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Keywords = tinea cruris

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11 pages, 231 KiB  
Article
Fungal Skin Infections in Beach Volleyball Athletes in Greece
by Niki Tertipi, Eleni Sfyri, Vasiliki Kefala and Efstathios Rallis
Hygiene 2024, 4(4), 458-468; https://doi.org/10.3390/hygiene4040034 - 23 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1561
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Fungal infections, commonly referred to as mycoses, are widespread and affect various parts of the body. Common types of fungal skin infections include tinea pedis, tinea unguim, tinea cruris, tinea versicolor, and tinea manuum. Athletes, in particular, are at a higher risk [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Fungal infections, commonly referred to as mycoses, are widespread and affect various parts of the body. Common types of fungal skin infections include tinea pedis, tinea unguim, tinea cruris, tinea versicolor, and tinea manuum. Athletes, in particular, are at a higher risk of contracting these infections due to several factors inherent to their training and competitive environments. Methods: This research examined the incidence, anatomical distribution, and seasonal occurrence of fungal skin infections among beach volleyball athletes in Greece. The study cohort consisted of 785 participants, with an average age of 28.4 years. Variables recorded included gender, the seasonal periods during which athletes might be more prone to injuries, and the specific body areas affected by fungal infections. In addition, training-related data such as weekly training frequency, and daily training duration were collected. Results: Incidence rates correlated in relation to gender: male, tinea pedis (p < 0.000), tinea manuum (p < 0.010); number of weekly trainings: tinea pedis (p < 0.000), tinea unguium (p < 0.043), tinea cruris (p < 0.008), tinea versicolor (p < 0.038), tinea manuum (p < 0.043); average hours of daily training: tinea unguium (p < 0.039), tinea manuum (p < 0.039). Conclusions: Athletic activities often involve exposure to warm, moist conditions that promote fungal growth. Locker rooms, showers, and equipment can harbor fungi, spreading infections among athletes. Understanding these infections is essential for effective prevention and management, as they can impact performance and health if untreated. Proper hygiene, antifungal treatments, and public health measures are crucial to reducing the risk in athletic settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Prevention and Control)
2 pages, 840 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Elalouf et al. Bioinformatics-Driven mRNA-Based Vaccine Design for Controlling Tinea Cruris Induced by Trichophyton rubrum. Pharmaceutics 2024, 16, 983
by Amir Elalouf, Hanan Maoz and Amit Yaniv Rosenfeld
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(10), 1273; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101273 - 29 Sep 2024
Viewed by 433
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
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Figure 9
<p>MD simulation results of dock complexes of potential vaccine candidates (BGTV (black), CDPV (blue), GMPV (yellow), and LDPV (red)) with TLR4 backbone. (<b>a</b>) Trajectory analysis of the RMSD between C-alpha atoms of dock complexes over time, (<b>b</b>) RMSF plot, (<b>c</b>) number of hydrogen bond formations, and (<b>d</b>) radius of gyration (RoG) plot.</p>
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38 pages, 28895 KiB  
Article
Bioinformatics-Driven mRNA-Based Vaccine Design for Controlling Tinea Cruris Induced by Trichophyton rubrum
by Amir Elalouf, Hanan Maoz and Amit Yaniv Rosenfeld
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(8), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16080983 - 25 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1614 | Correction
Abstract
Tinea cruris, a dermatophyte fungal infection predominantly caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum, primarily affects the groin, pubic region, and adjacent thigh. Its recurrence is frequent, attributable to repeated fungal infections in susceptible individuals, especially those with onychomycosis or tinea pedis, [...] Read more.
