Search Results (1,172)

Scientific identification of ecological sources and corridors is crucial in constructing an ecological security pattern (ESP). To develop an ESP tailored to the scale of central urban areas in megacities, this study takes Central Beijing as the research object. It innovatively integrates the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST), the morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA), and the Conefor software to identify ecological sources. Seven indicators related to topographic, natural conditions, and human disturbance factors are selected to build the ecological resistance surface, which is then combined with circuit theory to construct the ESP. The results show the following: (1) Central Beijing contains 157 ecological sources, primarily distributed in the western, northern, and eastern regions, with woodland as the dominant land type. (2) A total of 439 ecological corridors were extracted, including 317 key ecological corridors and 122 inactive ecological corridors. (3) The identified ecological pinch points are mainly the Jingmi Diversion Canal and the West Moat. (4) The identified ecological barriers are spread throughout the entire study area. The results of this study are highly significant for improving the quality of ecological security and protecting biodiversity in the study area and other urban centers. Full article

Repeated expeditions across various regions of Georgia in the early 2000s led to the identification of 434 wild grapevine individuals (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (C.C. Gmel.) Hegi) across 127 different sites, with 45% of these sites containing only a single vine and only 7% more than 9 vines. A total of 70 accessions were propagated in a germplasm collection, 41 of them were descripted from the ampelographic point of view and 32 from the phenological one. The geographical and ecological analysis confirmed that wild grapevines primarily grow in humid environments with warm and fully humid climates, often near rivers. They favor deep, fertile, and evolved soils, mainly alluvial and cinnamonic types (80%), with a marginal presence on strongly eroded soils. Their main natural vegetations are forests and open woodlands, with some individuals in the Southeast found in steppes. The altitudinal range spans from 0 to 1200 m, with 80% of vines distributed between 400 and 900 m. The phenological analysis revealed significant differences among the accessions but no difference among populations, with only a slight variation in bud-break timing, indicating a high level of synchronicity overall. Flowering timing proved to be the most uniform stage, suggesting minimal environmental pressure on genetic adaptation. The mature leaf morphology exhibited significant polymorphism, though leaves were generally three- or five-lobed, weak-wrinkling, and -blistering, with a low density of hairs. Bunch and berry morphology were more uniform. Bunches were consistently very small, cylindrical, and never dense or winged. Berries were also very small, mostly globular, always blue-black in color, and non-aromatic. A striking feature was the frequency of red flesh coloration, which ranged from weak to strong, with uncolored flesh being rare. The Georgian population of wild grapevines was found to be fragmented, often consisting of scattered single individuals or small groups. Therefore, we believe it is urgent for Georgia to implement specific protection measures to preserve this vital genetic resource. Full article

Species belonging to the Pezizales are mainly saprobes in nature. They are most commonly observed in woodlands and humid environments. As a result of recent research conducted on the distribution of species in sandy areas and some National Forests Parks, five new species belonging to three genera were identified. A total of five species of disk fungi from Northeast China were identified and described based on morphological classification and molecular phylogenetics. These included Pulvinula (Pulvinula elsenensis, Pulvinula sublaeterubra), Microstoma (Microstoma jilinense, Microstoma changchunense), and Sarcoscypha (Sarcoscypha hongshiensis). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were performed using a combined nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and nuc 28S rDNA (nrLSU) dataset for the construction of phylogenetic trees. Morphological descriptions, line illustrations, and photographs of the ascocarps of these new species are provided, along with lists of the salient attributes exhibited by the species in the three genera under consideration. Full article

Global climate fluctuations pose challenges not only to natural environments but also to the conservation and transmission of human cultural and historical heritage. World Heritage Sites are pivotal regions for studying climate change impacts and devising adaptation strategies, with remote sensing technology showcasing significant utility in monitoring these impacts, especially in the Mediterranean region’s diverse and sensitive climate context. Although existing work has begun to explore the role of remote sensing in monitoring the effects of climate change, detailed analysis of the spatial distribution and temporal trends of landscape stability remains limited. Leveraging remote sensing data and its derived products, this study assessed climate change impacts on the Causses and Cévennes Heritage Site, a typical Mediterranean heritage landscape. Specifically, this study utilized remote sensing data to analyze the trends in various climatic factors from 1985 to 2020. The landscape stability model was developed utilizing land cover information and landscape indicators to explore the landscape stability and its distribution features within the study area. Finally, we adopted the Geographical Detector to quantify the extent to which climatic factors influence the landscape stability’s spatial distribution across different periods. The results demonstrated that (1) the climate showed a warming and drying pattern during the study period, with distinct climate characteristics in different zones. (2) The dominance of woodland decreased (area proportion dropped from 76% to 66.5%); transitions primarily occurred among woodland, cropland, shrubland, and grasslands; landscape fragmentation intensified; and development towards diversification and uniformity was observed. (3) Significant spatiotemporal differences in landscape stability within the heritage site were noted, with an overall downward trend. (4) Precipitation had a high contribution rate in factor detection, with the interactive enhancement effects between temperature and precipitation being the most prominent. The present study delivers a thorough examination of how climate change affects the Causses and Cévennes Heritage Landscape, reveals its vulnerabilities, and offers crucial information for sustainable conservation efforts. Moreover, the results offer guidance for the preservation of similar Mediterranean heritage sites and contribute to the advancement and deepening of global heritage conservation initiatives. Full article

Forest management plans are the bibles of forest management. On the basis of these plans, farmers play essential roles in forest cultivation, protection, and utilization. After the forest tenure reform in the 2000s in China, the status of farmers has changed. For example, collective management has decreased and household management has become a leading structure of operation and management. Farmer’s dependence on income from forests has increased, which is reflected in their increased participation in management. However, insights into farmers’ perceptions of and willingness to participate in the formulation of forest management plans are insufficient. This study analyzes the factors influencing farmers’ participation by using an econometric model based on 1752 samples of farmer households from 10 counties. The empirical results reveal that according to farmers, forest type and property rights influence their willingness to participate in the formulation of forest management plans. In addition, whether there is a village leader, the village distance from town, the circulation of forest land, the area of woodland, timber price, and forestry income have a significant positive impact on farmers’ willingness to participate in forest management plan formulation; the level of education and non-agricultural income have a significant negative impact on farmers’ willingness to participate in forest management program development. Finally, this study proposes to improve and deepen the reform of the forest ownership system, encourage land circulation, and give play to the role of village leaders in promoting the participation of farmers in forest management plans, so as to improve the efficiency of forest management. Full article

Evidence of unintended introductions of Phytophthora species into native habitats has become increasingly prevalent in California. If not managed adequately, Phytophthora species can become devastating agricultural and forest plant pathogens. Additionally, California’s natural areas, characterized by a Mediterranean climate and dominated by chaparral (evergreen, drought-tolerant shrubs) and oak woodlands, lack sufficient baseline knowledge on Phytophthora biology and ecology, hindering effective management efforts. From 2018 to 2021, soil samples were collected from Angeles National Forest lands (Los Angeles County) with the objective of better understanding the diversity and distribution of Phytophthora species in Southern California. Forty sites were surveyed, and soil samples were taken from plant rhizospheres, riverbeds, and off-road vehicle tracks in chaparral and oak woodland areas. From these surveys, fourteen species of Phytophthora were detected, including P. cactorum (subclade 1a), P. multivora (subclade 2c), P. sp. cadmea (subclade 7a), P. taxon ‘oakpath’ (subclade 8e, first reported in this study), and several clade-6 species, including P. crassamura. Phytophthora species detected in rhizosphere soil were found underneath both symptomatic and asymptomatic plants and were most frequently associated with Salvia mellifera, Quercus agrifolia, and Salix sp. Phytophthora species were present in both chaparral and oak woodland areas and primarily in riparian areas, including detections in off-road tracks, trails, and riverbeds. Although these Mediterranean ecosystems are among the driest and most fire-prone areas in the United States, they harbor a large diversity of Phytophthora species, indicating a potential risk for disease for native Californian vegetation. Full article

Protein S-acyl transferases (PATs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze protein S-acylation, a post-translational lipid modification involved in protein membrane targeting, trafficking, stability, and protein–protein interaction. S-acylation plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Here, we report the genome-wide analysis of the PAT family genes in the woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca), a model plant for studying the economically important Rosaceae family. In total, 21 ‘Asp-His-His-Cys’ Cys Rich Domain (DHHC-CRD)-containing sequences were identified, named here as FvPAT1-21. Expression profiling by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that all the 21 FvPATs were expressed ubiquitously in seedlings and different tissues from adult plants, with notably high levels present in vegetative tissues and young fruits. Treating seedlings with hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) rapidly increased the transcription of most FvPATs. A complementation assay in yeast PAT mutant akr1 and auto-S-acylation assay of one FvPAT (FvPAT19) confirmed its enzyme activity where the Cys in the DHHC motif was required. An AlphaFold prediction of the DHHC and the mutated DHHC155S of FvPAT19 provided further proof of the importance of C155 in fatty acid binding. Together, our data clearly demonstrated that S-acylation catalyzed by FvPATs plays important roles in growth, development, and stress signaling in strawberries. These preliminary results could contribute to further research to understand S-acylation in strawberries and plants in general. Full article

The forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) and Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) are browsers with a broad sympatric distribution in North and Southwest China. However, little is known about their spatial utilization of microhabitats and habitats. This study, conducted on Huanglong Mountain in China, analyzed the defecation site distribution, indicating preferences of forest musk deer and Siberian roe deer for their habitat demands. Using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), we compared the defecation site preferences of both species and further examined their spatial utilization patterns. The results indicated that the primary factors influencing defecation site preferences for forest musk deer were slope (15.79%), elevation (4.26%), herbaceous cover (19.93%), herb height (33.73%), and tree diversity (15.64%). Conversely, for Siberian roe deer, elevation (54.63%) and herbaceous cover (29.31%) were the key factors. Significant differences were found in elevation (p < 0.001) and herbaceous diversity (p < 0.01) between the defecation sites of the two species, with additional notable differences in slope position, tree diversity, and average tree height (p < 0.05). Furthermore, forest musk deer primarily utilized broadleaf forests, coniferous forests, mixed conifer-broadleaf forests, and sparse woodlands. In contrast, Siberian roe deer utilized broadleaf forests, sparse woodlands, and coniferous forests, showing a significant difference (p = 0.01). These findings suggest distinct spatial ecological segregation between forest musk deer and Siberian roe deer regarding their microhabitat preferences and vegetation type utilization at the habitat scale. Full article

Rapid socio-economic development and imbalanced ecosystem conservation have heightened the risk of species extinction, reduced urban climate adaptability, and threatened human health and well-being. Constructing ecological green space networks is an effective strategy for maintaining urban ecological security. However, most studies have primarily addressed biodiversity needs, with limited focus on coordinating street spaces in human settlement planning. This study examines the area within Chengdu’s Third Ring Road, employing the following methodologies: (1) constructing the regional ecological network using Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA), the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model, and circuit theory; (2) analyzing the street green view index (GVI) through machine learning semantic segmentation techniques; and (3) identifying key areas for the coordinated development of urban ecological networks and street green spaces using bivariate spatial correlation analysis. The results showed that (1) Chengdu’s Third Ring Road exhibits high ecological landscape fragmentation, with 41 key ecological sources and 94 corridors identified. Ecological pinch points were located near urban rivers and surrounding woodlands, while ecological barrier points were concentrated in areas with dense buildings and complex transportation networks. (2) Higher street GVI values were observed around university campuses, urban parks, and river-adjacent streets, while lower GVI values were found near commercial areas and transportation hubs. (3) To coordinate the construction of ecological networks and street green spaces, the central area of the First Ring Road and the northwestern region of the Second and Third Ring Roads were identified as priority restoration areas, while the northern, western, and southeastern areas of the Second and Third Ring Roads were designated as priority protection areas. This study adopts a multi-scale spatial perspective to identify priority areas for protection and restoration, aiming to coordinate the construction of urban ecological networks and street green spaces and provide new insights for advancing ecological civilization in high-density urban areas. Full article

Fires play a significant role in shaping the Miombo woodlands. Understanding how fire affects the Miombo region’s resilience is crucial for ensuring its sustainability. This study evaluated plant composition and structure across different fire frequencies in the Miombo woodlands of the LevasFlor Forest Concession (LFC), central Mozambique. Fire frequency clusters-high (HFF), moderate (MFF), and low (LFF)-were identified using a 21-year remote-sensing dataset. In each cluster, 90 random sampling plots were established (30 per cluster). In each plot, the diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height of the saplings and trees were measured. Subplots were used to count and identify seedlings, herbs, climbers, and grasses. Plant species richness, evenness,—diversity, the importance value index (IVI), and similarity were computed to assess plant composition. For the structure, stem density, biomass, basal area, diameter, and height were assessed. A total of 124 plant species-including trees, saplings, seedlings, herbs, climbers, and grasses-were identified across the three clusters. The Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity Index, tested with an ANOSIM similarity test, revealed significant differences in plant species composition among clusters (p < 0.0003), with an overall average dissimilarity of 71.98%. In the HFF cluster, fire-tolerant species were among the five species with the highest IVI, while fire-sensitive species predominated in the LFF. Additionally, the Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant differences in seedling stem density (p < 0.005) between the LFF and other clusters. However, overall, the composition and structure attributes suggested that current fire regime does not significantly compromise the plant species resilience of the Miombo woodlands in the LFC. Still, it is essential to concentrate management and conservation efforts on seedlings of some key Miombo species, such as Brachystegia spiciformis, whose ecology is particularly affected by fire. Full article

In recent years, rapid urbanization in China has driven cities to expand uncontrollably into surrounding rural areas. Within the global context of ecological restoration, protecting and rehabilitating natural spaces have become key issues in landscape design. The concept of rewilding, rooted in wilderness philosophy, has gained significant attention. This article explores the background, significance, and theoretical foundations of rewilding urban ecological spaces using the woodland area of Heqing Country Park in Shanghai as a case study. It examines the feasibility, methods, and strategies for implementing rewilding in urban settings, considering both natural and human-influenced activities, with a focus on minimizing human intervention. This approach enhances biodiversity, promotes the sustainable development of ecosystems, and helps the park maintain its rural character despite its tourist appeal. Four years after the project’s implementation, research data show that the richness of native plant species, the diversity of bird species, and insect populations have exceeded those of the previously maintained forest. Moreover, the rewilding landscapes have supported the natural succession of habitat communities, leading to a stable and revitalized ecosystem. The landscape improvements and visitor experiences have been highly positive. The reconstruction strategy developed in this project is expected to inform future ecological initiatives, such as country parks, promoting the harmonious development of human and natural environments and serving as a model for creating urban ecosystems where both can coexist sustainably. Full article

Mediterranean landscapes are shaped by natural disturbances such as herbivory and fire that regulate vegetation structure and fuel loads. As a result of the cessation of traditional agricultural practices, land abandonment is a widespread phenomenon in these landscapes, leading to shrub encroachment and heightened fire hazard. This study reports the effects of grazing by domestic herbivores on vegetation structure in transitional woodland–shrubland systems across three case study areas in Portugal. The effects of low and moderate grazing intensity by cattle and horses on vegetation structure were assessed on three vegetation strata—canopy, shrubs, and grasses—using indicators to evaluate the influence of grazing on both horizontal and vertical vegetation structure. Moderate grazing shaped vertical vegetation structure by reducing shrub and grass height and by browsing and thinning the lower branches, creating a discontinuity between understorey and canopy layers. These effects on vertical fuel continuity are anticipated to limit the upward spread of flames and reduce the potential for crown fires. In contrast, low-intensity grazing showed limited effects on both vertical and horizontal vegetation structure. This work highlights the potential of using domestic herbivores as a tool to manage vegetation structure and its contribution to mitigating local wildfire hazards. Full article

Nitrogen cycling in freshwater ecosystems is critical for maintaining water quality, and understanding the processes of nitrification and denitrification is essential for effective nitrogen management, particularly in areas with diverse pollution sources. This study investigated the nitrification and denitrification processes in three tributaries of the Jinjing River—Tuojia (agricultural), Jinjing (residential), and Guanjia (woodland)—during both the wet and dry seasons. The potential nitrification rates (PNRs) and potential denitrification rates (PDNRs) were measured across these sites. The highest rates were observed in Tuojia during the wet season, with the PNR reaching 39.7 μg·kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ and the PDNR reaching 3.25 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹, while the rates were considerably lower in Jinjing and Guanjia. The ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) abundance was higher than the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance at all sites, with Tuojia exhibiting the highest AOA abundance (5.9 × 10⁷ copies·g⁻¹) during the wet season. The nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) content was a key factor influencing denitrification, and the AOA abundance was significantly correlated with nitrification rates (r = 0.69; p < 0.05). These findings highlight the spatial and seasonal variability in nitrogen cycling and emphasize the importance of developing targeted nitrogen management strategies in regions with mixed land uses and pollution sources. Full article

Prescribed fire is increasingly utilized for conservation and restoration goals, yet there is limited empirical evidence supporting its effectiveness in reducing wildfire-induced damages to highly valued resources and assets (HVRAs)—whether natural, cultural, or economic. This study evaluates the efficacy of prescribed fire in reducing wildfire severity to LANDFIRE-defined vegetation classes and HVRAs impacted by the 2017 West Mims event, which burned across both prescribed-fire treated and untreated areas within the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge. Wildfire severity was quantified using the differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) index, while treatment records were used to calculate the prescribed frequency and post-treatment duration, which is defined as the time elapsed between the last treatment and the West Mims event. A generalized additive model (GAM) was fit to model dNBR as a function of post-treatment duration, fire frequency, and vegetation type. Although dNBR exhibited considerable heterogeneity both within and between HVRAs and vegetation classes, areas treated with prescribed fire demonstrated substantial reductions in burn severity. The beneficial effects of prescribed fire were most pronounced within approximately two years post-treatment with up to an 88% reduction in mean wildfire severity. However, reductions remained evident for approximately five years post-treatment according to our model. The mitigating effect of prescribed fire was most pronounced in Introduced Upland Vegetation-Shrub, Eastern Floodplain Forests, and Longleaf Pine Woodland when the post-treatment duration was within 12 months. Similar trends were observed in areas surrounding red-cockaded woodpecker nesting sites, which is an HVRA of significant ecological importance. Our findings support the frequent application of prescribed fire (e.g., one- to two-year intervals) as an effective strategy for mitigating wildfire severity to HVRAs. Full article

Analyzing and monitoring land use/cover (LULC) changes is critical for improving regional ecosystem service functions and developing strategies for long-term socio-economic development. Exploring future changes in land use and carbon storage under different scenarios is important for optimizing regional ecosystem service functions and formulating sustainable socio-economic development policies. In the present work, we evaluate LULC changes and carbon storage changes in the Rapid Urbanization Area (RUA) of Weihai City from 2000 to 2020 using satellite images. Using five Landsat images, the spatio-temporal dynamics of the LULC changes were measured, using a supervised classification algorithm of the neural net and the intensity analysis techniques in GIS. The Landsat images from 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 were categorized into five main land use categories in the researched region: urban areas, woodlands, cultivated areas, bare soil, and water bodies. Our results reveal that urban areas, woodlands, and bare soil increased by about 129.63 km² (13.29%), 53.07 km² (5.44%), and 40.99 km² (4.2%) from 2000 to 2020, respectively. On the contrary, the cultivated areas decreased by 218.35 km² (22.36%) and the water bodies decreased by 5.44 km² (0.56%). To summarize, the conversion of cultivated areas into urban areas has been the most significant transformation in the RUA during the period 2000–2020. Regarding carbon storage, in the study area, it decreased by 14.92 × 10⁴ t from 2000 to 2020. Moreover, according to the prediction of the LULC changes for 2030 by the patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model, the cultivated areas and carbon storage will continue to decline. The slow increase in woodland brings good ecological benefits. But the sharp reduction in the per capita cultivated areas will bring environmental and socio-economic problems to the RUA. Therefore, it is time to strengthen the implementation of cultivated area protection policy. Monitoring and managing LULC changes are critical for establishing relationships between policy choices, regulatory measures, and future LULC operations, especially because many potential concerns remain in the RUA territories. Full article