Compendium

NUR AKMAR BIN MAKMUR SX150025BECS04
SBEC 2112 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY III 761116-14-5671
Question Marks
No
1
2
3
4
5
141
142
143
144
145
Total
Average
Percentage
COMPENDIUM OF TEST & EXAM QUESTION

SEMESTER I SESSION 2015/2016
LECTURER NAME : EN. AMINUDIN ALI

STUDENT NAME : NUR AKMAR BIN MAKMUR
COMPENDIUM QUESTION : 1 – 5 & 141 - 145
COURSE CODE : SBEC 2112
COURSE : CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY III
PROGRAM : 1 SBEC
TIME : Take Home Tutorial
DATE : Oct 2015
PERCENTAGE : 10 %
1
KONKRIT PRA TEGASAN (PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
1) SOALAN QUESTION
Bincangkan secara ringkas beserta lakaran teori dan amalan 4 teknik konkrit pra
tegasan yang biasa digunakan di dalam pembinaan.
(10 markah)
Briefly discuss with sketches the theories and practices of 4 technique pre-stressed
concrete commonly applied in construction.
(10 marks)
Answer.
There is 4 technique pre-stressed concrete in 2 ways :-
1. Pre-Tensioned
- Tendons of reinforcement are stressed and anchored at the mould
before the concrete is poured.
A. Stringing
- Tendons is pull in-tension horizontally.
B. Harping
- Tendons is pull in-tension vertically. Tendons are bent (harped) at the
lowest position at midspan using special hold-down device.
2. Post-Tensioned
- Tendons are pulled with reaction acting against the hardened concrete
that placed inside a special duct.
A. Bonded
- The duct are filled with grout.
B. Unbonded
- No grouting on ducts. Tendon held solely by the end anchorage.
Figure 1 Pre- Tension (Stringing)
2
Figure 2 Pre-Tension (Harping)
Figure 3 Post-Tensioned (Bonded)
3
Figure 4 Post-Tensioned (Unbonded)
Figure 5 Differences Between Bonded and Unbonded
4
2) SOALAN QUESTION
Bincangkan secara kritikal menggunakan pendekatan saintifik prinsip asas
rekabentuk struktur bangunan konkrit pra tegasan berbanding dengan
penggunaan konkrit tetulang biasa. Huraian hendaklah beserta lakaran yang
bersesuaian.
(10 markah)
Critically evaluate using scientific approach yhe fundamental principal design of
pre-stressed concrete structural building incomparison to common reinforced
concrete. Explanation must be made with appropriate sketches.
(10 marks)
Answer.
Concrete inherently very good in carrying Compression Force but very poor in
resisting Tension Force.
Steel Reinforcemet introduce in combination with concrete as Reinforced

Concrete were ideal to become very strong and cheap building structural
members.
To further increase the ability to carry higher loading capacity, Reinforcement

were Tension / Stressed to become Pre-Stressed Concrete for stronger structural
members fo higher and longer span building construction.
Figure 6 Reinforced Concrete
5
Figure 7 Reinforced Concrete Under Load
Figure 8 Comparison Between Reinforced Concrete and Pre-stressed Concrete
6
Figure 9 Loading Imposed to Concrete Beam
7
3) SOALAN QUESTION
Bincangkan secara ringkas beserta lakaran teori dan amalan penggunaan konkrit
pra tegasan di dalam pembinaan bangunan panca tingkat dan struktur
kejuruteraan sivil.
(10 markah)
Briefly discuss with sketches the theory and practical application of pre-stressed
concrete for a multi-story building and civil engineering structure construction.
(10 marks)
Answer
Application of Pre-stressed Concrete.
The most common application of pre-stressed concrete is in the building of the

flooring in high-rise structures. Because it promotes the use of longer
unsupported spans, pre-stressed concrete is also frequently used in the building
of walls, bridges and roofs, which gives architects greater flexibility when
designing these types of structures.
In multi-story building constructions, pre-stressed concrete used as members

like Beams, Columns, Slabs, Walls and other critical component.
In civil engineering constructions, pre-stressed concrete used in large capacity