Tinea cruris, a dermatophyte fungal infection predominantly caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum, primarily affects the groin, pubic region, and adjacent thigh. Its recurrence is frequent, attributable to repeated fungal infections in susceptible individuals, especially those with onychomycosis or tinea pedis, which act as reservoirs for dermatophytes. Given the persistent nature of tinea cruris, vaccination emerges as a promising strategy for fungal infection management, offering targeted, durable protection against various fungal species. Vaccines stimulate both humoral and cell-mediated immunity and are administered prophylactically to prevent infections while minimizing the risk of antifungal resistance development. Developing fungal vaccines is challenging due to the thick fungal cell wall, similarities between fungal and human cells, antigenic variation, and evolutionary resemblance to animals, complicating non-toxic target identification and T-cell response variability. No prior research has shown an mRNA vaccine for T. rubrum. Hence, this study proposes a novel mRNA-based vaccine for tinea cruris, potentially offering long-term immunity and reducing reliance on antifungal medications. This study explores the complete proteome of T. rubrum, identifying potential protein candidates for vaccine development through reverse vaccinology. Immunogenic epitopes from these candidates were mapped and integrated into multitope vaccines and reverse translated to construct mRNA vaccines. Then, the mRNA was translated and computationally assessed for physicochemical, chemical, and immunological attributes. Notably, 1,3-beta-glucanosyltransferase, CFEM domain-containing protein, cell wall galactomannoprotein, and LysM domain-containing protein emerged as promising vaccine targets. Antigenic, immunogenic, non-toxic, and non-allergenic cytotoxic T lymphocyte, helper T lymphocyte, and B lymphocyte epitopes were selected and linked with appropriate linkers and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist adjuvants to formulate vaccine candidates targeting T. rubrum. The protein-based vaccines underwent reverse translation to construct the mRNA vaccines, which, after inoculation, were translated again by host ribosomes to work as potential components for triggering the immune response. After that, molecular docking, normal mode analysis, and molecular dynamic simulation confirmed strong binding affinities and stable complexes between vaccines and TLR receptors. Furthermore, immune simulations of vaccines with and without adjuvant demonstrated activation of immune responses, evidenced by elevated levels of IgG1, IgG2, IgM antibodies, cytokines, and interleukins. There was no significant change in antibody production between vaccines with and without adjuvants, but adjuvants are crucial for activating the innate immune response via TLRs. Although mRNA vaccines hold promise against fungal infections, further research is essential to assess their safety and efficacy. Experimental validation is crucial for evaluating their immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in mRNA Vaccine Development and Applications)
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<p>Predicted 3D structures of mRNA-derived vaccine candidates BGTV (<b>a</b>), CDPV (<b>b</b>), GMPV (<b>c</b>), and LDPV (<b>d</b>). Generated using trRosettaRNA.</p>
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<p>Visual representation of secondary structures of BGTV (<b>a</b>), CDPV (<b>b</b>), GMPV (<b>c</b>), and LDPV (<b>d</b>).</p>
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<p>Superimposed 3D models of unrefined (purple) and refined (green) BGTV (<b>a</b>), CDPV (<b>c</b>), GMPV (<b>e</b>), and LDPV (<b>g</b>) with Ramachandran plots of refined 3D constructs of BGTV (<b>b</b>), CDPV (<b>d</b>), GMPV (<b>f</b>), and LDPV (<b>h</b>).</p>
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<p>Docking complexes of vaccine candidates (red) against <span class="html-italic">T. rubrum</span> and TLR2 receptor (blue). (<b>a</b>) BGTV-TLR2; (<b>b</b>) CDPV-TLR2; (<b>c</b>) GMPV-TLR2; (<b>d</b>) LDPV-TLR2.</p>
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<p>Docking complexes of vaccine candidates (red) against <span class="html-italic">T. rubrum</span> and TLR4 receptor (blue). (<b>a</b>) BGTV-TLR4; (<b>b</b>) CDPV-TLR4; (<b>c</b>) GMPV-TLR4; (<b>d</b>) LDPV-TLR4.</p>
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<p>Normal mode analysis (NMA) of vaccine candidates against <span class="html-italic">T. rubrum</span> and TLR2 receptor complexes by iMODs. (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>) iMODS results of BGTV-TLR2 complex. (<b>a</b>) NMA mobility; (<b>b</b>) main-chain deformability; (<b>c</b>) B-factor values; (<b>d</b>) the eigenvalue; (<b>e</b>) variance. (<b>f</b>–<b>j</b>) iMODS results of CDPV-TLR2 complex. (<b>f</b>) NMA mobility; (<b>g</b>) main-chain deformability; (<b>h</b>) B-factor values; (<b>i</b>) the eigenvalue; (<b>j</b>) variance; (<b>k</b>–<b>o</b>) iMODS results of GMPV-TLR2 complex. (<b>k</b>) NMA mobility; (<b>l</b>) main-chain deformability; (<b>m</b>) B-factor values; (<b>n</b>) the eigenvalue; (<b>o</b>) variance; (<b>p</b>–<b>t</b>) iMODS results of LDPV-TLR2 complex. (<b>p</b>) NMA mobility; (<b>q</b>) main-chain deformability; (<b>r</b>) B-factor values; (<b>s</b>) the eigenvalue; (<b>t</b>) variance.</p>
