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Search Results (1,828)

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26 pages, 1750 KiB  
Review
The Global Challenge of Fluoride Contamination: A Comprehensive Review of Removal Processes and Implications for Human Health and Ecosystems
by Vivek Mariappan Santhi, Diwahar Periasamy, Muthumari Perumal, Prasanth Morkondan Sekar, Varalakshmi Varatharajan, Dhandapani Aravind, Krishnasamy Senthilkumar, Sundaresan Thirumalai Kumaran, Saood Ali, Subramanipillai Sankar, Nivetha Vijayakumar, Charubala Boominathan and Ragulasangeerthian Suresh Krishnan
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11056; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411056 - 17 Dec 2024
Viewed by 70
Abstract
Water resources are vital for humanity, but their quality has degraded in recent years due to increasing industrial activities. One significant issue is fluoride contamination, prevalent worldwide. Fluorides exist in combined states such as calcium fluoride, fluorapatite, and cryolite, originating from industrial processes [...] Read more.
Water resources are vital for humanity, but their quality has degraded in recent years due to increasing industrial activities. One significant issue is fluoride contamination, prevalent worldwide. Fluorides exist in combined states such as calcium fluoride, fluorapatite, and cryolite, originating from industrial processes like aluminum and fertilizer manufacturing. The World Health Organization warns against fluoride levels above 1.5 mg/L in drinking water due to health risks, including dental and skeletal fluorosis. Industrial activities also release fluoride-containing wastes into the environment, endangering ecosystems and human health. Overexposure to fluoride leads to disorders affecting organs including the kidneys, liver, and nervous system. Despite fluoride’s benefits in controlled doses, excessive intake causes health problems, as evidenced by rising dental fluorosis cases in Brazil. Thus, effective and affordable fluoride removal strategies are crucial. Various methods exist, including adsorption, membrane technology, ion exchange process, electrodialysis, and electrocoagulation. Regulation of fluoride levels in drinking water is imperative to safeguard public health from its detrimental long-term effects. Full article
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<p>Utilization of adsorbents for the removal of fluoride.</p>
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<p>Adsorbents for fluoride removal.</p>
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<p>Ion exchange fluoride removal.</p>
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<p>Removal of fluoride through coagulation.</p>
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21 pages, 13812 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Assessment of Groundwater Hydrochemistry, Driving Forces, Water Quality, and Associated Health Hazards in the Wen River Basin, Northern China
by Menghan Tan, Zongjun Gao and Bing Jiang
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10928; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410928 - 13 Dec 2024
Viewed by 370
Abstract
Groundwater is essential for water resources, serving as a key drinking source in China. It supports daily needs for urban and rural residents, aids development, and maintains ecological balance. This study conducted a sampling survey of groundwater in the Wen River basin (WRB), [...] Read more.
Groundwater is essential for water resources, serving as a key drinking source in China. It supports daily needs for urban and rural residents, aids development, and maintains ecological balance. This study conducted a sampling survey of groundwater in the Wen River basin (WRB), assessing hydrochemical features, genesis mechanisms, water quality, and health risks. The findings reveal that groundwater in the WRB is weakly alkaline, with an average total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 755.24 mg/L. Freshwater constitutes approximately 81.48% of the groundwater, with the following order of concentration for cations: Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+, and for anions: HCO3 > SO42− > NO3 > Cl. The predominant hydrochemical types are SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg and HCO3-Ca·Mg. The chemical composition of the groundwater is primarily influenced by silicate rock weathering, dissolution processes, cation exchange, and human activities. The average Environmental Water Quality Index (EWQI) value of 74.65 for the WRB signifies that the overall quality of the groundwater is quite good, indicating that the majority of the groundwater is suitable for drinking purposes. Notably, the inferior quality water is predominantly found downstream of the Wen River. Calculations of the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and percentage of sodium (%Na) indicate that groundwater at most sampling points is suitable for irrigation. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment (HRA) reveals that oral intake presents a greater health risk to individuals than dermal contact. The mean Hazard Index (HI) for children is 3.24, with a staggering 79.89% of non-carcinogenic health risk (NHR) values surpassing the acceptable standards. For adults, the mean HI is 1.39, with 53.44% of NHR values exceeding the standards. These data indicate that children are more susceptible to health risks than adults and that the midstream and downstream of the river exhibit higher health risks compared to the upper reaches. These findings can provide critical data for groundwater quality assessment and risk management in the WRB and offer guidance for future groundwater resource management and pollution control efforts. Full article
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<p>Location map of groundwater sampling points in the WRB.</p>
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<p>Violin curve of groundwater hydrochemical parameters in the WRB.</p>
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<p>Pipper diagram of groundwater chemical components in the WRB.</p>
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<p>Gibbs diagram of groundwater in the WRB.</p>
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<p>Relationship between main ion ratios in groundwater of WRB. ((<b>a</b>) (Ca<sup>2+</sup> + Mg<sup>2+</sup>)/(HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>); (<b>b</b>) (Ca<sup>2+</sup> + Mg<sup>2+</sup>)/HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>; (<b>c</b>) (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> + Cl<sup>−</sup>)/HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>; (<b>d</b>) (Na<sup>+</sup> + K<sup>+</sup>)/Cl<sup>−</sup>).</p>
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<p>Cation exchange in groundwater of the WRB. ((<b>a</b>) (Ca<sup>2+</sup> + Mg<sup>2+</sup>) − (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> − HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>)/(Na<sup>+</sup> − Cl<sup>−</sup>); (<b>b</b>) Relationship diagram between CAI-1 and CAI-2).</p>
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<p>Plots of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> versus SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> versus NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup>. ((<b>a</b>) NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> versus SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup>; (<b>b</b>) Cl<sup>−</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> versus NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup>).</p>
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<p>Distribution characteristics of nitrate in groundwater in the WRB.</p>
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<p>Correlation matrix of groundwater chemical parameters.</p>
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<p>Spatial distribution of drinking WQI in the WRB.</p>
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<p>USSL and Wilcox evaluation maps of irrigation water quality in the WRB. ((<b>a</b>) USSL; (<b>b</b>) Wilcox).</p>
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<p>Distribution characteristics of groundwater health risks in the WRB. ((<b>a</b>) Distribution of adult health risks; (<b>b</b>) Distribution of Health Risks in Children).</p>
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<p>Distribution characteristics of groundwater health risks in the WRB. ((<b>a</b>) Distribution of adult health risks; (<b>b</b>) Distribution of Health Risks in Children).</p>
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11 pages, 526 KiB  
Article
Feed Intake and Growth Performance of Vietnamese Yellow Calves Fed Silages from Intercropped Maize–Soybean and Guinea Grass
by Don V. Nguyen, Beth Penrose, Ngoc B. T. Tran, Huyen T. T. Le, Hong T. Trinh and Stephen Ives
Ruminants 2024, 4(4), 602-612; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants4040041 - 12 Dec 2024
Viewed by 262
Abstract
Combining soybeans with grass or biomass maize in silage holds promise in addressing the nutritional limitations of individual crops, providing a roughage with a good energy–protein balance. This study evaluated the effects of replacing urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) with silages made from intercropped [...] Read more.
