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Cytokine Networks Dysregulation during HTLV-1 Infection and Associated Diseases

Viruses. 2018 Dec 5;10(12):691. doi: 10.3390/v10120691.

Abstract

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of a neural chronic inflammation, called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and of a malignant lymphoproliferation, called the adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). The mechanisms through which the HTLV-1 induces these diseases are still unclear, but they might rely on immune alterations. HAM/TSP is associated with an impaired production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, CXCL9, or CXCL10. ATLL is associated with high levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. These immunosuppressive cytokines could promote a protumoral micro-environment. Moreover, HTLV-1 infection impairs the IFN-I production and signaling, and favors the IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 expression. This contributes both to immune escape and to infected cells proliferation. Here, we review the landscape of cytokine dysregulations induced by HTLV-1 infection and the role of these cytokines in the HTLV-1-associated diseases progression.

Keywords: ATLL; HAM/TSP; HTLV-1; cytokines; immune system.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Chemokine CXCL9 / immunology
  • Chemokines / immunology
  • Cytokines / immunology*
  • HTLV-I Infections / immunology*
  • Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
  • Humans
  • Interferon-gamma / immunology
  • Interleukin-10 / immunology
  • Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell / immunology*
  • Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell / virology
  • Mice
  • Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic / immunology*
  • Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic / virology
  • Signal Transduction*
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / immunology

Substances

  • CXCL9 protein, human
  • Chemokine CXCL9
  • Chemokines
  • Cytokines
  • IL10 protein, human
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
  • Interleukin-10
  • Interferon-gamma