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<p>Normal mode analysis (NMA) of vaccine candidates against <span class="html-italic">T. rubrum</span> and TLR4 receptor complexes by iMODs. (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>) iMODS results of BGTV-TLR24 complex. (<b>a</b>) NMA mobility; (<b>b</b>) main-chain deformability; (<b>c</b>) B-factor values; (<b>d</b>) the eigenvalue; (<b>e</b>) variance. (<b>f</b>–<b>j</b>) iMODS results of CDPV-TLR4 complex. (<b>f</b>) NMA mobility; (<b>g</b>) main-chain deformability; (<b>h</b>) B-factor values; (<b>i</b>) the eigenvalue; (<b>j</b>) variance; (<b>k</b>–<b>o</b>) iMODS results of GMPV-TLR4 complex. (<b>k</b>) NMA mobility; (<b>l</b>) main-chain deformability; (<b>m</b>) B-factor values; (<b>n</b>) the eigenvalue; (<b>o</b>) variance; (<b>p</b>–<b>t</b>) iMODS results of LDPV-TLR4 complex. (<b>p</b>) NMA mobility; (<b>q</b>) main-chain deformability; (<b>r</b>) B-factor values; (<b>s</b>) the eigenvalue; (<b>t</b>) variance.</p>
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<p>MD simulation results of dock complexes of potential vaccine candidates (BGTV (black), CDPV (blue), GMPV (yellow), and LDPV (red)) with TLR2 backbone. (<b>a</b>) Trajectory analysis of the RMSD between C-alpha atoms of dock complexes over time, (<b>b</b>) RMSF plot, (<b>c</b>) number of hydrogen bond formations, and (<b>d</b>) radius of gyration (RoG) plot.</p>
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<p>MD simulation results of dock complexes of potential vaccine candidates (BGTV (black), CDPV (blue), GMPV (yellow), and LDPV (red)) with TLR4 backbone. (<b>a</b>) Trajectory analysis of the RMSD between C-alpha atoms of dock complexes over time, (<b>b</b>) RMSF plot, (<b>c</b>) number of hydrogen bond formations, and (<b>d</b>) radius of gyration (RoG) plot.</p>
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<p>A computer-based simulation to model the immune response to the BGTV candidate, administering three doses over 350 days. Key parameters evaluated included antigen and immunoglobulins levels (<b>a</b>), LBLs (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>), HTLs and CTLs (<b>e</b>–<b>i</b>), natural killer cells (<b>j</b>), dendritic cells (<b>k</b>), macrophages (<b>l</b>), epithelial presenting cell population (<b>m</b>), and cytokine concentrations (<b>n</b>). The Simpson index (D) was utilized to assess the simulation outcomes.</p>
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<p>A computer-based simulation to model the immune response to the CDPV candidate, administering three doses over 350 days. Key parameters evaluated included antigen and immunoglobulins levels (a), LBLs (b–d), HTLs and CTLs (e–i), natural killer cells (j), dendritic cells (k), macrophages (l), epithelial presenting cell population (m), and cytokine concentrations (n). The Simpson index (D) was utilized to assess the simulation outcomes.</p>
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<p>A computer-based simulation to model the immune response to the GMPV candidate, administering three doses over 350 days. Key parameters evaluated included antigen and immunoglobulins levels (a), LBLs (b–d), HTLs and CTLs (e–i), natural killer cells (j), dendritic cells (k), macrophages (l), epithelial presenting cell population (m), and cytokine concentrations (n). The Simpson index (D) was utilized to assess the simulation outcomes.</p>
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<p>A computer-based simulation to model the immune response to the LDPV candidate, administering three doses over 350 days. Key parameters evaluated included antigen and immunoglobulins levels (a), LBLs (b–d), HTLs and CTLs (e–i), natural killer cells (j), dendritic cells (k), macrophages (l), epithelial presenting cell population (m), and cytokine concentrations (n). The Simpson index (D) was utilized to assess the simulation outcomes.</p>
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12 pages, 1942 KiB  
Article
Development and Characterization of Econazole Topical Gel
by Mohammad F. Bayan, Balakumar Chandrasekaran and Mohammad H. Alyami
Gels 2023, 9(12), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9120929 - 25 Nov 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3306
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to develop a novel topical formulation of econazole nitrate based on gel that can be easily scaled up in one pot for the potential treatment of fungal and yeast infections. Econazole nitrate, a topical antifungal, is used [...] Read more.