Water Tank, large diameter Concrete Pipes, Railway Sleepers, Box Girder, and
many large civil engineering components.
Figure 10 Pre-stressed Post Tensioned Slab in Construction
8
Figure 11 Pre-stressed Post-Tension Band Beam in Construction
Figure 12 Segmental Box Girder in Construction
Figure 13 Post Tension Equipment Concept
9
4) SOALAN QUESTION
Nilaikan secara kritikal menggunakan pendekatan saintifik kebaikan dan
keburukan rekabentuk struktur bangunan konkrit prategasan berbanding
dengan penggunaan konkrit tetulang biasa. Huraian hendaklah beserta lakaran
yang bersesuaian.
(10 markah)
Critically evaluate using scientific approach the advantages and disadvantages of
prestress concrete structural building incomparison to common reinforced
concrete. Explanation must be made with appropriate sketches.
(10 marks)
Answer
Advantages of Pre-stressed Concrete Disadvantages of Pre-stressed

Concrete
1. Free from crack, so the resisting 1. Needs specialized construction
impact, shock and reversal of machineries like jacks
stresses is much more than anchorage etc.
reinforced concrete. 2. Advanced technical knowledge
2. More durable than reinforced and strict supervision is very
concrete. important.
3. Reduce cost, because the section 3. High tensile reinforcement bars
of prestressed concrete member are needed which costs greater
is less compared to reinforced than generally used mild steel
concrete. reinforcement bars.
4. Create large column free space. 4. Highly skilled labor is needed
5. Can be used in long spans, high for prestressed concrete
span-to-depth ratio. constructions.
6. Slender columns.
7. The concrete diagonal tension
can also be reduced.
8. Shear resistance can be
increased using curved tendons.
Figure 14 Disadvantages - Huge member needs special tranportation
10
5) SOALAN QUESTION
Huraikan berserta lakaran komponen pembinaan konkrit pra tegasan serta
penggunaannya seperti di bawah:
i) Rasuk “I”
ii) Rasuk “M”
iii) Rasuk “T Berganda”
iii) Kekotak Galang Konkrit
.(10 markah)
Explain with sketches the component of prestress concrete construction and their
applications as follows:
i) I Beam
ii) M Beam
iii) Double T Beam
iii) Concrete Box Girder
.(10 marks)
Answer
i) I Beam
Prestressed concrete I-beams are usually constructed as simple spans

(not continuous over piers) and, after erecting them, made semi-continuous by
casting a transverse concrete diaphragm over the piers which also fills the gap
between the beam ends. The first prestressed I-beams were constructed in Ohio
in 1958, although not widely used until the early 1990s. These types of beams
have been relatively maintenance-free thus far, although sealing the fascia beams
is recommended on a regular basis.
Figure 15 I Beam detail
Figure 16 I Beam in construction
11
ii) M Beam
Figure 18 M Beam
Figure 17 M Beam properties
Iii) Double T Beam
A double tee or double-T beam is a load-bearing structure that resembles two T-

beams connected to each other side by side. The strong bond of the flange
(horizontal section) and the two webs (vertical members, also known as stems)
creates a structure that is capable of withstanding high loads while having a long
span. The typical sizes of double tees are up to 15 feet (4.6 m) for flange width,
up to 5 feet (1.5 m) for web depth, and up to 80 feet (24 m) or more for span
length.
Figure 19 Double T Beam properties
Figure 20 Double T Beam in construction
12
iv) Concrete Box Girder
Figure 21 Box girder in construction Figure 22 Single box girder
A box or tubular girder is a girder that forms an enclosed tube with multiple
walls, rather than I or H beam. Compared to an I beam, the advantage of a box
girder is that it better resists torsion. Having multiple vertical webs, it can also
carry more load than I beam of equal height. The distinction in naming between
a box girder and a tubular girder is imprecise. Generally the term box girder is
used, especially if it is rectangular in section. Where the girder carries its
"content" inside the box, it is termed a tubular girder. Tubular girder is also used
if the girder is round or oval in cross-section. Where a large box girder contains
more than two walls, i.e. with multiple boxes, it is referred to as a cellular girder.
13
KERJA-KERJA SEMENTARA PEMBINAAN (CONSTRUCTION TEMPORARY