Combining soybeans with grass or biomass maize in silage holds promise in addressing the nutritional limitations of individual crops, providing a roughage with a good energy–protein balance. This study evaluated the effects of replacing urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) with silages made from intercropped maize–soybean and Guinea grass (GG) in calf diets on feed intake and growth performance. Sixteen native Yellow calves (130.7 ± 16.1 kg live weight and 12.8 ± 2.6 months old) were used; the experiment had a randomised complete block design with four dietary treatments: Treatment 1 (70% UTRS + 30% GG); Treatment 2 (40% UTRS + 30% GG + 30% Guinea grass silage); Treatment 3 (40% UTRS + 30% GG + 30% Guinea grass–soybean silage); and Treatment 4 (40% UTRS + 30% GG + 30% maize–soybean silage). The animals were fed 0.5 kg concentrate per 100 kg live weight daily, with unlimited access to forage and clean water, for 12 weeks after a two-week adaptation. The results indicate that silages containing soybean increased total weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR); however, silage replacements had no impact on dry matter intake and body conformation, suggesting that Guinea grass–soybean or maize–soybean silage can effectively enhance the ADG and decrease the FCR of growing calves fed UTRS-based diets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Ruminants 2024–2025)
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<p>Row and column spacings for (<b>a</b>) intercropped maize–soybean and (<b>b</b>) monocropped soybean.</p>
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15 pages, 16677 KiB  
Article
Research on the Influence of Symmetrical Installation of Blade on the Sediment Erosion in a Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump
by Xijie Song, Kuizheng Zhu and Zhengwei Wang
Symmetry 2024, 16(12), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16121636 - 11 Dec 2024
Viewed by 358
Abstract
Double suction pumps are widely used in the Yellow River in the China water intake pump stations, which face serious sediment wear. A prediction model for gap erosion in gas-liquid solid three-phase flow was constructed. A gas core factor has been added to [...] Read more.
Double suction pumps are widely used in the Yellow River in the China water intake pump stations, which face serious sediment wear. A prediction model for gap erosion in gas-liquid solid three-phase flow was constructed. A gas core factor has been added to the gap erosion model to achieve accurate prediction of particle impact velocity and impact angle caused by cavitation air core deformation. The influence mechanism of cavitation flow and sand-laden suction vortex on the sediment erosion. Usually, double suction pumps are one type. This study aims to explore the effects of the symmetrical and asymmetrical installation of double suction pump impellers on the wear and energy dissipation of pumps under sediment conditions in three-stage centrifugal pumps. The research results indicate that under symmetrical installation, the wear of the impeller caused by sediment impact is significantly intensified with a maximum velocity of 27 m/s. In contrast, asymmetric installation significantly improves sediment wear, with a maximum velocity of 24.3 m/s. By optimizing the staggered angle on both sides of the impeller, it was found that when the staggered angle was set to 10.85°, the performance of the pump under sediment conditions reached its optimal level, with a minimal erosion rate of 0.000008 kg·m−2·s−1. These results provide an important basis for the design and optimization of three-stage centrifugal pumps in sediment transport and have significant theoretical significance and engineering application value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multi-phase Flow: Symmetry, Asymmetry, and Applications)
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<p>Simulation model of the three-stage pump.</p>
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<p>Three-dimensional entire flow passage model grid.</p>
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<p>Distribution of three-dimensional flow pattern in the units under different schemes.</p>
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<p>Distribution of flow velocity in the impeller under Scheme I.</p>
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<p>Three-dimensional morphology of the vortex in the impeller under Scheme I.</p>
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<p>Distribution of flow velocity in the impeller under Scheme II.</p>
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<p>Three-dimensional morphology of the vortices in the impeller under Scheme II.</p>
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<p>Distribution of flow velocity in the impeller under Scheme III.</p>
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<p>Three-dimensional morphology of the vortices in the impeller under Scheme III.</p>
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<p>Distribution of sediment erosion rate under Scheme I.</p>
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<p>Changes in particle impact velocity and sediment erosion rate under Scheme I.</p>
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<p>Distribution of sediment erosion rate under Scheme II.</p>
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<p>Changes in particle impact velocity and sediment erosion rate under Scheme II.</p>
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<p>Distribution of sediment erosion rate under Scheme III.</p>
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<p>Distribution of sediment erosion rate under Scheme III.</p>
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<p>Changes in particle impact velocity and sediment erosion rate under Scheme III.</p>
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19 pages, 1666 KiB  
Article
Intake of Condensed Tannins (Acacia mearnsii) by Lambs in Confinement and Its Impact on Growth Performance, Rumen Environment, and Meat
by Andrei L. R. Brunetto, Ana Luiza F. dos Santos, Isadora Zago, Guilherme L. Deolino, Luisa Nora, Vitor L. Molosse, Rafael V. P. Lago, Aline de C. Machado, Roger Wagner, Jelson N. Nauderer, Bianca F. Bissacotti, Aniela P. Kempka, Bruna Klein and Aleksandro S. Da Silva
Fermentation 2024, 10(12), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10120630 - 10 Dec 2024
Viewed by 487
Abstract
This study determined whether adding condensed tannins to the diet of confined lamb improves performance, metabolism, health, and meat composition and quality. We used 24 Lacaune lambs with an average initial weight of 24.5 ± 0.24 kg. The animals were divided into 12 [...] Read more.
This study determined whether adding condensed tannins to the diet of confined lamb improves performance, metabolism, health, and meat composition and quality. We used 24 Lacaune lambs with an average initial weight of 24.5 ± 0.24 kg. The animals were divided into 12 pens with two animals each. In the treatment group, a black wattle extract was added to the lamb concentrate (2.5 g/kg dry matter), while the control group received only the basal diet (without extract). Black wattle contained 98.6 g/kg of condensed tannin. There was no difference between the performance variables, which included weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. However, the group fed on condensed tannins showed higher carcass yield and a higher percentage of linked intramuscular fat. In meat, a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids combined with higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids was observed in lambs of the condensed tannin group. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were no different; however, a higher PUFA/SFA ratio was observed in animals with condensed tannin intake, and a higher proportion of ω6 and ω3 was observed in the meat of these animals. The meat’s protein and ash content did not differ between treatments, as did the meat’s water retention capacity, color, and luminosity. Furthermore, animals that fed on condensed tannins had lower cholesterol levels and higher globulin content. The values of erythrogram variables were lower in lambs that consumed condensed tannins. More significant ruminal bacterial activity was also observed in the group receiving condensed tannins. The antioxidant effect was verified with lower thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels and more significant antioxidant enzyme activity. We conclude that adding condensed tannins improves carcass yield and increases the percentage of fat in the carcass, improving the fatty acid profile, which may be linked to the antioxidant effect, in addition to the health benefits of the consumer of this product. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fermentation Technologies for the Production of High-Quality Feed)
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<p>Treatment vs. day interaction and day effect for bacterial activity (MBRT), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), in the rumen fluid of lambs with or without added non-concentrated condensed tannins. Note: 2 Methylene blue reduction test (MBRT)—microbial activity indicator); the shorter the time, the greater the action of bacteria; that is, the less time is needed to consume methylene blue. Means differ between groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05), illustrated by an asterisk (*) on the bars to demonstrate the interaction between treatment and day. The day effect (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05) was illustrated by different capital letters (A, B, C) on the bars.</p>
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<p>Oxidative in meat of lambs fed or not with condensed tannins added to the concentrate (* treatment effect when <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05 and tendency when <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05 and <span class="html-italic">p</span> ˃ 0.10).</p>
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<p>Effect of treatment on the sum of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the meat of lamb fed condensed tannins, as well as omega 3 and 6. * Difference between groups was demonstrated when <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05.</p>
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12 pages, 1136 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Fluid Restriction and Intake Conditions on the Shooting Performance of Competitive Adolescent Handball Players
by Erdem Uylas, Egemen Mancı, Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez, Cem Şeref Bediz and Erkan Günay
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4246; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234246 - 9 Dec 2024
Viewed by 763
Abstract
(1) Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of fluid restriction and intake (water vs. sports drink) on shooting accuracy and speed in adolescent handball players, a population with high sensitivity to hydration levels yet understudied in this context. (2) Methods: A [...] Read more.
(1) Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of fluid restriction and intake (water vs. sports drink) on shooting accuracy and speed in adolescent handball players, a population with high sensitivity to hydration levels yet understudied in this context. (2) Methods: A total of 47 adolescent competitive handball players (15.04 ± 1.5 years) were included in this study, and the participants were divided into low, average, and high performance according to their shooting performance in the familiarization session. All participants were exposed to fluid restriction and intake conditions during handball training on different days. Before and after the training sessions, changes in shooting accuracy and speed were evaluated. (3) Results: The training protocol resulted in body mass loss in the Average Performer group (p = 0.001). Compared to fluid restriction, fluid intake (water intake and sports drink intake) post-training had a positive main effect on shooting accuracy, F(2, 88) = 34.32, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.44, and shooting speed, F(1, 61) = 4.05, p = 0.35, ηp2 = 0.84. (4) Conclusions: Hydration level plays an important role in shooting accuracy and speed performance in adolescent handball players. Therefore, fluid intake integrated into training or match sessions may contribute to the maintenance and improvement of shooting performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of the Hydration Status on Exercise Performance)
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<p>The design of the study.</p>
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<p>Three-way ANOVA results of the body mass change between performance groups and fluid intake conditions. The <b>left panel</b> (LP), <b>average panel</b> (AP), and <b>right panel</b> (HP) groups are shown. The light-colored column represents pre-test values, and the dark-colored column represents post-test values. The vertical axis represents body mass values.</p>
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<p>Three-way ANOVA results of the shooting accuracy change between performance groups and fluid intake conditions. The <b>left panel</b> (LP), <b>average panel</b> (AP), and <b>right panel</b> (HP) groups are shown. The light-colored column represents pre-test values, and the dark-colored column represents post-test values. The vertical axis represents body mass values. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p>
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<p>Three-way ANOVA results of the shooting speed change between the performance groups and fluid intake conditions. The <b>left panel</b> (LP), <b>average panel</b> (AP), and <b>right panel</b> (HP) groups are shown. The light-colored column represents pre-test values, and the dark-colored column represents post-test values. The vertical axis represents body mass values. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p>
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14 pages, 2300 KiB  
Article
Effect of Milk Replacer Feeding Level and Concentration on Feed Utilization, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Hanwoo Calves
by Wangyong Jeong, Sang Rak Lee, Youngjun Na and Yongjun Choi
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233487 - 3 Dec 2024
Viewed by 413
Abstract
This study aims to determine appropriate milk replacer feeding amounts and concentrations for artificial suckling of Hanwoo calves by analyzing growth and blood parameters in response to varying feeding levels and concentrations. A total of 90 Hanwoo calves (45 females; 45 males) (Mean [...] Read more.
This study aims to determine appropriate milk replacer feeding amounts and concentrations for artificial suckling of Hanwoo calves by analyzing growth and blood parameters in response to varying feeding levels and concentrations. A total of 90 Hanwoo calves (45 females; 45 males) (Mean weight 30.84 (3.61) kg; females 29.22 (3.47) kg; males 32.46 (2.99) kg) were allocated in the experiment. The treatment design consisted of a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement, resulting in 9 treatment groups based on milk replacer feeding levels and concentrations. Milk replacer feeding levels were set at 10, 20, and 30% of calf body weight, while concentrations were 15, 20, and 25%. The blood parameters, average daily gain, feed efficiency, diarrhea incidence, feed intake, and water intake were measured. Optimal feed intake was observed at milk replacer levels above 4.0% DM of BW (20% of body weight × 20% concentration) (p < 0.05). Maximum average daily gain was achieved with 4.5% DM of BW (30% of body weight × 15% concentration). The 25% milk replacer concentration showed reduced growth performance and increased diarrhea incidence compared with lower concentrations. Blood parameters remained unaffected across treatments. For 30-day-old Hanwoo calves, the ideal feeding regimen appears to be 4.5% DM of BW (30% of body weight × 15% concentration) divided into four daily feedings. However, for younger calves or when digestive issues are a concern, a two-phase approach is recommended: 3.0% DM of BW (20% of body weight × 15% concentration) for the first 10 days, followed by an increase to 4.5% DM of BW (30% of body weight × 15% concentration) thereafter. This feeding strategy aims to optimize growth performance while minimizing potential digestive disturbances during the critical early development stage of Hanwoo calves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
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<p>Experimental Hanwoo calf sawdust bedded pack barn: (<b>a</b>) sawdust bedded pack barn; (<b>b</b>) grain feeding bottle.</p>
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<p>Changes in milk replacer intake (<b>a</b>), milk replacer dry matter intake (<b>b</b>), average daily gain (<b>c</b>), and feed conversion ratio by the daily milk replacer supply quantity in Hanwoo calves (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 10) (<b>d</b>). O, milk replacer intake (quadratic effect, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001); Δ, milk replacer dry matter intake (quadratic effect, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001). □, average daily gain (quadratic effect, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001); ×, feed conversion ratio (quadratic effect, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001).</p>
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<p>Diarrhea occurrence number according to daily milk replacer fed amount and milk replacer concentration in Hanwoo calves. □, 15% of DM; ▩, 20% of DM; ▧, 25% of DM. * Means significantly different compared to other treatments in the range of 0.05 ≤ <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.10.3.5. Common Blood Cell.</p>
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13 pages, 2000 KiB  
Article
Convective Drying with the Application of Ultrasonic Pre-Treatment: The Effect of Applied Conditions on the Selected Properties of Dried Apples
by Ewa Jakubczyk, Katarzyna Rybak, Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert, Artur Wiktor, Rafał Rąbkowski and Małgorzata Nowacka
Foods 2024, 13(23), 3893; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13233893 - 3 Dec 2024
Viewed by 454
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound used as a preliminary treatment and drying temperature on the properties of dried apples (var. Golden Delicious). The aim of the work was also to optimise the process in terms of [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound used as a preliminary treatment and drying temperature on the properties of dried apples (var. Golden Delicious). The aim of the work was also to optimise the process in terms of reducing the drying time and obtaining a product with specific properties. The apple tissue was sonicated for various times from 30 to 60 min. Then, the tissue was air-dried with a constant air flow of 55 to 85 °C. The work determined the dry substance content, water activity, colour parameters, content, antioxidant activity, and hygroscopicity of the dried material. The drying kinetics were also analysed. The results showed that the decrease in sonification time increased the dry matter content and reduced water activity. Also, the decrease in drying temperature caused a smaller intake of water and led to a lower hygroscopicity of dried apples. The selected parameters of the process had a positive effect on the preservation of bioactive compounds and led to an increase in antioxidant activity. Experimental results were adapted by a second-order polynomial model, where analysis of variance was utilized to define optimal drying conditions. Therefore, considering the shortest drying time, the lowest colour difference, ΔE, and the highest antioxidant activity, the best condition for the drying of apple tissue can be obtained with the application of 30 min of samples sonication and drying of apples at a temperature of 80.9 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods in Food Processing and Analysis)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
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<p>Effect of US pre-treatment and drying temperature on (<b>a</b>) EC 50 ABTS and (<b>b</b>) Polyphenols content of dried apples. T-55, T-70, T-80: drying temperature of 50, 70, and 80 °C. US30, US45, US60: sonification time of 30, 45, and 60 min. The different letters indicate the significant difference between the values in the bars.</p>
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<p>Drying curves of dried apples with and without ultrasonic pre-treatment. T-55, T-70, T-80: drying temperature of 50, 70, and 80 °C. US30, US45, US60: sonification time of 30, 45, and 60 min.</p>
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<p>Response surface plots of some selected attributes: (<b>a</b>) dry matter; (<b>b</b>) water activity, (<b>c</b>) hygroscopicity (water content after 24 h of sorption), (<b>d</b>) EC<sub>50</sub> ABTS, (<b>e</b>) drying time depending on the drying temperature and time of US pre-treatment of apples.</p>
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<p>Response plot for desirability of dried apples as a function of drying temperature and time of ultrasonic pre-treatment.</p>
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22 pages, 4788 KiB  
Article
City Residents Play a Pivotal Role in Managing Global Food Security While Improving Human Health and Minimizing Environmental Footprints
by Jan-Olof Drangert
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234176 - 30 Nov 2024
Viewed by 713
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Improved global data allow for a new understanding of what impact the food we produce, eat and dispose of has on the environment, human health and Nature’s resources. The overall goal is to guide decision-makers and individuals by providing in-depth knowledge about [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Improved global data allow for a new understanding of what impact the food we produce, eat and dispose of has on the environment, human health and Nature’s resources. The overall goal is to guide decision-makers and individuals by providing in-depth knowledge about the effects of their dietary preferences on human and environmental health. Methods: The method is to investigate ways to reduce environmental degradation and to secure healthy food supplies in an urbanizing world, and to quantify the options. Results: Reviewed articles show that by eating less meat-based food and more plant-based and soilless food, as well as reducing food waste and recycling urban-disposed nutrients as fertilizers, we could reduce agriculture’s land requirement by 50% to 70% while still securing a healthy food supply. Less land under cultivation and pasture would reduce global emissions to air and water to a similar extent, and allow Nature to reclaim freed areas in order to catch more carbon and rejuvenate biodiversity. Thus, we could avoid further environmental degradation such as the current clearing of new fields needed under a business-as-usual regime. Presently, some 17 million people die each year due to poor diets, which is more than double the 7 million deaths since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. A return to more plant-based diets with unchanged intake of proteins but less calories, sugar, salt and fat combined with less red meat and ultra-processed food would reduce foremost non-communicable diseases by up to 20% and prolong life. The article suggests that the international focus has gradually turned to the food sector’s big contribution to climate change, biodiversity loss and harmful chemicals as well as to poor human health. It argues that this century’s rapid population growth and urbanization give urban residents a pivotal role in food’s impact on agricultural areas, which today cover half of the globe’s inhabitable areas. Their food demand, rather than the activities of farmers, fishermen or loggers, will guide remedial measures to be taken by individuals, industry and the public sector. A tool to calculate the potential environmental footprints of individual or societal measures is presented. Conclusions: Measures to make the agrifood sector more sustainable are still pending full recognition in international fora such as the UN COP Summits. Smart cities fitted with infrastructures to recycle macro- and micro-nutrients and organic matter have the potential to ameliorate human-induced impacts such as emissions to air and water bodies, crossing planetary boundaries, and polluting extraction of N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus) and K (potassium). Rapid results are within reach since dietary change and the turn-around time of nutrients in food is short compared to decades or centuries for recycled materials in cars or buildings. Full article
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<p>Development of the world’s actual and expected population from 1800 to 2100 in urban and rural areas. The yellow- and pink-shaded areas can be used as a proxy of the volume of excreta, urine or consumed food by urban residents in the first and second halves of the present century, respectively. The red vertical lines represent amounts of urine or food in the given years. Sources: Demographic data from [<a href="#B9-nutrients-16-04176" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B13-nutrients-16-04176" class="html-bibr">13</a>].</p>
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<p>Conceptual framework connecting selected dietary options to human and environmental health.</p>
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<p>Food’s contribution (proportions in red) to global emissions and resource appropriation. An example of the effects of a 2/3 reduction in animal-based diets, while compensating with plant-based food to provide the same amounts of proteins and calories. Source: Created from data in [<a href="#B17-nutrients-16-04176" class="html-bibr">17</a>].</p>
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<p>The El Bosco high-rise apartment buildings in Milan Italy with trees on balconies [<a href="#B71-nutrients-16-04176" class="html-bibr">71</a>]. Photo: Paolo Rosselli (2017) by courtesy of Stefano Boeri Architetti.</p>
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<p>Greenhouse producing leafy vegetables inside a shopping center in Sweden. Photo: Jan-Olof Drangert.</p>
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<p>Roadway required by the same 80 passengers traveling by car, bicycle or bus. Freed city space allows for green streets and roofs. Source: Adapted from [<a href="#B76-nutrients-16-04176" class="html-bibr">76</a>].</p>
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<p>Required agricultural area to feed the world. Left bar: 23% plant-based and 77% animal-based food production in the year 2000. Middle bar: with business as usual in the year 2100, the required land area to feed 11 billion people is 80% larger than in the year 2000. Right bar: alternative with a 2/3 reduction in animal-based diets and an increase in plant-based diets while retaining an unaltered intake of protein and calories. Reduced food waste, soilless food products and increased use of urban-mined NPK can further reduce agricultural areas (striped area). Figure created with data from [<a href="#B17-nutrients-16-04176" class="html-bibr">17</a>] and <a href="#sec3dot1dot4-nutrients-16-04176" class="html-sec">Section 3.1.4</a>.</p>
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<p>The impact of the three measures of dietary change, food waste reduction and soilless food production on the size of the agriculture area in the year 2100. Productivity increases achieved by recycled urban-mined nutrients as fertilizers would allow for even less land to be cultivated. Diet’s impact on death rates (% in blue). Sources: Inspired by [<a href="#B7-nutrients-16-04176" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B8-nutrients-16-04176" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p>
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15 pages, 2663 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Individual Impacts of Human Activities on Streamflow Changes Using SWAT Model
by Jeongwoo Lee, Jeong Eun Lee, Chul-Gyum Kim and Il-Moon Chung
Water 2024, 16(23), 3455; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233455 - 30 Nov 2024
Viewed by 520
Abstract
Understanding streamflow behavior under the influence of climate change and human activities is crucial for developing adaptation strategies and policies for water resource planning and management. However, detecting natural or negligible impact periods is challenging. We aimed to distinguish human impacts on streamflow [...] Read more.
Understanding streamflow behavior under the influence of climate change and human activities is crucial for developing adaptation strategies and policies for water resource planning and management. However, detecting natural or negligible impact periods is challenging. We aimed to distinguish human impacts on streamflow changes during the affected period using direct data for each human activity by using a hydrological modeling approach in the Gamcheon watershed in South Korea. To this end, a physical-based, semi-distributed hydrological model, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), was applied. The model was set up using climatic and spatial data on watershed characteristics and data on human activities, such as dam operation and water use. Several simulations of runoff, each considering only one human activity, were performed, and the results were compared with those of the naturalized streamflow to determine the individual impacts on changes in streamflow. The combined effects of human activities on streamflow changes were not significant; however, the individual impacts were evident. The 10th lowest flow rate in a year, affected by stream water intake, groundwater pumping, dam operation, and treated sewage water discharge, changed by −13.7%, −54.0%, 34.0%, and 38.4% relative to the natural flow, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hydrology)
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<p>Study area.</p>
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<p>Comparison of observed and simulated streamflows at Seonjugyo gauging station. (<b>a</b>) Daily streamflow. (<b>b</b>) Calibration period (2012–2016). (<b>c</b>) Validation period (2017–2020).</p>
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<p>A comparison of the simulated daily streamflow, considering dam operation at the watershed outlet, with that of the natural state.</p>
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<p>A comparison of the simulated daily streamflow, considering stream water withdrawal at the watershed outlet, with that of the natural state.</p>
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<p>A comparison of the simulated daily streamflow, considering groundwater withdrawal at the watershed outlet, with that of the natural state.</p>
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<p>A comparison of the simulated daily streamflow, considering sewage-treated water discharge at the watershed outlet, with that of the natural state.</p>
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<p>A comparison of flow duration curves at the watershed outlet for impacted conditions: (<b>a</b>) regular FDC and (<b>b</b>) enlarged FDC.</p>
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<p>Monthly streamflow changes under individual human impacts at the Gamcheon watershed outlet.</p>
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<p>Monthly streamflow change rates under individual human impacts at the Gamcheon watershed outlet.</p>
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14 pages, 545 KiB  
Article
Validity of a Web-Based 24-Hour Dietary Recall of Energy and Nutrient Intakes in Japanese Adults
by Misako Nakadate, Shunichiro Kobayashi, Junko Ishihara, Ribeka Takachi, Shiori Sugawara, Yuchie Hoshina, Kumiko Kito, Ayaka Kotemori, Sachiko Maruya, Aoi Suzuki, Taku Obara, Mami Ishikuro, Fumihiko Ueno, Aoi Noda, Misato Aizawa, Ippei Takahashi, Yudai Yonezawa, Takahiro Yamashita, Shigenori Suzuki, Keiko Murakami and Shinichi Kuriyamaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4140; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234140 - 29 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Recently, web-based dietary assessment tools for the targeted population have been developed and used to estimate the dietary intake level in several epidemiological studies. This study aimed to examine the validity of estimating energy and nutrient intake by the web-based 24 h dietary [...] Read more.
Recently, web-based dietary assessment tools for the targeted population have been developed and used to estimate the dietary intake level in several epidemiological studies. This study aimed to examine the validity of estimating energy and nutrient intake by the web-based 24 h dietary recall (Web24HR), which we developed for the Japanese population. Overall, 228 adults aged ≥20 years who agreed to participate were included. Web24HR was administered three times per person: twice within 3 weeks and once 3 months later. The data on 3-day weighed food records (WFR) at 3-month intervals in the four seasons were collected using the reference method. The intake of energy and nutrients between Web24HR and WFR were compared using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and the Bland–Altman analysis. As results, the correlations were moderate for both men (median r = 0.51) and women (median r = 0.38) except for iodine, retinol, retinol equivalents, and β-tocopherol. The Bland–Altman method revealed that the bias in intake was within ±10% for most nutrients, except for cholesterol, iodine, vitamin C, and the water content, in both sexes. Additionally, monounsaturated fatty acids in men and β-cryptoxanthin in women exhibited an underestimation of more than 10%. In conclusion, the Web24HR intake assessment showed moderate correlations for most nutrients in both sexes. The bias in intake was within ±10% for most nutrients, but there were discrepancies for some nutrients. This tool’s performance is comparable to Japan’s standard dietary exposure assessment methods and will be helpful for future applications in epidemiological studies, though caution is needed for certain nutrient assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)
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<p>Study scheme. <sup>a</sup> Owing to the impact of the epidemic of COVID-19 infection in 2020, the study scheduled for May 2020 or later was postponed for one year, and the third for the winter-start group of Web24HR was cancelled. <sup>b</sup> Three individuals declined to participate in the study prior to its implementation and 12 declined to participate during the study period. <sup>c</sup> One individual declined to participate in the Web24HR only, and 3 did not respond to Web24HR. <sup>d</sup> Two participants who were unable to complete the Web24HR twice within 3 weeks of WFR implementation were excluded. WFR, 12-day weighed food record; Web24HR, the AWARDJP by web-based 24 h recall dietary assessment method.</p>
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23 pages, 6443 KiB  
Article
Groundwater Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment in Typical Industrial Parks in Southwest China
by Haoyu Wu, Xin Wang, Huarui Ren, Min Gao, Jun Cai and Jinping Cheng
Water 2024, 16(23), 3435; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233435 - 29 Nov 2024
Viewed by 443
Abstract
This research investigates heavy metals in groundwater from typical industrial parks in Southwest China, in addition to their pollution characteristics and health risks. The findings revealed that the concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Cu in three typical industrial parks in Southwest China exceeded [...] Read more.
This research investigates heavy metals in groundwater from typical industrial parks in Southwest China, in addition to their pollution characteristics and health risks. The findings revealed that the concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Cu in three typical industrial parks in Southwest China exceeded the Class III thresholds of China groundwater quality standards (GB/T 14848-2017, 2017), while the concentrations of the remaining heavy metals remained within the standards. Enterprise production activities and other external factors influenced the spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in groundwater. In industrial park MY, Cd and As had homology, and their sources were primarily the packaging and printing, bioengineering, and pharmaceutical industries. Fe and As had homology in industrial park HZ, and their sources were primarily wine and beverage production and the cement and concrete sector; Cd and Cr had homology in industrial park LG, and their sources were principally new materials industries. According to the HPI and HEI assessment criteria, the three industrial parks have minimal environmental contamination. The human health risk assessment results indicate that children have a higher health risk than adults, and drinking water intake is the primary risk exposure pathway for heavy metals in groundwater. The non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in the groundwater of the three industrial parks was tolerable for different populations exposed via various pathways; nonetheless, As, Cd, and Cr were discovered to have carcinogenic risk in the three industrial parks. The study’s findings can be used as a valuable reference for managing local groundwater in typical industrial parks in Southwest China. Full article
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Map of industrial park MY study area; (<b>b</b>) Map of industrial park HZ study area; (<b>c</b>) Map of industrial park LG study area.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Map of industrial park MY study area; (<b>b</b>) Map of industrial park HZ study area; (<b>c</b>) Map of industrial park LG study area.</p>
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<p>Spatial distribution of heavy metals in industrial park MY.</p>
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<p>Spatial distribution of heavy metals in industrial park MY.</p>
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<p>Spatial distribution of heavy metals in industrial park HZ.</p>
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<p>Spatial distribution of heavy metals in industrial park HZ.</p>
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<p>Spatial distribution of heavy metals in industrial park LG.</p>
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<p>Spatial distribution of heavy metals in industrial park LG.</p>
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<p>Pearson correlation analyses among the groundwater heavy metals. * indicated a significant correlation at the level of 0.05; ** indicated a significant correlation at the level of 0.01.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Cluster analysis of heavy metal elements in groundwater in industrial park MY; (<b>b</b>) cluster analysis of heavy metal elements in groundwater in industrial park HZ; (<b>c</b>) cluster analysis of heavy metal elements in groundwater in industrial park LG.</p>
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<p>HPI and HEI values in industrial parks MY, HZ, and LG.</p>
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16 pages, 3677 KiB  
Article
Plant Microbe Interaction—Predicting the Pathogen Internalization Through Stomata Using Computational Neural Network Modeling
by Linze Li, Shakeel Ahmed, Mukhtar Iderawumi Abdulraheem, Fida Hussain, Hao Zhang, Junfeng Wu, Vijaya Raghavan, Lulu Xu, Geng Kuan and Jiandong Hu
Foods 2024, 13(23), 3848; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13233848 - 28 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Foodborne disease presents a substantial challenge to researchers, as foliar water intake greatly influences pathogen internalization via stomata. Comprehending plant–pathogen interactions, especially under fluctuating humidity and temperature circumstances, is crucial for formulating ways to prevent pathogen ingress and diminish foodborne hazards. This study [...] Read more.