The purpose of this work was to develop a novel topical formulation of econazole nitrate based on gel that can be easily scaled up in one pot for the potential treatment of fungal and yeast infections. Econazole nitrate, a topical antifungal, is used to treat tinea versicolor, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris. Compared to applying cream or ointment, topical gels offer numerous advantages, one of which is that the drug is released more quickly to the intended site of action. A viscous mixture of propylene glycol, Capmul® MCM C8, methyl and propyl paraben, and econazole nitrate were mixed together before being formulated into the optimized Carbopol® gel bases. The gel’s color, appearance, and homogeneity were assessed visually. For every formulation, the drug content, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and gel strength were characterized. The cup plate diffusion method was used to evaluate the anti-fungal activity of the prepared formulations. To assess the behavior of the developed system, studies on in vitro release and mechanism were conducted. The manufactured formulations were transparent, pale yellow, and exhibited excellent homogeneity. The pH of each formulation was roughly 6.0, making them suitable for topical use. The concentration of Carbopol® 940 resulted in a significant increase in viscosity and gel strength but a significant decrease in spreadability. It was demonstrated that the prepared formulations inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. In contrast, the standard blank gel showed no signs of antifungal action. By increasing the concentration of Carbopol® 940, the in vitro release profile of econazole nitrate significantly decreased. Following the Korsmeyer–Peppas model fitting, all formulations exhibited n values greater than 0.5 and less than 1, indicating that diffusion and gel swelling control econazole nitrate release. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Gels for Wound Healing)
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<p>The effect of Carbopol<sup>®</sup> 940 concentration on viscosity.</p>
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<p>The effect of Carbopol<sup>®</sup> 940 concentration on spreadability.</p>
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<p>The effect of Carbopol<sup>®</sup> 940 concentration on gel strength.</p>
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<p>Econzaole nitrate in vitro release profiles.</p>
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<p>Korsmeyer–Peppas model release kinetics of econazole nitrate formulations.</p>
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<p>Calibration curve of econzaole nitrate.</p>
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11 pages, 1051 KiB  
Article
Patterns of Common Dermatological Conditions among Children and Adolescents in Pakistan
by Arfa Majeed, Sammina Mahmood, Adnan Hassan Tahir, Mehmood Ahmad, Muhammad Abu Bakr Shabbir, Waqas Ahmad, Asif Iqbal, Rana Muhammad Zahid Mushtaq, Sadaf Aroosa, Hafiz Saleet Ahmed, Naeem Rasool and Wajeeha Ramish
Medicina 2023, 59(11), 1905; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59111905 - 27 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4091
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Dermatological disorders are highly prevalent among children in Pakistan. The present cross-sectional study aims to identify the spectrum of dermatological conditions among children and adolescents in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A total of 582 patients (50.9% males; 49.1% females) were [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Dermatological disorders are highly prevalent among children in Pakistan. The present cross-sectional study aims to identify the spectrum of dermatological conditions among children and adolescents in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A total of 582 patients (50.9% males; 49.1% females) were included in the study based on their age (5.7 ± 4.1 years), dermatological condition, and epidemiology. The youngest patient was aged ten days, whereas the eldest was seventeen. Age criteria were further stratified into three categories: infants and toddlers (≤5 years), children (≥5 to <12 years), and adolescents (≥12 to <18 years). Amongst them, the majority was from Punjab (81.6%), while the other regions included were Azad Jammu and Kashmir (14.4%), Islamabad (3.3%), and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (0.7%). Results: Scabies was the highest reported skin condition with 281 (45.55%) patients, followed by 114 (19.6%) with eczema, 60 (10.3%) with dermatitis, 33 (5.7%) with tinea capitis, 17 (2.9%) with tinea corporis, 16 (2.7%) with impetigo, and 15 (2.6%) with folliculitis. Other conditions include urticaria, burns, infections, pediculosis, tinea inguinalis, tinea faciei, nappy rashes, alopecia, warts, tinea incognito, tinea cruris, and acne vulgaris. The chi-squared test showed a high prevalence of tinea corporis and acne among adolescents (12–17 years), whereas eczema, dermatitis, and impetigo were more prevalent among infants and toddlers. Conclusions: Pets or livestock and poor hygiene were found to be highly reported risk factors for many dermatological conditions like scabies and fungal infections. Dermatological conditions are common in younger individuals, but unfortunately, many children do not receive the desired medical assistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology & Public Health)
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Figure 1
<p>The genomic DNAs of the dermatophyte species were amplified with PCR using PsT primers. L indicates the lane containing DNA marker, lanes 1, 5, 6, 7 indicate specific bands for <span class="html-italic">T. rubrum</span> (925 bp), lanes 2 and 4 indicate specific bands for <span class="html-italic">T. mentagrophytes</span> (392 bp), and lane 3 shows specific and common <span class="html-italic">T. violaceum</span> (421).</p>
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<p>The site-wise percentage distribution of dermatological infections in the body of individuals.</p>
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12 pages, 786 KiB  
Article
Analytical Study on Current Trends in the Clinico-Mycological Profile among Patients with Superficial Mycoses
by Shreekant Tiwari, Monalisah Nanda, Swetalona Pattanaik, Ganiga Channaiah Shivakumar, Bukanakere Sangappa Sunila, Marco Cicciù and Giuseppe Minervini
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(9), 3051; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093051 - 22 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2483
Abstract
Infections affecting the superficial keratinized layer of the skin, nails, and hair are referred to as dermatophytosis and dermatomycoses, which constitute the most common type of fungal infection that affects people. This clinical ailment has a prevalence of between 30 and 60% and [...] Read more.
Infections affecting the superficial keratinized layer of the skin, nails, and hair are referred to as dermatophytosis and dermatomycoses, which constitute the most common type of fungal infection that affects people. This clinical ailment has a prevalence of between 30 and 60% and is more common in India’s hot, muggy, tropical climate. Examining the prevalence of superficial mycoses (SM), their clinical symptoms, and the fungal species that were identified as the disease-causing agents were the main objectives of the current study. This study comprised 250 clinically confirmed patients with SM who visited our dermatology department over the course of a year. Skin scrapings, nail clippings, and hair samples were gathered, mounted, and cultured using KOH. Macroscopic examination of culture, tease mount, and phenotypic tests were used to identify the species. The age group of 11–20 years (29%) had the highest prevalence of SM out of the 250 clinically verified cases of the condition that were included in our study, followed by 21–30 years (20%) and 31–40 years (18%). Candida albicans, dermatophytes, and non-dermatophytic moulds were the three most prevalent fungal isolates. The most typical dermatophyte isolate was T. rubrum, which was primarily found in Tinea corporis (TCo), Tinea cruris (TCr), and Tinea faciei (TFa). T. mentagrophytes was the second most frequent isolate. According to our investigation, it was determined that non-dermatophytic moulds constitute a significant contributor to the development of SM in addition to dermatophytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Regenerative Dentistry)
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<p>Pie chart representing the gender ratio of subjects enrolled in this study.</p>
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<p>Graphical representation showing the age distribution of participants enrolled in this study according to the details mentioned in <a href="#jcm-12-03051-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>.</p>
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<p>Chart representing the comparative study of direct microscopy and culture.</p>
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18 pages, 5329 KiB  
Review
Trichophyton indotineae—An Emerging Pathogen Causing Recalcitrant Dermatophytoses in India and Worldwide—A Multidimensional Perspective
by Silke Uhrlaß, Shyam B. Verma, Yvonne Gräser, Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei, Maryam Hatami, Martin Schaller and Pietro Nenoff
J. Fungi 2022, 8(7), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8070757 - 21 Jul 2022
Cited by 103 | Viewed by 12137
Abstract
Trichophyton (T.) indotineae is a newly identified dermatophyte species that has been found in a near-epidemic form on the Indian subcontinent. There is evidence of its spread from the Indian subcontinent to a number of countries worldwide. The fungus is identical to genotype [...] Read more.