WORK)
141) SOALAN QUESTION

Bincangkan secara kritical menggunakan pendekatan saintifik kesesuaian
penggunaan “Wall formwork” untuk pembinaan bangunan dan struktur
kejuruteraan sivil. Huraian hendaklah berserta lakaran yang bersesuaian.
(10 markah)
Critically discuss using scientific approach the appropriate usage of Wall formwork
for building and civil engineering structure construction. Explanation must be
made with appropriate sketches.
(10 marks)
Answer
Wall Formwork is a formwork that is used to reconstruct wall. It is consist of

vertical structure and supported by struts that will be nail to the floor. The wall
formwork is the ideal framed formwork for large-area forming. The very high
load-bearing capacity and long lifespan of formwork make it highly economical
to all wall-forming tasks.
Figure 23 Wall Formwork System
A -Wall panel  I -Plumbing accessories 
B -Inter-panel connections  J -Pouring platforms
C -Vertical stacking of panels K -Lifting by crane
D -Form-tie system  H -Stop-end formwork
E -Length adjustment 
F - Right-angled corners
G - Acute & obtuse-angled corners.  
14
Wall formwork usually made from steel, and plywood that is coated at the both
sides.
Figure 24 Wall Formwork Usage in Construction
15

penggunaan “Tunnel formwork” untuk pembinaan bangunan dan struktur
(10 markah)
Critically discuss using scientific approach the appropriate usage of Tunnel
formworks for building and civil engineering structure construction. Explanation
must be made with appropriate sketches.
(10 marks)
Answer
Tunnel formwork is a formwork system that allows the contractor to cast walls
and slabs in one operation.
It combined the speed, quality and accuracy of factory/off site production with
the flexibility and economy of in-situ construction and is recognized as a modern
method of construction. It has been developed for rapid construction of room
cells of varying sizes of housing projects and low or high-rise apartment blocks
and hostel.
The system is a cellular reinforced concrete structure (Load Bearing Structure),

with high quality surface with minimal finishing for direct decoration
Figure 25 Tunnel Formwork System
Appropriate Usage in Construction.
1) Cost
Tunnel form systems are able to provide cost-effective, high quality
construction, generating significant savings in time and costs over alternative
methods without compromising on design. The system is now one of the most
preferred methods of cellular construction with architects, engineers and
contractors throughout the world, whilst client appreciate tunnel form’s ability
to deliver projects to budget and on time.
2) Building
16
The formwork is specially adapted for each project. The repetitive nature
of the system and the use of prefabricated forms and reinforcing mats/cages
simplifies the whole construction process, producing a smooth and fast
operation. The techniques used are already familiar to the industry, but with
tunnel form construction there is less reliance on skilled labour.
3) Quality
Quality is enhanced despite the speed of construction. The precise, even
steel face of the formwork creates a smooth, high quality finish capable of
receiving direct decoration with the minimum of preparation (a skim coat may
be required). This reduces the requirement for following trades, thus providing
additional cost savings and speeding the entire process.
4) Design
The large bays constructed using tunnel form provide exceptional
flexibility in the design and layout of the building and allow a high degree of
freedom in the final appearance.
5) Safety
Tunnel form has integral working platforms and edge protection systems.
In addition, the repetitive, predictable nature of the tasks involved encourages
familiarity with operations, and, once training is complete, productivity
improves as construction progresses. The minimal requirement for tools and
equipment when moving the tunnel form further reduces the risk of accidents on
site.
6) Sustainability
The insitu casting of units on site and the local availability of ready-mixed
concrete supplies reduce transportation impacts. Just-in-time deliveries and near
zero wastage produce an overall tidier site with associated cost savings and
safety benefits. Concrete’s thermal mass coupled with correct insulation and
boiler design minimises heating costs and can even reduce air-conditioning
requirements.
17

penggunaan “Pecaform” untuk pembinaan bangunan dan struktur kejuruteraan
sivil. Huraian hendaklah berserta lakaran yang bersesuaian.
(10 markah)
Critically discuss using scientific approach the appropriate usage of Pecaform for
building and civil engineering structure construction. Explanation must be made
with appropriate sketches.
(10 marks)
Answer
Pecaform is a versatile lightweight formwork system which consists of a

flat steel wire mesh with a heat shrunk layer of stabilised polythene applied to
both sides of the mesh. This combination creates a material that is light weight &
structurally strong, making it extremely easy to handle. Pecaform very useful for
foundation and pile cap formwork and is left in place.
Pecaform is sacrificial, just set and forget. It also can be call ‘left-in
formwork’.
Advantages:
„- Lightweight
„- Multiple shapes
„- Variety of applications
Applications:
„- Ground beams
„- Footings and bases
„- Pile caps
„- Construction joints (stop ends)
„- Special shapes or curves
„- Void formation
„- Ribbed and waffle slabs
„- Penetrations
„- Recesses
„- Temporary fencing
„- Safety screens
Benefits:
1) Pre-formed. Pecaform can be pre-formed and delivered to site ready for
assembly or it can be simply folded on site using a manual
folder.
18
2) High speed formwork. Pecaform is designed for fast assembly. No hammer,

nails or saws, just tie-wire.
3) Easy installation procedure. Because it is supplied in sheets or can be pre-
formed, it is easily assembled using on site labour.
4) Site Safety. Pecaform can provide enhanced site safety by back filling
excavations earlier than with conventional formwork, minimising need for
workers to be in excavations, reduces the heavy labour needed for conventional
formwork and eliminates the need to strip formwork.
Figure 26 Usage for Foundation, Bases and Pile Caps
Figure 27 Usage for Fencing
Figure 28 Usage for Ground Beams
19
20

penggunaan “Climbing formwork” untuk pembinaan bangunan dan struktur
(10 markah)
Critically discuss using scientific approach the appropriate usage of Climbing
formwork for building and civil engineering structure construction. Explanation
(10 marks)
Answer
Climbing formwork is a special type of formwork for vertical concrete structures

that rises with the building process. It is complicated and costly. It can be an
effective solution for buildings that are either very repetitive in form, such as
towers or skyscrapers.
Method of casting walls consists of a climbing formwork, the climbing of which
may be manual or crane assisted. It employs a common set of forms used in a
repetitive manner for casting walls in set vertical lift. After each casting the
forms are removed and raised to form the next lift until the required height has
been reached.
These forms are widely used in the construction of industrial chimneys, silos,
high rise towers & building cores, bridge piers & pylons, airport control towers,
and telecommunications tower.
Figure 29 Climbing Formwork System
21

penggunaan “Slip formwork” untuk pembinaan bangunan dan struktur
(10 markah)
Critically discuss using scientific approach the appropriate usage of Slip
formwork for building and civil engineering structure construction. Explanation
(10 marks)
Answer
Slip formwork is similar in nature and application to wall formwork, but the
formwork is raised vertically in a continuous process. It is a method of vertically
extruding a reinforced concrete section and is suitable for construction of core
walls in high-rise structures, in example lift shafts, stair shafts and towers. It is a
self-contained formwork system and can require little crane time during
construction.
This is a formwork system which can be used to form any regular shape or core.
The formwork rises continuously, at a rate of about 300mm per hour, supporting
itself on the core and not relying on support or access from other parts of the
building or permanent works.
Commonly, the formwork has three platforms. The upper platform acts as a
storage and distribution area while the middle platform, which is the main
working platform, is at the top of the poured concrete level. The lower platform
provides access for concrete finishing.
Figure 30 Slip Formwork System
22
Figure 31 Concrete Pouring in Slip Formworks System
Figure 32 Application of Slip Formwork in Construction
23
24

