
</DIV>
With CSS, the text-align property is inherited
from the parent element, you can therefore use:
<HEAD>
<TITLE>How to Carve Wood</TITLE>
<STYLE type="text/css">
DIV.mypars {text-align: right}
</STYLE>
<BODY>
<DIV class="mypars">
<P>...text in first paragraph...
<P>...text in second paragraph...
<P>...text in third paragraph...
</DIV>
To center the entire document with CSS:
<HEAD>
<TITLE>How to Carve Wood</TITLE>
<STYLE type="text/css">
BODY {text-align: center}
</STYLE>
<BODY>
...the body is centered...
</BODY>
The CENTER
element is exactly equivalent to specifying the DIV element with the align attribute set to "center". The CENTER element is deprecated.
Images and objects may appear directly "in-line" or may be floated to
one side of the page, temporarily altering the margins of text that may
flow on either side of the object.
The align attribute for object, images,
tables, frames, etc., causes the object to float to the left or right margin.
Floating objects generally begin a new line. This attribute takes the
following values:
- left: Floats the object to the current left
margin. Subsequent text flows along the image's right side.
- right: Floats the object to the current right
margin. Subsequent text flows along the image's left side.
DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:
The following example shows how to float an
IMG element to the current
left margin of the canvas.
<IMG align="left" src="http://foo.com/animage.gif" alt="my boat">
Some alignment attributes also permit the "center" value, which
does not cause floating, but centers the object within the current
margins. However, for P and DIV, the value "center" causes the
contents of the element to be centered.
Another attribute, defined for the BR
element, controls text flow around floating objects.
Attribute definitions
- clear =
none|left|right|all
[CI]
- Deprecated.
Specifies where the next line should appear in a visual browser
after the line break caused by this element. This attribute takes into
account floating objects (images, tables, etc.). Possible values:
- none: The next line will begin normally.
This is the default value.
- left: The next line will begin at nearest
line below any floating objects on the left-hand margin.
- right: The next line will begin at nearest
line below any floating objects on the right-hand margin.
- all: The next line will begin at nearest
line below any floating objects on either margin.
Consider the following visual scenario, where text flows to the right
of an image until a line is broken by a BR:
********* -------
| | -------
| image | --<BR>
| |
*********
If the clear attribute is set to
none, the line following BR
will begin immediately below it at the right margin of the image:
********* -------
| | -------
| image | --<BR>
| | ------
*********
DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:
If the clear attribute is set to
left or all, next line will appear as
follows:
********* -------
| | -------
| image | --<BR clear="left">
| |
*********
-----------------
Using style sheets, you could specify that all line breaks should behave
this way for objects (images, tables, etc.) floating against the left
margin. With CSS, you could achieve this as follows:
<STYLE type="text/css">
BR { clear: left }
</STYLE>
To specify this behavior for a specific instance of the BR element, you could combine style information
and the id attribute:
<HEAD>
...
<STYLE type="text/css">
BR.mybr { clear: left }
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<P>...
********* -------
| | -------
| table | --<BR id="mybr">
| |
*********
-----------------
...
</BODY>
The following HTML elements specify font information. Although
they are not all deprecated, their use is discouraged in favor of style
sheets.
Start tag: required, End tag: required
Attributes defined elsewhere
- id, class
(document-wide
identifiers)
- lang
(language
information), dir
(text direction)
- title
(element title)
- style
(inline style
information)
- onclick,
ondblclick,
onmousedown,
onmouseup,
onmouseover,
onmousemove,
onmouseout,
onkeypress,
onkeydown
onkeyup
(intrinsic events)
Rendering of font style elements depends on the user agent.
The following is an informative description only.
- TT: Renders as teletype or monospaced text.
- I: Renders as italic text style.
- B: Renders as bold text style.
- BIG: Renders text in a "large" font.
- SMALL: Renders text in a "small" font.
- STRIKE and S: Deprecated.
Render strike-through style text.
- U: Deprecated. Renders underlined text.
The following sentence shows several types of text:
<P><b>bold</b>,
<i>italic</i>, <b><i>bold italic</i></b>, <tt>teletype text</tt>, and
<big>big</big> and <small>small</small> text.
These words might be rendered as follows:
It is possible to achieve a much richer variety of font effects using
style sheets. To specify blue, italic text in a paragraph with CSS:
<HEAD>
<STYLE type="text/css">
P.mypar {font-style: italic; color: blue}
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<P id="mypar">...Lots of blue italic text...
Font style elements must be properly nested. Rendering of nested
font style elements depends on the user agent.
FONT and BASEFONT are deprecated.
See the Transitional DTD
for the formal definition.
Attribute definitions
- size =
cdata
[CN]
- Deprecated.
This attribute sets the size of the font. Possible values:
- An integer between 1 and 7. This sets the font to some fixed size,
whose rendering depends on the user agent. Not all user agents may
render all seven sizes.
- A relative increase in font size. The value "+1" means one size
larger. The value "-3" means three sizes smaller. All sizes belong to
the scale of 1 to 7.
- color =
color
[CI]
- Deprecated. This attribute sets the text color.
- face =
cdata
[CI]
- Deprecated. This attribute defines a
comma-separated list of font names the user agent should
search for in order of preference.
Attributes defined elsewhere
The FONT element changes the font size and
color for text in its contents.
The BASEFONT element sets the base font
size (using the size attribute). Font size
changes achieved with FONT are relative to
the base font size set by BASEFONT. If BASEFONT is not used, the default base font size
is 3.
DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:
The following example will show the difference between the seven
font sizes available with FONT:
<P><font size=1>size=1</font>
<font size=2>size=2</font>
<font size=3>size=3</font>
<font size=4>size=4</font>
<font size=5>size=5</font>
<font size=6>size=6</font>
<font size=7>size=7</font>
This might be rendered as:
The following shows an example of the effect of relative font sizes using
a base font size of 3:
The base font size does not apply to headings, except where these
are modified using the FONT element with a
relative font size change.
15.3
Rules: the HR
element
Start tag: required, End tag: forbidden
Attribute definitions
- align =
left|center|right
[CI]
- Deprecated. This attribute specifies the horizontal
alignment of the rule with respect to the surrounding context.
Possible values:
- left: the rule is rendered flush left.
- center: the rule is centered.
- right: the rule is rendered flush right.
The default is align=center.
- noshade
[CI]
- Deprecated.
When set, this boolean attribute requests that the user agent
render the rule in a solid color rather than as the traditional
two-color "groove".
- size = pixels [CI]
- Deprecated.
This attribute specifies the height of the rule. The default value for
this attribute depends on the user agent.
- width = length [CI]
- Deprecated.
This attribute specifies the width of the rule. The default width is
100%, i.e., the rule extends across the entire canvas.
Attributes defined elsewhere
- id, class
(document-wide
identifiers)
- lang (language
information), dir
(text direction)
- title (element title)
- style (inline style
information)
- onclick,
ondblclick,
onmousedown,
onmouseup,
onmouseover,
onmousemove,
onmouseout,
onkeypress,
onkeydown,
onkeyup
(intrinsic events)
- align
(alignment)
The HR element causes a horizontal rule
to be rendered by visual user agents.
The amount of vertical space inserted between a rule and the content
that surrounds it depends on the user agent.
DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:
This
example centers the rules, sizing them to half the available width between
the margins. The top rule has the default thickness while the bottom two
are set to 5 pixels. The bottom rule should be rendered in a solid color
without shading:
<HR width="50%" align="center">
<HR size="5" width="50%" align="center">
<HR noshade size="5" width="50%" align="center">
These rules might be rendered as follows:
