A review of the nutritional and antinutritional constituents of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and its health benefits
Shreyas Elma Mathew A and Devindra Shakappa
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Dietetics, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Crop & Pasture Science 73(4) 401-414 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21030
Submitted: 21 January 2021 Accepted: 23 July 2021 Published: 3 March 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Legumes are a chief source of sustainable, inexpensive protein, also abundant in complex carbohydrates, dietary fibre and essential vitamins and minerals. India is the largest global producer (25%) of legumes. Among these legumes, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) accounts for 40% of India’s pulse production and is considered a better-quality protein source than other pulses. India is also the largest consumer (76%) of the total chickpea produced globally. Besides their nutritional benefits, chickpea is also being used for its nutraceutical and prebiotic potential. Recent studies have also suggested their role in alleviating chronic diseases like diabetes, blood pressure, obesity and even cancer. Chickpea contains several bioactive compounds that are now being researched for their health benefits in human beings. Like other pulses, chickpea also has some antinutritional factors that can be annihilated by different processing and cooking methods. This literature review seeks to evaluate the research done on the nutritional, antinutritional, nutraceutical, prebiotic and health benefits of chickpea.
Keywords: antinutritional factors, cancer, chickpea, diabetes, nutraceuticals, nutritional composition, obesity, prebiotics.
References
Amaral AL, Ferreira ES, Neves VA, Demonte A (2014) Legumin from chickpea: hypolipidemic effect in the liver of hypercholesterolemic rats. Nutrition & Food Science 44, 378–388.| Legumin from chickpea: hypolipidemic effect in the liver of hypercholesterolemic rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Attia RS, El-Tabey Shehata AM, Aman ME, Hamza MA (1994) Effect of cooking and decortication on the physical properties, the chemical composition and the nutritive value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Food Chemistry 50, 125–131.
| Effect of cooking and decortication on the physical properties, the chemical composition and the nutritive value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.).&journal=Food Chemistry&volume=50&pages=125-131&publication_year=1994&author=RS%20Attia&hl=en&doi=10.1016/0308-8146(94)90108-2" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bampidis VA, Christodoulou V (2011) Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) in animal nutrition: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 168, 1–20.
| Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) in animal nutrition: a review.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.) in animal nutrition: a review.&journal=Animal Feed Science and Technology&volume=168&pages=1-20&publication_year=2011&author=VA%20Bampidis&hl=en&doi=10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.098" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barari L, Abedian Z, Asadi A, Elmi F, Elmi MM (2017) Anti-proliferative effect of chickpea extract on Hela, MCF-7, Saos and Fibroblast Cell Lines. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 9, 1–9.
Becerra-Tomás N, Díaz-López A, Rosique-Esteban N, et al. (2018) Legume consumption is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes incidence in adults: a prospective assessment from the PREDIMED study. Clinical Nutrition 37, 906–913.
| Legume consumption is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes incidence in adults: a prospective assessment from the PREDIMED study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28392166PubMed |
Beena P, Rajesh KJ, Arul B (2016) Studies on the hepatoprotective properties of seed coat extract of Cicer arietinum species. Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Sciences 3, 147–152.
Berrios JDeJ, Morales P, Cámara M, Sánchez-Mata MC (2010) Carbohydrate composition of raw and extruded pulse flours. Food Research International 43, 531–536.
| Carbohydrate composition of raw and extruded pulse flours.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Biglarkhani M, Amir Zargar MA, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Amini Behbahani F, Meyari A (2019) Cicer arietinum in the treatment of small renal stones: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy 6, 35–42.
| Cicer arietinum in the treatment of small renal stones: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial.Crossref | Cicer arietinum in the treatment of small renal stones: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial.&journal=Research Journal of Pharmacognosy&volume=6&pages=35-42&publication_year=2019&author=M%20Biglarkhani&hl=en&doi=10.22127/rjp.2018.80369" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chandrasekharappa G (1979) Nutritional quality of the proteins of blends of wheat and rice with bengal gram, red gram or black gram. Nutrition Reports International (USA) 19, 401–410.
Chavan JK, Kadam SS, Salunkhe DK, Beuchat LR (1987) Biochemistry and technology of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds. C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 25, 107–158.
| Biochemistry and technology of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.) seeds.&journal=C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition&volume=25&pages=107-158&publication_year=1987&author=JK%20Chavan&hl=en&doi=10.1080/10408398709527449" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen H, Ma H-R, Gao Y-H, Zhang X, Habasi M, Hu R, Aisa HA (2015) Isoflavones extracted from chickpea Cicer arietinum L. sprouts induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Phytotherapy Research 29, 210–219.
| Isoflavones extracted from chickpea Cicer arietinum L. sprouts induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human breast cancer cells.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L. sprouts induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human breast cancer cells.&journal=Phytotherapy Research&volume=29&pages=210-219&publication_year=2015&author=H%20Chen&hl=en&doi=10.1002/ptr.5241" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25287332PubMed |
Chitra U, Singh U, Venkateswara Rao R (1996) Phytic acid, in vitro protein digestibility, dietary fiber, and minerals of pulses as influenced by processing methods. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 49, 307–316.
| Phytic acid, in vitro protein digestibility, dietary fiber, and minerals of pulses as influenced by processing methods.Crossref | in vitro protein digestibility, dietary fiber, and minerals of pulses as influenced by processing methods.&journal=Plant Foods for Human Nutrition&volume=49&pages=307-316&publication_year=1996&author=U%20Chitra&hl=en&doi=10.1007/BF01091980" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 8983057PubMed |
Chung H-J, Liu Q, Hoover R, Warkentin TD, Vandenberg B (2008) In vitro starch digestibility, expected glycemic index, and thermal and pasting properties of flours from pea, lentil and chickpea cultivars. Food Chemistry 111, 316–321.
| In vitro starch digestibility, expected glycemic index, and thermal and pasting properties of flours from pea, lentil and chickpea cultivars.Crossref | In vitro starch digestibility, expected glycemic index, and thermal and pasting properties of flours from pea, lentil and chickpea cultivars.&journal=Food Chemistry&volume=111&pages=316-321&publication_year=2008&author=H%2DJ%20Chung&hl=en&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.062" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26047429PubMed |
Cid-Gallegos MS, Sánchez-Chino XM, Álvarez-González I, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Vásquez-Garzón VR, Baltiérrez-Hoyos R, Villa-Treviño S, Dávila-Ortíz G, Jiménez-Martínez C (2020) Modification of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity by consumption of cooked chickpea in a colon cancer model. Nutrients 12, 2572
| Modification of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity by consumption of cooked chickpea in a colon cancer model.Crossref | in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity by consumption of cooked chickpea in a colon cancer model.&journal=Nutrients&volume=12&pages=2572-&publication_year=2020&author=MS%20Cid%2DGallegos&hl=en&doi=10.3390/nu12092572" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dalal K, Singhroha S, Ahlawat S, Patra A (2011) Antidiarrhoeal activity of roots of Cicer arietinum Linn. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences 2, 268–270.
Desalegn BB (2015) Effect of soaking and germination on proximate composition, mineral bioavailability and functional properties of chickpea flour. Food and Public Health 5, 108–113.
| Effect of soaking and germination on proximate composition, mineral bioavailability and functional properties of chickpea flour.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dhawan K, Malhotra S, Dahiya BS, Singh D (1991) Seed protein fractions and amino acid composition in gram (Cicer arietinum). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 41, 225–232.
| Seed protein fractions and amino acid composition in gram (Cicer arietinum).Crossref | Cicer arietinum).&journal=Plant Foods for Human Nutrition&volume=41&pages=225-232&publication_year=1991&author=K%20Dhawan&hl=en&doi=10.1007/BF02196390" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1924186PubMed |
DPD [Directorate of Pulses Development] (2017) Annual Progress report 2017-18. Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Bhopal. DPD/Pub./TR/29/2017-18.