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NUR AKMAR BIN MAKMUR SX150025BECS04

SBEC 2112 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY III 761116-14-5671

COMPENDIUM OF TEST & EXAM QUESTION

LECTURER NAME : EN. AMINUDIN ALI

KONKRIT PRA TEGASAN (PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

There is 4 technique pre-stressed concrete in 2 ways :-

Figure 1 Pre- Tension (Stringing)

Figure 2 Pre-Tension (Harping)

Figure 3 Post-Tensioned (Bonded)

Figure 4 Post-Tensioned (Unbonded)

Figure 5 Differences Between Bonded and Unbonded

Steel Reinforcemet introduce in combination with concrete as Reinforced

To further increase the ability to carry higher loading capacity, Reinforcement

Figure 6 Reinforced Concrete

Figure 7 Reinforced Concrete Under Load

Figure 8 Comparison Between Reinforced Concrete and Pre-stressed Concrete

Figure 9 Loading Imposed to Concrete Beam

Application of Pre-stressed Concrete.

The most common application of pre-stressed concrete is in the building of the

In multi-story building constructions, pre-stressed concrete used as members

In civil engineering constructions, pre-stressed concrete used in large capacity

Figure 10 Pre-stressed Post Tensioned Slab in Construction

Figure 11 Pre-stressed Post-Tension Band Beam in Construction

Figure 12 Segmental Box Girder in Construction

Figure 13 Post Tension Equipment Concept

Advantages of Pre-stressed Concrete Disadvantages of Pre-stressed

Figure 14 Disadvantages - Huge member needs special tranportation

Prestressed concrete I-beams are usually constructed as simple spans

Figure 15 I Beam detail

Figure 16 I Beam in construction

Figure 17 M Beam properties

Iii) Double T Beam

A double tee or double-T beam is a load-bearing structure that resembles two T-

Figure 19 Double T Beam properties

Figure 20 Double T Beam in construction

iv) Concrete Box Girder

Figure 21 Box girder in construction Figure 22 Single box girder

KERJA-KERJA SEMENTARA PEMBINAAN (CONSTRUCTION TEMPORARY

141) SOALAN QUESTION

Wall Formwork is a formwork that is used to reconstruct wall. It is consist of

Figure 23 Wall Formwork System

A -Wall panel I -Plumbing accessories

B -Inter-panel connections J -Pouring platforms

C -Vertical stacking of panels K -Lifting by crane

D -Form-tie system H -Stop-end formwork

G - Acute & obtuse-angled corners.

Figure 24 Wall Formwork Usage in Construction

142) SOALAN QUESTION

The system is a cellular reinforced concrete structure (Load Bearing Structure),

Figure 25 Tunnel Formwork System

Appropriate Usage in Construction.

143) SOALAN QUESTION

Pecaform is a versatile lightweight formwork system which consists of a

2) High speed formwork. Pecaform is designed for fast assembly. No hammer,

Figure 26 Usage for Foundation, Bases and Pile Caps

Figure 27 Usage for Fencing

Figure 28 Usage for Ground Beams

144) SOALAN QUESTION

Climbing formwork is a special type of formwork for vertical concrete structures

A -Wall panel  I -Plumbing accessories 

B -Inter-panel connections  J -Pouring platforms

D -Form-tie system  H -Stop-end formwork

G - Acute & obtuse-angled corners.  