Search Results (13,690)

As a result of global climate change and human production activities, algal blooms are occurring in aquatic environments. The problem of eutrophication in water bodies is becoming increasingly severe, affecting the safety of drinking water sources. In this study, an algal bloom risk index model combining the Improved Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (IFAHP), Entropy Weight Method (EWM), and Game Theory (GT) was proposed for the Shanxi Reservoir based on the TOPSIS method. After the seasonal and spatial variability in algal bloom risk from 2022 to 2023 was analyzed, an adaptive simplification of the algal bloom risk index calculation was proposed to optimize the model. To enhance its practical applicability, this study proposed an adaptive simplification of the algal bloom risk index calculation based on an improved TOPSIS approach. The error indexes R² for the four seasons and the annual analysis were 0.9884, 0.9968, 0.9906, 0.9946, and 0.9972, respectively. Additionally, the RMSE, MAE, and MRE values were all below 0.035, indicating the method’s high accuracy. Using the adaptively simplified risk index, a risk grading and a spatial delineation of risk areas in Shanxi Reservoir were conducted. A comparison with traditional risk classification methods showed that the error in the risk levels did not exceed one grade, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed calculation model and risk grading approach. This study provides valuable guidance for the prevention and control of algal blooms in reservoir-type drinking water sources, contributing to the protection of drinking water sources and public health. Full article

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various laser wavelengths for debonding orthodontic metal brackets compared to traditional plier-based methods. The primary outcomes assessed were enamel damage, pulp temperature changes, adhesive remnant index (ARI), and shear bond strength (SBS). Materials and Methods: In September 2024, an electronic search was performed across the PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus databases, adhering to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and the PICO framework. The initial search yielded 453 records. After eliminating 256 duplicates, 197 unique records were left for screening, which ultimately led to the qualification of 8 articles that met the inclusion criteria for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The risk of bias in the articles was assessed by two independent reviewers. Results: The included studies demonstrated that laser-assisted debonding generally resulted in less adhesive residue on the enamel surface compared to conventional methods, as evidenced by the reductions in ARI scores reported in two studies. Temperature increases during laser use varied depending on the laser type and power settings. The Nd:YAG (neodymium-yttrium, aluminum, garnet) laser was found to cause significant temperature rises, posing a potential risk to pulp tissue, while the Er:YAG (erbium—yttrium, aluminum, garnet) and Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium, chromium—yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet) lasers produced only negligible increases in pulp temperature. SBS comparisons revealed no significant differences between the laser-assisted and traditional debonding methods. Additionally, diode lasers demonstrated the potential to minimize enamel damage, particularly when operated at lower power settings. Four publications were assessed as high quality (low risk of bias), and another four as moderate quality (average risk of bias). Conclusions: In conclusion, laser-assisted orthodontic metal bracket debonding, when conducted with appropriately calibrated parameters, is a safe method for preserving tooth tissue. However, its advantages appear to be minimal compared to conventional plier-based methods, highlighting the need for further research to justify its broader clinical application. Full article

Background: CUOB (co-existent underactive overactive bladder) syndrome is a clinical entity that embraces storage and emptying symptoms, not strictly correlated with urodynamic findings. We assessed the differences between patients diagnosed with CUOB with/without cystocele. Methods: The study group was allocated from 2000 women who underwent urodynamic studies between 2008 and 2016. The demographic and clinical data of 369 patients with complaints consistent with CUOB were retrieved. The study group was subdivided using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) was used to quantify LUTS severity. Results: A total of 185 women had no or grade I cystocele (group 1), and 185 had grade II or III cystocele (group 2). No difference in mean age was computed. Patients from group 1 had a higher BMI (27 vs. 25, p = 0.02). Risk factors for prolapse, such as parity (1.7 vs. 2.1, p = 0.001) and maximal birthweight (3460 g vs. 3612 g, p = 0.049), were higher in group 2. Pelvic Organ Prolapse symptoms were 4.5 times more frequent in group 2 [n = 36/185 (19.5%) vs. n = 162/184 (88%) p < 0.001]. The rate of stress (70.8% vs. 55.4%, p = 0.002) and urge (64.9% vs. 50%, p = 0.04), urinary incontinence, and ICIQ-UI-SF scores (8 vs. 5, p < 0.001) were higher in group 1. Qmax measured lower in group 2 (17 vs. 15 mL/s, p = 0.008). Detrusor pressure at maximum flow was identical (24 cm H₂O). The Bladder Contractility Index (BCI) was higher in group 1 (108 vs. 96.5, p = 0.017), and weak contraction (BCI < 100) was more common in group 2 (73/185; 39.5% vs. 95/184; 52.7%, p = 0.011). Conclusions: Based on our results, we assume that CUOB could be further subdivided based on its association with cystocele. The effect of prolapse repair in women with CUOB and cystocele remains to be evaluated in order to afford better counseling in the future. Full article

Background and Objectives: The interplay of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) poses a critical clinical challenge. The resultant inflammatory milieu and its impact on outcomes remain incompletely understood, especially among vulnerable subgroups such as elderly patients, those with diabetes, and individuals with cancer. This study aimed to characterize inflammatory markers and composite inflammatory severity scores—such as Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, and age ≥ 65 years (CURB-65), National Early Warning Score (NEWS), and the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII)—in hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with and without CDI, and to evaluate their prognostic implications across key clinical subgroups. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center study of 240 hospitalized adults with Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 between February 2021 and March 2023. Of these, 98 had concurrent CDI. We collected baseline demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory parameters including C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), ferritin, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, albumin, platelet counts, and calculated indices (C-reactive protein to Albumin Ratio (CAR), Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), SII). Patients were stratified by CDI status and analyzed for inflammatory marker distributions, severity scores (APACHE II, CURB-65, NEWS), and outcomes (Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, mortality). Subgroup analyses included diabetes, elderly (≥65 years), and cancer patients. Statistical comparisons employed t-tests, chi-square tests, and logistic regression models. Results: Patients with CDI demonstrated significantly higher CRP, IL-6, SII, and CAR, coupled with lower albumin and PNI (p < 0.05). They also had elevated APACHE II, CURB-65, and NEWS scores. CDI-positive patients experienced increased ICU admission (38.8% vs. 20.5%), mechanical ventilation (24.5% vs. 12.9%), and mortality (22.4% vs. 10.6%, all p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses revealed more pronounced inflammatory derangements and worse outcomes in elderly, diabetic, and cancer patients with CDI. Conclusions: Concurrent CDI intensifies systemic inflammation and adverse clinical trajectories in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Elevations in inflammatory markers and severity scores predict worse outcomes, especially in high-risk subgroups. Early recognition and targeted interventions, including infection control and supportive measures, may attenuate disease severity and improve patient survival. Full article

Conflicts between humans and animals in agricultural and settlement areas have recently increased, resulting in significant resource loss and risks to human and animal lives. This growing issue presents a global challenge. This paper addresses the detection and identification of offending animals, particularly in obscured or blurry nighttime images. This article introduces Multi-Channel Coordinated Attention and Multi-Dimension Feature Aggregation (MDA-DETR). It integrates multi-scale features for enhanced detection accuracy, employing a Multi-Channel Coordinated Attention (MCCA) mechanism to incorporate location, semantic, and long-range dependency information and a Multi-Dimension Feature Aggregation Module (DFAM) for cross-scale feature aggregation. Additionally, the VariFocal Loss function is utilized to assign pixel weights, enhancing detail focus and maintaining accuracy. In the dataset section, this article uses a dataset from the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, which includes images of six common offending animal species. In the comprehensive experiments on the dataset, the $mA{P}_{50}$ index of MDA-DETR was 1.3%, 0.6%, 0.3%, 3%, 1.1%, and 0.5% higher than RT-DETR-r18, yolov8n, yolov9-C, DETR, Deformable-detr, and DCA-yolov8, respectively, indicating that MDA-DETR is superior to other advanced methods. Full article

Background: Frailty is increasingly being recognized as a risk factor for adverse outcomes in older surgical patients undergoing surgery. We investigated the association between frailty and intraoperative complications using multiple frailty assessment tools in older patients undergoing elective intermediate- to high-risk non-cardiac surgery. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 637 older patients scheduled for elective non-cardiac surgery. Frailty was assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), FRAIL scale, and modified Frailty Index-11 (mFI-11). The predictive ability of frailty tools was analyzed and compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: Frailty was significantly associated with higher intraoperative complication rates (FRAIL scale: p = 0.01; mFI-11: p = 0.046). Patients considered frail using the mFI-11 were more likely to have unplanned intensive care unit admissions (p < 0.001). Those classified as frail by the FRAIL scale and mFI-11 had significantly higher rates of vasopressor/inotrope use (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively) and mechanical ventilation (p = 0.033 and p = 0.007, respectively). In the univariate analysis, frailty measured using the FRAIL scale was significantly associated with intraoperative complications (odds ratio [OR], 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33–4.38; p = 0.004); this association was not significant in the multivariate analysis (adjusted OR, 1.69; 95% CI: 0.83–3.43; p = 0.148; AUC = 0.550). Atrial fibrillation, hemoglobin levels, anesthesia type, and surgical subspecialty were stronger predictors of intraoperative complications. Conclusions: Frailty assessments demonstrate the limited predictive ability for intraoperative complications. Specific comorbidities, surgical techniques, and anesthesia types play more critical roles. Comprehensive preoperative evaluations integrating frailty with broader risk stratification methods are necessary to enhance patient outcomes and ensure safety. Full article

Deregulation of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to mechanisms of injury in the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Our objective was to investigate the expression of miRNAs in aortic tissue from patients who underwent aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis and its relationship with aortic dilatation. The study included 78 patients, 40 with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and 38 with tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). The expression of miRNA-17-5p, hsa-let-7e, and miRNA-196a-5p in human aortic tissue was evaluated by a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Comparative analysis between patients with BAV and controls with TAV explored the association between the miRNAs and aortic dilatation (AD), calcification, valve dysfunction, and stenosis. The results showed that the expression levels of miRNA-Let-7e-5p and miRNA-196-5p were mostly increased in patients with BAV and aortic dilatation (p = 0.01 and p = 0.01), respectively. In contrast, the levels of miRNA-17a-5p (p < 0.20) were lower but without a statistically significant difference. The downregulation of miRNA-17a-5p and the upregulation of miR-Let-7e-5p and miR-196-5p were related to an increased risk of AD risk. Subjects with BAVs with or without double aortic lesions had higher expression levels of Let-7e-5p and miRNA-17a-5p vs. TAV. In all patients, we found an inverse correlation of MiRNA-196-5p with High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) and indexed valvular area. In subjects with a higher expression of miRNA196, lower levels of HDL-C correlation (r²) [r² 0.27 (p = 0.02)] and a lower indexed valvular area [r² 0.28 (p = 0.05)] were observed. In the specific analysis for each patient group, it was found that in control subjects with tricuspid aortic valve (TAV), miRNA-196-5p had a positive correlation with valvular calcification (r² = 0.60, p = 0.02). Deregulation of miRNAs in the aortic tissue of a BAV may influence valvular stenosis, dysfunction, and concomitant aortic dilation. This information could help to define potential therapeutic target strategies to improve the prognosis and treatment of BAV. Full article

Background/Objectives: Solid organ transplant recipients (OTR) have been recently involved in exercise prescription programs in order to reduce the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. The normal systolic and diastolic cardiac function is fundamental to personalizing the prescription. Diastolic dysfunction can be associated to a higher risk of cardiovascular events and left atrial (LA) strain is an emerging parameter in the evaluation of diastolic compromising, especially in subjects with preserved ejection fraction. Left atrial (LA) strain has never been explored in this category. The study aimed to evaluate the contribution of the LA strain in the assessment of diastolic function of OTR and its potential contribution in the exercise program. Methods: 54 solid OTR (liver and kidney transplants) regularly trained for at least 12 months in a home-based, partially supervised model at moderate intensity estimated by cardiopulmonary exercise test, underwent a complete echocardiographic analysis. The measured variables included left ventricle systolic function (ejection fraction, EF), diastolic function (E/A and E/E’), LA indexed volumes, LA peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) and LA peak atrial contraction strain (PACS). The data were compared to those of 44 healthy subjects (HS). Results: The OTR showed an overweight condition (BMI: 25.79 ± 2.92 vs. 22.25 ± 2.95; p < 0.01). Both groups showed a preserved systolic function (EF: OTR 63.1 ± 3.5% vs. HS 66.9 ± 6.1; p < 0.001), while diastolic standard parameters were significantly different (E/A, 1.01 ± 0.4 vs. 1.96 ± 0.74; p < 0.001; E/E’, 9.2 ± 2.7 vs. 6.9 ± 1.3; p < 0.001, in OTR and HS respectively) despite being normal. LA strain was significantly lower in OTR vs. HS (4C PALS, 33.7 ± 9.7 vs. 45.4 ± 14.19; p < 0.001; 4C PACS, 15.9 ± 6.7 vs. 11.6 ± 7.5; p = 0.006; 2C PALS, 35.3 ± 11.1 vs. 47.6 ± 14.9; p < 0.001; 2C PALS, 17.4 ± 4.9 vs. 13.2 ± 14.97; p = 0.001; in OTR and HS respectively). A specific correlation of two- and four-chamber PACs and PALs with BMI has been observed (R for 4C PALS −0.406 ** and 2C PALS −0.276 *). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the coexistence of increased bodyweight in asymptomatic OTR patients can exacerbate the impairment of LA strains. LA strain detection could be useful in the development of a personalized exercise program for OTRs, especially for asymptomatic subjects and those with elevated cardiovascular risk profile, to potentially manage the exercise program in the long term. Larger studies will confirm the role via an eventual structured clinical score index. Full article