Duke JA (1981) ‘Handbook of legumes of world economic importance’, (Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA)
| Crossref |
EAT (2019) Healthy diets from sustainable food systems – food planet health, Summary Report of the EAT-Lancet Commission. Available at https://eatforum.org/content/uploads/2019/01/EAT-Lancet_Commission_Summary_Report.pdf. [Accessed 4 November 2020]
El-Adawy TA (2002) Nutritional composition and antinutritional factors of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) undergoing different cooking methods and germination. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 57, 83–97.
| Nutritional composition and antinutritional factors of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) undergoing different cooking methods and germination.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.) undergoing different cooking methods and germination.&journal=Plant Foods for Human Nutrition&volume=57&pages=83-97&publication_year=2002&author=TA%20El%2DAdawy&hl=en&doi=10.1023/A:1013189620528" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11855623PubMed |
Ercan P, El SN (2016) Inhibitory effects of chickpea and Tribulus terrestris on lipase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Food Chemistry 205, 163–169.
| Inhibitory effects of chickpea and Tribulus terrestris on lipase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase.Crossref | Tribulus terrestris on lipase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase.&journal=Food Chemistry&volume=205&pages=163-169&publication_year=2016&author=P%20Ercan&hl=en&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.012" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27006227PubMed |
FAO (2019 a) Crops/World + (Total), India/Yield, Production quantity/Pulses, Total + (Total), Chick peas/2019 (pick list). (United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)) Available at www.fao.org/faostst/en/#data/QC. [Accessed 3 May 2021]
FAO (2019 b) Crops/India/Area harvested, Production quantity/Pulses, Total + (Total)/2019 (pick list). United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). Available at www.fao.org/faostst/en/#data/QC. [Accessed 3 May 2021]
Fares C, Menga V (2012) Effects of toasting on the carbohydrate profile and antioxidant properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour added to durum wheat pasta. Food Chemistry 131, 1140–1148.
| Effects of toasting on the carbohydrate profile and antioxidant properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour added to durum wheat pasta.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.) flour added to durum wheat pasta.&journal=Food Chemistry&volume=131&pages=1140-1148&publication_year=2012&author=C%20Fares&hl=en&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.080" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Friedman M (1996) Nutritional value of proteins from different food sources. A review. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44, 6–29.
| Nutritional value of proteins from different food sources. A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frimpong A, Sinha A, Tar’an B, Warkentin TD, Gossen BD, Chibbar RN (2009) Genotype and growing environment influence chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed composition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89, 2052–2063.
| Genotype and growing environment influence chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed composition.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.) seed composition.&journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture&volume=89&pages=2052-2063&publication_year=2009&author=A%20Frimpong&hl=en&doi=10.1002/jsfa.3690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gautam AK, Gupta N, Narvekar DT, Bhadkariya R, Bhagyawant SS (2018) Characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) lectin for biological activity. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 24, 389–397.
| Characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) lectin for biological activity.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.) lectin for biological activity.&journal=Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants&volume=24&pages=389-397&publication_year=2018&author=AK%20Gautam&hl=en&doi=10.1007/s12298-018-0508-5" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29692547PubMed |
Ghribi AM, Maklouf I, Blecker C, Attia H, Besbes S (2015) Nutritional and compositional study of Desi and Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flours from Tunisian cultivars. Advances in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences Open Journal 1, 38–47.
| Nutritional and compositional study of Desi and Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flours from Tunisian cultivars.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.) flours from Tunisian cultivars.&journal=Advances in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences Open Journal&volume=1&pages=38-47&publication_year=2015&author=AM%20Ghribi&hl=en&doi=10.17140/AFTNSOJ-1-107" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Girón-Calle J, Vioque J, del Mar Yust M, Pedroche J, Alaiz M, Millán F (2004) Effect of chickpea aqueous extracts, organic extracts, and protein concentrates on cell proliferation. Journal of Medicinal Food 7, 122–129.
| Effect of chickpea aqueous extracts, organic extracts, and protein concentrates on cell proliferation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15298756PubMed |
Gupta N, Gautam AK, Bhagyawant SS (2019) Biochemical characterisation of lectin from wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum L.) with potential inhibitory action against human cancer cells. Journal of Food Biochemistry 43, e12712
| Biochemical characterisation of lectin from wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum L.) with potential inhibitory action against human cancer cells.Crossref | Cicer reticulatum L.) with potential inhibitory action against human cancer cells.&journal=Journal of Food Biochemistry&volume=43&pages=e12712-&publication_year=2019&author=N%20Gupta&hl=en&doi=10.1111/jfbc.12712" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31353649PubMed |
Gupta RK, Gupta K, Sharma A, Das M, Ansari IA, Dwivedi PD (2017) Health risks and benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) consumption. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, 6–22.
| Health risks and benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) consumption.Crossref | Cicer arietinum) consumption.&journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry&volume=65&pages=6-22&publication_year=2017&author=RK%20Gupta&hl=en&doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02629" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27779388PubMed |
Hafiz MS, Campbell MD, Orfila C, Boesch C (2020) Chickpea processing does not impact postprandial glycaemic response. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 79, E786
| Chickpea processing does not impact postprandial glycaemic response.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hamed TE, Ezzat A, Al-Okbi SY (2003) Therapeutic diets for diarrhea: biological evaluation in rats. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6, 1501–1508.
| Therapeutic diets for diarrhea: biological evaluation in rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harini S, Adilaxmamma K, Mohan EM, Srilatha Ch, Raj MA (2015) Antihyperlipidemic activity of chickpea sprouts supplementation in ovariectomy-induced dyslipidemia in rats. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 6, 104–110.
| Antihyperlipidemic activity of chickpea sprouts supplementation in ovariectomy-induced dyslipidemia in rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26167000PubMed |
Hulse JH (1975) Problems of nutritional quality of pigeon pea and chickpea and prospects of research. In ‘International working group on nutritional standards and methods of evaluation for food legume breeders’. (IDRC: Ottawa, Canada)
Ibáñez MV, Rincón F, Amaro M, Martínez B (1998) Intrinsic variability of mineral composition of chickpea (Cicer arietinum, L.). Food Chemistry 63, 55–60.
| Intrinsic variability of mineral composition of chickpea (Cicer arietinum, L.).Crossref | Cicer arietinum, L.).&journal=Food Chemistry&volume=63&pages=55-60&publication_year=1998&author=MV%20Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez&hl=en&doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00221-5" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Iqbal A, Khalil IA, Ateeq N, Sayyar Khan M (2006) Nutritional quality of important food legumes. Food Chemistry 97, 331–335.
| Nutritional quality of important food legumes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jaya TV, Venkataraman LV (1981) Changes in the carbohydrate constituents of chickpea and greengram during germination. Food Chemistry 7, 95–104.
| Changes in the carbohydrate constituents of chickpea and greengram during germination.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jood S, Chauhan BM, Kapoor AC (1987) Polyphenols of chickpea and blackgram as affected by domestic processing and cooking methods. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 39, 145–149.
| Polyphenols of chickpea and blackgram as affected by domestic processing and cooking methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jukanti AK, Gaur PM, Gowda CLL, Chibbar RN (2012) Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a review. British Journal of Nutrition 108, S11–S26.
| Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a review.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.): a review.&journal=British Journal of Nutrition&volume=108&pages=S11-S26&publication_year=2012&author=AK%20Jukanti&hl=en&doi=10.1017/S0007114512000797" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kan A, Özçelik B, Kartal M, Özdemir ZA, Özgen S (2010) In vitro antimicrobial activities of Cicer arietinum L (Chickpea). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 9, 475–481.
| In vitro antimicrobial activities of Cicer arietinum L (Chickpea).Crossref | In vitro antimicrobial activities of Cicer arietinum L (Chickpea).&journal=Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research&volume=9&pages=475-481&publication_year=2010&author=A%20Kan&hl=en&doi=10.4314/tjpr.v9i5.68386" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kaur R, Kaur N, Gupta AK (2014) Structural features, substrate specificity, kinetic properties of insect α-amylase and specificity of plant α-amylase inhibitors. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 116, 83–93.
| Structural features, substrate specificity, kinetic properties of insect α-amylase and specificity of plant α-amylase inhibitors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25454524PubMed |
Kay RM (1982) Dietary fiber. Journal of Lipid Research 23, 221–242.
| Dietary fiber.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 6281350PubMed |
Longvah T, Ananthan I, Bhaskarachary K, Venkaiah K (2017) ‘Indian food composition tables (IFCT).’ (National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research: Hyderabad, India)
Maccaferri S, Klinder A, Cacciatore S, Chitarrari R, Honda H, Luchinat C, Bertini I, Carnevali P, Gibson GR, Brigidi P, Costabile A (2012) In vitro fermentation of potential prebiotic flours from natural sources: impact on the human colonic microbiota and metabolome. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 56, 1342–1352.
| In vitro fermentation of potential prebiotic flours from natural sources: impact on the human colonic microbiota and metabolome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Magee PJ, Owusu-Apenten R, McCann MJ, Gill CI, Rowland IR (2012) Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and other plant-derived protease inhibitor concentrates inhibit breast and prostate cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Nutrition and Cancer 64, 741–748.
| Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and other plant-derived protease inhibitor concentrates inhibit breast and prostate cancer cell proliferation in vitro.Crossref | Cicer arietinum) and other plant-derived protease inhibitor concentrates inhibit breast and prostate cancer cell proliferation in vitro.&journal=Nutrition and Cancer&volume=64&pages=741-748&publication_year=2012&author=PJ%20Magee&hl=en&doi=10.1080/01635581.2012.688914" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22662866PubMed |
Mahmood T, Hameed T, Hasnain S, Ali S, Qayyum A, Mehmood A, Liaquat M, Khan SU, Saeed M, Khan A (2018) Assessment of flatulence causing agents in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and their possible removal. Food Science and Technology 38, 120–125.
| Assessment of flatulence causing agents in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and their possible removal.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.) and their possible removal.&journal=Food Science and Technology&volume=38&pages=120-125&publication_year=2018&author=T%20Mahmood&hl=en&doi=10.1590/1678-457x.02617" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mao X-q, Zhang L, Wang M, Liu M, Su Z, Zhao X, Xia Z, Yan X (2009) Effects of chickpea embryos and sodium-orthovanadate on hyperglycemia and lipid profile during streptozotocin diabetes. Journal of Shandong University 47, 1–5.
Maphosa Y, Jideani VA (2017) The role of legumes in human nutrition. In ‘Functional food - improve health through adequate food’. (Ed. MC Hueda) pp. 1–13. (IntechOpen)
| Crossref |
Marathe SA, Rajalakshmi V, Jamdar SN, Sharma A (2011) Comparative study on antioxidant activity of different varieties of commonly consumed legumes in India. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49, 2005–2012.
| Comparative study on antioxidant activity of different varieties of commonly consumed legumes in India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21601612PubMed |
Masroor D, Baig SG, Ahmed S, Ahmad SM, Hasan MM (2018) Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic activities of Cicer arietinum L. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 31, 553–558.
Mathur KS, Khan MA, Sharma RD (1968) Hypocholesterolaemic effect of bengal gram: a long-term study in man. British Medical Journal 1, 30–31.
| Hypocholesterolaemic effect of bengal gram: a long-term study in man.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 5636741PubMed |
Mekky RH, Fayed MR, El-Gindi MR, Abdel-Monem AR, Contreras MdM, Segura-Carretero A, Abdel-Sattar E (2016) Hepatoprotective effect and chemical assessment of a selected Egyptian chickpea cultivar. Frontiers in Pharmacology 7, 344
| Hepatoprotective effect and chemical assessment of a selected Egyptian chickpea cultivar.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27733831PubMed |
Monk JM, Lepp D, Wu W, Graf D, McGillis LH, Hussain A, Carey C, Robinson LE, Liu R, Tsao R, Brummer Y, Tosh SM, Power KA (2017) Chickpea-supplemented diet alters the gut microbiome and enhances gut barrier integrity in C57Bl/6 male mice. Journal of Functional Foods 38, 663–674.
| Chickpea-supplemented diet alters the gut microbiome and enhances gut barrier integrity in C57Bl/6 male mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nestel P, Cehun M, Chronopoulos A (2004) Effects of long-term consumption and single meals of chickpeas on plasma glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerol concentrations. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79, 390–395.
| Effects of long-term consumption and single meals of chickpeas on plasma glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerol concentrations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14985212PubMed |
Niemegeers CJE, Colpaert FC, Awouters FHL (1981) Pharmacology and antidiarrheal effect of loperamide. Drug Development Research 1, 1–20.
| Pharmacology and antidiarrheal effect of loperamide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Neil E, Nicklas A, Fulgoni VL (2014) Chickpeas and hummus are associated with better nutrient intake, diet quality, and levels of some cardiovascular risk factors: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2010. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences 4, 254
| Chickpeas and hummus are associated with better nutrient intake, diet quality, and levels of some cardiovascular risk factors: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2010.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pittaway JK, Robertson IK, Ball MJ (2008) Chickpeas may influence fatty acid and fiber intake in an ad libitum diet, leading to small improvements in serum lipid profile and glycemic control. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108, 1009–1013.
| Chickpeas may influence fatty acid and fiber intake in an ad libitum diet, leading to small improvements in serum lipid profile and glycemic control.Crossref | ad libitum diet, leading to small improvements in serum lipid profile and glycemic control.&journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association&volume=108&pages=1009-1013&publication_year=2008&author=JK%20Pittaway&hl=en&doi=10.1016/j.jada.2008.03.009" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18502235PubMed |
Prosky L, Asp NG, Schweizer TF, Devries JW, Furda I (1988) Determination of insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fiber in foods and food products: interlaboratory study. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 71, 1017–1023.
Rachwa-Rosiak D, Nebesny E, Budryn G (2015) Chickpeas—composition, nutritional value, health benefits, application to bread and snacks: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 55, 1137–1145.
| Chickpeas—composition, nutritional value, health benefits, application to bread and snacks: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24915347PubMed |
Rao AV, Koratkar R (1997) Anticarcinogenic effects of saponins and phytosterols. In ‘Antinutrients and phytochemicals in food’. ACS Symposium Series. (Ed. F Shahidi) pp. 313–324. (American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA)
Rincón F, Martínez B, Ibáñez MV (1998) Proximate composition and antinutritive substances in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) as affected by the biotype factor. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 78, 382–388.
| 3.0.CO;2-J" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">Proximate composition and antinutritive substances in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) as affected by the biotype factor.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L) as affected by the biotype factor.&journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture&volume=78&pages=382-388&publication_year=1998&author=F%20Rinc%C3%B3n&hl=en&doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199811)78:3<382::AID-JSFA128>3.0.CO;2-J" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roy A, Ghosh S, Kundagrami S (2019) Food processing methods towards reduction of antinutritional factors in chickpea. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, 424–432.
| Food processing methods towards reduction of antinutritional factors in chickpea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saget S, Costa M, Barilli E, Wilton de Vasconcelos M, Santos CS, Styles D, Williams M (2020) Substituting wheat with chickpea flour in pasta production delivers more nutrition at a lower environmental cost. Sustainable Production and Consumption 24, 26–38.
| Substituting wheat with chickpea flour in pasta production delivers more nutrition at a lower environmental cost.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saharan K, Khetarpaul N (1994) Protein quality traits of vegetable and field peas: varietal differences. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 45, 11–22.
| Protein quality traits of vegetable and field peas: varietal differences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 8146100PubMed |
Sánchez Chino XM, Martínez CJ, Vásquez Garzón VR, González IÁ, Treviño SV, Bujaidar EM, Ortiz GD, Hoyos RB (2017) Cooked chickpea consumption inhibits colon carcinogenesis in mice induced with azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 36, 391–398.
| Cooked chickpea consumption inhibits colon carcinogenesis in mice induced with azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sánchez-Vioque R, Clemente A, Vioque J, Bautista J, Millán F (1998) Polar lipids of defatted chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour and protein isolates. Food Chemistry 63, 357–361.
| Polar lipids of defatted chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour and protein isolates.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.) flour and protein isolates.&journal=Food Chemistry&volume=63&pages=357-361&publication_year=1998&author=R%20S%C3%A1nchez%2DVioque&hl=en&doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00015-6" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sánchez-Vioque R, Clemente A, Vioque J, Bautista J, Millán F (1999) Protein isolates from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): chemical composition, functional properties and protein characterization. Food Chemistry 64, 237–243.
| Protein isolates from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): chemical composition, functional properties and protein characterization.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.): chemical composition, functional properties and protein characterization.&journal=Food Chemistry&volume=64&pages=237-243&publication_year=1999&author=R%20S%C3%A1nchez%2DVioque&hl=en&doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00133-2" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sandeep D, Reddy C, Reddy P, Shafeen S (2012) Anti-inflammatory activity of Cicer arietinum seed extracts. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 5, 64–68.
Sardari S, Amiri M, Rahimi H, Kamalinejad M, Narenjkar J, Sayyah M (2015) Anticonvulsant effect of Cicer arietinum seed in animal models of epilepsy: introduction of an active molecule with novel chemical structure. Iranian Biomedical Journal 19, 45–50.
| Anticonvulsant effect of Cicer arietinum seed in animal models of epilepsy: introduction of an active molecule with novel chemical structure.Crossref | Cicer arietinum seed in animal models of epilepsy: introduction of an active molecule with novel chemical structure.&journal=Iranian Biomedical Journal&volume=19&pages=45-50&publication_year=2015&author=S%20Sardari&hl=en&doi=10.6091/ibj.1391.2014" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25605489PubMed |
Schwenke KD (2001) Reflections about the functional potential of legume proteins a review. Food/Nahrung 45, 377–381.
| 3.0.CO;2-G" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">Reflections about the functional potential of legume proteins a review.Crossref | 3.0.CO;2-G" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11712234PubMed |
Shahidi F, Naczk M (1992) An overview of the phenolics of canola and rapeseed: chemical, sensory and nutritional significance. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 69, 917–924.
| An overview of the phenolics of canola and rapeseed: chemical, sensory and nutritional significance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sharma R, Suresh CG (2015) Genome-wide identification and structure-function studies of proteases and protease inhibitors in Cicer arietinum (chickpea). Computers in Biology and Medicine 56, 67–81.
| Genome-wide identification and structure-function studies of proteases and protease inhibitors in Cicer arietinum (chickpea).Crossref | Cicer arietinum (chickpea).&journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine&volume=56&pages=67-81&publication_year=2015&author=R%20Sharma&hl=en&doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.10.019" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25464349PubMed |
Sievenpiper JL, Kendall CWC, Esfahani A, Wong JMW, Carleton AJ, Jiang HY, Bazinet RP, Vidgen E, Jenkins DJA (2009) Effect of non-oil-seed pulses on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled experimental trials in people with and without diabetes. Diabetologia 52, 1479–1495.
| Effect of non-oil-seed pulses on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled experimental trials in people with and without diabetes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19526214PubMed |
Silva-Cristobal L, Osorio-Díaz P, Tovar J, Bello-Pérez LA (2010) Chemical composition, carbohydrate digestibility, and antioxidant capacity of cooked black bean, chickpea, and lentil Mexican varieties Composición química, digestibilidad de carbohidratos, y capacidad antioxidante de variedades mexicanas cocidas de frijol negro, garbanzo, y lenteja. Cyta – Journal of Food 8, 7–14.
| Chemical composition, carbohydrate digestibility, and antioxidant capacity of cooked black bean, chickpea, and lentil Mexican varieties Composición química, digestibilidad de carbohidratos, y capacidad antioxidante de variedades mexicanas cocidas de frijol negro, garbanzo, y lenteja.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Singh U (1988) Antinutritional factors of chickpea and pigeonpea and their removal by processing. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 38, 251–261.
| Antinutritional factors of chickpea and pigeonpea and their removal by processing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 2467276PubMed |
Siva N (2019) Prebiotic carbohydrate profiles of lentil, chickpea, and common bean. Doctoral dissertation, Clemson University, SC, USA.
Sosulski FW, Gadan HM (1988) Variations in lipid composition among chickpea cultivars. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 65, 369–372.
| Variations in lipid composition among chickpea cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sreerama YN, Sashikala VB, Pratape VM, Singh V (2012) Nutrients and antinutrients in cowpea and horse gram flours in comparison to chickpea flour: evaluation of their flour functionality. Food Chemistry 131, 462–468.
| Nutrients and antinutrients in cowpea and horse gram flours in comparison to chickpea flour: evaluation of their flour functionality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tiku AR (2018) Antimicrobial compounds and their role in plant defense. In ‘Molecular aspects of plant-pathogen interaction’. (Eds A Singh, I Singh) pp. 283–307. (Springer: Singapore)
Van der Maesen LJG (1972) ‘Cicer L., a monograph of the genus, with special reference to the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), its ecology and cultivation.’ (Mededelingen Land bouwhogeschool Wageningen: Nederland)
Vasishtha H, Srivastava RP (2012) Changes in lipids and fatty acids during soaking and germination of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Indian Journal of Agriculture and Biochemistry 25, 14–19.