Foodborne disease presents a substantial challenge to researchers, as foliar water intake greatly influences pathogen internalization via stomata. Comprehending plant–pathogen interactions, especially under fluctuating humidity and temperature circumstances, is crucial for formulating ways to prevent pathogen ingress and diminish foodborne hazards. This study introduces a computational model utilizing neural networks to anticipate pathogen internalization via stomata, contrasting with previous research that emphasized biocontrol techniques. Computational modeling assesses the likelihood and duration of internalization for bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella enterica (S. enterica), considering various environmental factors including humidity and temperature. The estimated likelihood ranges from 0.6200 to 0.8820, while the internalization time varies from 4000 s to 5080 s, assessed at 50% and 100% humidity levels. The difference in internalization time, roughly 1042.73 s shorter at 100% humidity, correlates with a 26.2% increase in the likelihood of internalization, rising from 0.6200 to 0.8820. A neural network model has been developed to quantitatively predict these values, thereby enhancing the understanding of plant–microbe interactions. These methods will aid researchers in understanding plant–pathogen interactions, especially in environments characterized by varying humidity and temperature and are essential for formulating strategies to prevent pathogen ingress and tackle foodborne illnesses within a technologically advanced context. Full article
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<p>Pathogen insertion linked with foliar water uptake by plants.</p>
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<p>Design of Feed Forward Neural Network.</p>
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<p>Likelihood of bacterial pathogen internalization ranging from 0.6200 to 0.8820 based on 50% and 100% of humidity levels.</p>
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<p>Effect of Temperature and Humidity (50% RH) on Internalization time (Propagation Time) at 50% of humidity, depicting bacteria took more time at lower humidity.</p>
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<p>Effect of Temperature and Humidity (100% RH) on Propagation Time.</p>
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<p>R<sup>2</sup> for the time range between 4680 s and 4740 s.</p>
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<p>R<sup>2</sup> value for extended range of simulated time.</p>
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17 pages, 7069 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of the VFSMOD Model in Simulating Sediment Trapping by a Vegetative Filter Strip: Case of the Lobo Reservoir in Daloa (Central–West Côte d’Ivoire)
by Tanoh Jean-Jacques Koua, Kouakou Hervé Kouassi, Kouakou Lazare Kouassi, Koffi Alfred Allou and Jaehak Jeong
Earth 2024, 5(4), 928-944; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth5040048 - 27 Nov 2024
Viewed by 725
Abstract
The Lobo reservoir, designed to supply water to the Daloa city population (central west of Côte d’Ivoire), is facing the phenomenon of eutrophication due to the agricultural plots located upstream of the reservoir inputs. Studies have highlighted the reservoir pollution and sedimentation problems. [...] Read more.
The Lobo reservoir, designed to supply water to the Daloa city population (central west of Côte d’Ivoire), is facing the phenomenon of eutrophication due to the agricultural plots located upstream of the reservoir inputs. Studies have highlighted the reservoir pollution and sedimentation problems. This study was initiated to test the effectiveness of a transfer model in the fight against the eutrophication problem. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal width of a vegetative filter strip on the banks of the Lobo reservoir, where the water intake installations of the drunk water company SODECI are located, using the VFSMOD model. The methodological approach is structured into four (4) main stages: 1—Evaluation of runoff from the source of pollution (contributing surface) during a rainy episode; 2—Calculation of the incoming runoff volume and the sediment load; 3—Simulation of runoff reduction and incoming sediments within the grassy filter strip; and 4—Determination of the optimal width of the grassy strip. The results obtained showed a contributing source area of 13.5 ha and 2% as the average slope. A runoff volume of 4680 m3 coming from the source of pollution is reduced by 1119 m3 (24%) through a grassy strip that is 3 m wide. The sediment load goes from 132 kg to 33 kg, a reduction of 75% in the quantity of sediment entering. The scenarios tested showed that a grassy strip width equal to 3 m should allow for a reduction of 75% of upstream sediments. This grassy strip width of 3 m should be considered for implementing a vegetative filter strip around the Lobo reservoir. Full article
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<p>Sketch of a vegetative filtering strip to be implemented on a bank of the Lobo water reservoir.</p>
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<p>Geographic location of the study site (Lobo reservoir).</p>
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<p>Hydrographic network of the study site within the Lobo reservoir watershed.</p>
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<p>Source of pollution area and filter strip in VFSMOD, modified from [<a href="#B14-earth-05-00048" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</p>
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<p>Summary of the methodology followed to determine the optimal width of the vegetative filter strip using VFSMOD.</p>
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<p>Hydrograph of the rain event studied.</p>
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<p>Hyetogram of the contributing surface area.</p>
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<p>Evolution of outgoing flow as a function of the bandwidth.</p>
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<p>Runoff reduction by the vegetative filter strip was simulated.</p>
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<p>Reduction in sediment load by the vegetative filter strip was simulated.</p>
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14 pages, 6192 KiB  
Article
Blackout and Crisis Water Supply: Diversification of Water Intakes
by Krzysztof Boryczko, Natalia Wazna and Maciej Kawalerski
Water 2024, 16(23), 3370; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233370 - 23 Nov 2024
Viewed by 461
Abstract
Ensuring a reliable water supply during crisis situations is an essential global challenge as disruptions can severely affect public health and safety. Despite advances in crisis management, significant gaps persist in the preparedness of many cities to maintain water access during emergencies such [...] Read more.
Ensuring a reliable water supply during crisis situations is an essential global challenge as disruptions can severely affect public health and safety. Despite advances in crisis management, significant gaps persist in the preparedness of many cities to maintain water access during emergencies such as blackouts. The aim of this work was to develop a concept of crisis water supply for the city of Lubaczow. The theoretical part presents legal aspects related to crisis management, a description of the blackout, the characteristics of the city and issues related to the water supply system in Lubaczow. Based on the data obtained, water balance calculations were performed based on a crisis situation and several variants of solutions for a crisis water supply were proposed. Based on the results of a survey conducted among city residents, the level of residents’ awareness of the blackout was determined. The graphic part includes the location of water intake points. Full article
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<p>Emergency water supply flowchart.</p>
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<p>Spacing of water collection points with four tanks and a range of 750 m.</p>
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<p>Spacing of water collection points with eight tanks and a range of 500 m.</p>
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