Trichophyton (T.) indotineae is a newly identified dermatophyte species that has been found in a near-epidemic form on the Indian subcontinent. There is evidence of its spread from the Indian subcontinent to a number of countries worldwide. The fungus is identical to genotype VIII within the T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale species complex, which was described in 2019 by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA of the dermatophyte. More than 10 ITS genotypes of T. interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes can now be identified. T. indotineae causes inflammatory and itchy, often widespread, dermatophytosis affecting the groins, gluteal region, trunk, and face. Patients of all ages and genders are affected. The new species has largely displaced other previously prevalent dermatophytes on the Indian subcontinent. T. indotineae has become a problematic dermatophyte due to its predominantly in vitro genetic resistance to terbinafine owing to point mutations of the squalene epoxidase gene. It also displays in vivo resistance to terbinafine. The most efficacious drug currently available for this terbinafine-resistant dermatophytoses, based on sound evidence, is itraconazole. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dermatophytes and Dermatophytoses)
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Figure 1
<p>Tinea corporis generalisata in an Indian patient. The itchy erythematosquamous plaques converge over a large area and are sharply limited to the unaffected skin of the environment. Differential diagnosis includes psoriasis vulgaris, microbial eczema, or seborrheic eczema. The diagnosis can be confirmed by detection of the dermatophyte <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton mentagrophytes</span> genotype VIII or <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton indotineae</span> from skin scales. (Dr Bhavesh Devani, Drashti Skin &amp; Eye Care Hospital-Cosmetic Laser &amp; Hair Care Center, Rajkot, Gujarat, India).</p>
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<p>Tinea cruris and tinea genitalis in a 24-year-old patient by <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton indotineae</span>. (Dr. Lars Köhler, dermatologist, Mainz, Germany).</p>
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<p>The phylogenetic analysis of the <span class="html-italic">T. mentagrophytes</span>/<span class="html-italic">T. interdigitale</span> complex based on the sequencing of the ITS regions of the rDNA. The calculations are based on the maximum likelihood method and the Tamura–Nei model from [<a href="#B26-jof-08-00757" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. The phylogenetic family tree shows the distinction between the previously known genotypes of <span class="html-italic">T. interdigitale</span> and <span class="html-italic">T. mentagrophytes</span>, based on the sequencing of the ITS regions of rDNA genes. Genotypes I and II of the anthropophilic species <span class="html-italic">T. interdigitale</span> are found in the upper part of the dendrogram. Within the species <span class="html-italic">T. mentagrophytes</span> there are a total of 11 different genotypes—III, III*, IV, V, VII, IX, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII—including <span class="html-italic">T. mentagrophytes</span> ITS VIII (<span class="html-italic">T. indotineae</span>). The so-called mixed type or intermediate genotype (II*) is located between the clusters of <span class="html-italic">T. interdigitale</span> and <span class="html-italic">T. mentagrophytes</span>. The phylogenetic family tree was rooted with <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton quinckeanum</span>. Labeling after transmission.</p>
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<p>Temporal course and changes in taxonomy and nomenclature of <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton mentagrophytes</span> and <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton interdigitale</span>. The earlier zoophilic and anthropophilic variants are grouped into species over time. Within the new species, more than ten different genotypes can be distinguished. Among these, <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton mentagrophytes</span> ITS genotype VIII represents a clinically significant “clonal offshots” and is now considered as the independent species <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton indotineae</span>. In addition, there are <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton interdigitale</span> (anthropophilic), <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton mentagrophytes</span> (zoophilic), <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton erinacei</span> (zoophilic), <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton quinckeanum</span> (zoophilic), and <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton benhamiae</span> (zoophilic).</p>