Vasishtha H, Srivastava RP (2013) Effect of soaking and cooking on dietary fibre components of different type of chickpea genotypes. Journal of Food Science and Technology 50, 579–584.
| Effect of soaking and cooking on dietary fibre components of different type of chickpea genotypes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24425956PubMed |
Vidal-Valverde C, Frias J (1991) Legume processing effects on dietary fiber components. Journal of Food Science 56, 1350–1352.
| Legume processing effects on dietary fiber components.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wallace TC, Murray R, Zelman KM (2016) The nutritional value and health benefits of chickpeas and hummus. Nutrients 8, 766
| The nutritional value and health benefits of chickpeas and hummus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang J, Korber DR, Low NH, Nickerson MT (2014) Entrapment, survival and release of Bifidobacterium adolescentis within chickpea protein-based microcapsules. Food Research International 55, 20–27.
| Entrapment, survival and release of Bifidobacterium adolescentis within chickpea protein-based microcapsules.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Warrier PK, Nambiar VPK, Ramankutty C (1994) Cicer arietinum. In ‘Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Vol. 2’. (Eds PK Warrier, VPK Nambiar, C Ramankutty) pp. 70–73. (Orient Longman Ltd: Chennai, India)
Wood JA, Grusak MA (2007) Nutritional value of chickpea. In ‘Chickpea breeding and management’. (Eds SS Yadav, B Redden, W Chen, B Sharma) pp. 101–142. (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)
Xu B, Chang SKC (2012) Comparative study on antiproliferation properties and cellular antioxidant activities of commonly consumed food legumes against nine human cancer cell lines. Food Chemistry 134, 1287–1296.
| Comparative study on antiproliferation properties and cellular antioxidant activities of commonly consumed food legumes against nine human cancer cell lines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25005945PubMed |
Xue Z, Hou X, Yu W, Wen H, Zhang Q, Li D, Kou X (2018) Lipid metabolism potential and mechanism of CPe-III from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Food Research International 104, 126–133.
| Lipid metabolism potential and mechanism of CPe-III from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.).&journal=Food Research International&volume=104&pages=126-133&publication_year=2018&author=Z%20Xue&hl=en&doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.016" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29433777PubMed |
Xue Z, Wen H, Zhai L, Yu Y, Li Y, Yu W, Cheng A, Wang C, Kou X (2015) Antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative effect of a bioactive peptide from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Food Research International 77, 75–81.
| Antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative effect of a bioactive peptide from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.).&journal=Food Research International&volume=77&pages=75-81&publication_year=2015&author=Z%20Xue&hl=en&doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2015.09.027" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yang Y, Zhou L, Gu Y, Zhang Y, Tang J, Li F, Shang W, Jiang B, Yue X, Chen M (2007) Dietary chickpeas reverse visceral adiposity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance in rats induced by a chronic high-fat diet. British Journal of Nutrition 98, 720–726.
| Dietary chickpeas reverse visceral adiposity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance in rats induced by a chronic high-fat diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ye XY, Ng TB (2002) Isolation of a new cyclophilin-like protein from chickpeas with mitogenic, antifungal and anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities. Life Sciences 70, 1129–1138.
| Isolation of a new cyclophilin-like protein from chickpeas with mitogenic, antifungal and anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11848297PubMed |
Zia-Ul-Haq M, Iqbal S, Ahmad S, Imran M, Niaz A, Bhanger MI (2007) Nutritional and compositional study of Desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars grown in Punjab, Pakistan. Food Chemistry 105, 1357–1363.
| Nutritional and compositional study of Desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars grown in Punjab, Pakistan.Crossref | Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars grown in Punjab, Pakistan.&journal=Food Chemistry&volume=105&pages=1357-1363&publication_year=2007&author=M%20Zia%2DUl%2DHaq&hl=en&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.004" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zia-Ul-Haq M, Khan BA, Landa P, Kutil Z, Ahmed S, Qayum M, Ahmad S (2012) Platelet aggregation and anti-inflammatory effects of garden pea, Desi chickpea and Kabuli chickpea. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica 69, 707–711.