GNPTAB-related disorders comprise the phenotypes mucolipidosis II (ML II) and mucolipidosis IIIa/ß (ML IIIa/ß), and phenotypes intermediate between ML II and ML IIIa/ß. ML II is evident at birth and slowly progressive; death most often occurs in early childhood. Orthopedic abnormalities present at birth may include thoracic deformity, kyphosis, clubfeet, deformed long bones, and/or dislocation of the hip(s). Growth often ceases in the second year of life; contractures develop in all large joints. The skin is thickened, facial features are coarse, and gingiva are hypertrophic. All children have cardiac involvement, most commonly thickening and insufficiency of the mitral valve and, less frequently, the aortic valve. Progressive mucosal thickening narrows the airways, and gradual stiffening of the thoracic cage contributes to respiratory insufficiency, the most common cause of death. ML IIIa/ß becomes evident at about age three years with slow growth rate and short stature; joint stiffness and pain initially in the shoulders, hips, and fingers; gradual mild coarsening of facial features; and normal to mildly impaired cognitive development. Pain from osteoporosis becomes more severe during adolescence. Cardiorespiratory complications (restrictive lung disease, thickening and insufficiency of the mitral and aortic valves, left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy) are common causes of death, typically in early to middle adulthood. Phenotypes intermediate between ML II and ML IIIa/ß are characterized by physical growth in infancy that resembles that of ML II and neuromotor and speech development that resemble that of ML IIIa/ß.

Danon disease is a multisystem condition with predominant involvement of the heart, skeletal muscles, and retina, with overlying cognitive dysfunction. Males are typically more severely affected than females. Males usually present with childhood onset concentric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that is progressive and often requires heart transplantation. Rarely, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can evolve to resemble dilated cardiomyopathy. Most affected males also have cardiac conduction abnormalities. Skeletal muscle weakness may lead to delayed acquisition of motor milestones. Learning disability and intellectual disability, most often in the mild range, are common. Additionally, affected males can develop retinopathy with subsequent visual impairment. The clinical features in females are broader and more variable. Females are more likely to have dilated cardiomyopathy, with a smaller proportion requiring heart transplantation compared to affected males. Cardiac conduction abnormalities, skeletal muscle weakness, mild cognitive impairment, and pigmentary retinopathy are variably seen in affected females.

Salih myopathy is characterized by muscle weakness (manifest during the neonatal period or in early infancy) and delayed motor development; children acquire independent walking between ages 20 months and four years. In the first decade of life, global motor performance is stable or tends to improve. Moderate joint and neck contractures and spinal rigidity may manifest in the first decade but become more obvious in the second decade. Scoliosis develops after age 11 years. Cardiac dysfunction manifests between ages five and 16 years, progresses rapidly, and leads to death between ages eight and 20 years, usually from heart rhythm disturbances.

A dilated cardiomyopathy that has material basis in mutation in the TNNI3 gene on chromosome 19q13.42.

An autosomal dominant subtype of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by mutation(s) in the MYH6 gene, encoding myosin-6.

Dilated cardiomyopathy-1BB (CMD1BB) is a life-threatening, intractable disease characterized by ventricular dilation and thinning (Shiba et al., 2021). For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of dilated cardiomyopathy, see CMD1A (115200).

Any familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the PSEN1 gene.

Dilated cardiomyopathy-2F (CMD2F) is an autosomal recessive early-onset cardiomyopathy associated with refractory ventricular arrhythmias and severe heart failure requiring placement of a left ventricular assist device (Hakui et al., 2022). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of dilated cardiomyopathy, see 115200.

Dilated cardiomyopathy-2G (CMD2G) is characterized by early-onset severe dilated cardiomyopathy that progresses rapidly to heart failure in the neonatal period without evidence of intervening hypertrophy. Cardiac tissue exhibits markedly shortened thin filaments, disorganized myofibrils, and reduced contractile force generation, resulting in the severe ventricular dysfunction observed. There is no evidence of skeletal muscle hypertrophy (Ahrens-Nicklas et al., 2019). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of dilated cardiomyopathy, see 115200.

Dilated cardiomyopathy-2I (CMD2I) is characterized by early-onset severe congestive heart failure. Some patients experience supraventricular tachycardia. Structural heart defects and nemaline bodies in cardiac and skeletal muscle have been observed (Aspit et al., 2019; Cheema et al., 2020; Gurunathan et al., 2022). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of dilated cardiomyopathy, see 115200.

Long-Olsen-Distelmaier syndrome (LNGODS) is a severe, early-onset disease with multiple system involvement and lethal dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as a core clinical feature (summary by Reijnders et al., 2023).

Dilated cardiomyopathy-2J (CMD2J) is characterized by onset of heart failure within the first year of life, with severely reduced left ventricular ejection fractions (Ruijmbeek et al., 2023). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of dilated cardiomyopathy, see 115200.

Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-59 (COXPD59) may present as a lethal infantile form of Leigh syndrome (see 256000) or as a milder disorder with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, lactic acidosis, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and survival into adulthood (summary by Amarasekera et al., 2023). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, see COXPD1 (609060).