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<p><span class="html-italic">Trichophyton indotineae</span>: colony growth, isolated from dandruff of a 27-year-old patient with tinea corporis. The patient comes from Bangladesh but lives and works in Germany. Growth on Sabouraud 4% glucose agar without cycloheximide additive. (<b>a</b>) Fast-growing, peripherally white, medial beige to light brown pigmented flat and granular colonies; (<b>b</b>) detailed view of colonies of the same isolate with impressive granular aspect of the thallus; (<b>c</b>) the reverse of the colonies is pigmented in light brown to yellowish.</p>
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<p><span class="html-italic">Trichophyton indotineae</span>. Microscopic features of an isolate from tinea corporis and tinea genitalis of the mons pubis of a 24-year-old female from Bangladesh living in Germany. (<b>a</b>) Small and big round and oval microconidia together with spindle shaped septate macroconidia; (<b>b</b>) spiral hyphae.</p>
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<p>Widespread tinea generalisata (erythroderma-like) due to merging of multiple large plaques of tinea corporis in a healthy immunocompetent man in India. History of using over 100 units (tubes) of fixed-dose combination creams (FDC) containing clobetasol propionate, clotrimazole/miconazole, and gentamicin/neomycin, in addition to erratic use of topical and oral antifungal drugs, for over a year.</p>
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<p>Multiple recurrent plaques of tinea corporis et cruris in a young woman applying FDCs containing the same drugs as those used for over a year by the man in <a href="#jof-08-00757-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. While the plaques have partially resolved on the trunk, she is developing new lesions, including one lesion of ‘tinea pseudoimbricata’ on the right thigh with concentric circles. Some lesions of ‘tinea recidivans’ show evidence of new appearance of active inflammatory margins in healed plaques of tinea. More interestingly, and unusual for a record from a Western dermatologist, are the striking striae albae and patchy hypopigmentation, both due to the misuse of FDCs containing clobetasol propionate, itraconazole, and irrational antibiotics for several months.</p>
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<p>Terbinafine-resistant strain of <span class="html-italic">Trichophyton indotineae</span>. Isolate of a 41-year-old Indian male with tinea corporis. The susceptibility testing of this strain to terbinafine by agar dilution test yielded a minimum inhibitory concentration &gt;0.5 μg/mL (breakpoint 0.2 μg/mL) corresponding to in vitro resistance to terbinafine. The left panel shows growing of the <span class="html-italic">T. indotineae</span> strain at terbinafine concentration 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 µg/mL. The right panel shows growth of the dermatophyte at 0.2 µg/mL; however, growth was suppressed at terbinafine concentration of 8 and 16 µg/mL. The mutation analysis of the gene of squalene epoxidase revealed amino acid substitution in position F397L and thus proved terbinafine resistance.</p>
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Review
The Immunologic Response to Trichophyton Rubrum in Lower Extremity Fungal Infections
by Matthew S. Blutfield, Jenna M. Lohre, Derek A. Pawich and Tracey C. Vlahovic
J. Fungi 2015, 1(2), 130-137; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof1020130 - 17 Jul 2015
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 8407
Abstract
Manifestations of Trichophyton rubrum infestations, such as tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis, are among the most common human skin diseases seen throughout the world. About 80% of patients presenting with acute dermatophytosis respond well to topical antifungal treatment. However, the remaining [...] Read more.
Manifestations of Trichophyton rubrum infestations, such as tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis, are among the most common human skin diseases seen throughout the world. About 80% of patients presenting with acute dermatophytosis respond well to topical antifungal treatment. However, the remaining 20% of patients progress into a chronic state of dermatophytosis, which is resistant to antifungal treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to have a better understanding and appreciation for the diverse immune responses to Trichophyton as this is critical for the development of therapeutic strategies for those individuals who suffer from a chronic manifestation of Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) infection. As a result, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to review and discuss previous studies that evaluated the human body’s defense to T. rubrum infections and to understand why and how these fungal infections invade the host defense system. Our research revealed that a cell-mediated immune response is critical in defending the body against T. rubrum. However, this organism has mechanisms that enable it to evade the immune system. Therefore, a more successful treatment for chronic T. rubrum infection would involve targeting the mechanisms of T. rubrum that diminish the immune response, while restoring the cell-mediated immune response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutaneous Fungal Diseases)
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