Unprecedented levels of air pollution in our cities due to rapid urbanization have caused major health concerns, severely affecting the population, especially children and the elderly. A steady loss of ecological balance, without remedial measures like phytoremediation, coupled with alarming vehicular and industrial pollution, have pushed the Air Quality Index (AQI) and particulate matter (PM) to dangerous levels, especially in the metropolitan cities of India. Monitoring and accurate prediction of inhalable Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) levels, which cause escalations in and increase the risks of asthma, respiratory inflammation, bronchitis, high blood pressure, compromised lung function, and lung cancer, have become more critical than ever. To that end, the authors of this work have proposed a federated learning (FL) framework for monitoring and predicting PM2.5 and PM10 across multiple locations, with a resultant impact analysis with respect to key health parameters. The proposed FL approach encompasses four stages: client selection for processing and model updates, aggregation for global model updates, a pollution prediction model with necessary explanations, and finally, the health impact analysis corresponding to the PM levels. This framework employs a VGG-19 deep learning model, and leverages Causal Inference for interpretability, enabling accurate impact analysis across a host of health conditions. This research has employed datasets specific to India, Nepal, and China for the purposes of model prediction, explanation, and impact analysis. The approach was found to achieve an overall accuracy of 92.33%, with the causal inference-based impact analysis producing an accuracy of 84% for training and 72% for testing with respect to PM2.5, and an accuracy of 79% for training and 74% for testing with respect to PM10. Compared to previous studies undertaken in this field, this proposed approach has demonstrated better accuracy, and is the first of its kind to analyze health impacts corresponding to PM2.5 and PM10 levels. Full article

The quality of the enamel plays a critical role in the retention and performance of orthodontic brackets. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of resin infiltration pretreatment on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets. An electronic search was conducted in October 2024 using PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus databases, employing the keywords (resin infiltration AND bracket); (ICON AND bracket). The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and utilized the PICO framework. Of the 143 articles initially identified, 63 underwent screening. Strict inclusion criteria were applied of which the most important were resin infiltration pretreatment, studies conducted on natural teeth and SBS evaluation. This left 19 studies for final analysis. The risk of bias was assessed using the checklist for quasi-experimental studies (Non-Randomized Experimental Studies) developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Among these, 13 studies used human teeth and 13 utilized Transbond XT as the adhesive. Metal brackets were predominantly examined (n = 17). The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was assessed in 13 studies. Importantly, 11 studies concluded that resin infiltration significantly enhances SBS, 8 of which were conducted on human teeth. The meta-analysis revealed significantly higher SBS results when resin infiltrate was applied to healthy enamel. This finding underscores the dual benefits of resin infiltration: increased bond strength and the protection of enamel integrity during debonding procedures. The results suggest that resin infiltration not only improves the mechanical retention of orthodontic brackets but also serves as an enamel-preserving approach. Full article

This paper presents a holistic assessment framework for the impacts of water distribution pipe breaks to promote environmentally sustainable and socially resilient cities. This framework considers social, environmental, and economic vulnerabilities as well as probabilities associated with pipe failure. The integration of these features provides a comprehensive approach to understanding infrastructure risks. Taking the city of Vancouver as a case study, the social vulnerability index (SVI) is obtained following the application of a cross-correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the most influential among 33 selected variables from the 2021 census of the Canadian population. The Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) is evaluated by considering the park and floodplain areas. The Economic Vulnerability Index (ECI) is derived from the replacement cost of pipes. These indices offer valuable insights into the spatial distribution of vulnerabilities (consequences) across urban areas. Subsequently, the Consequence of Failure (COF) is computed by aggregating the three vulnerabilities with equal weights. Pipe probability of failure (POF) is evaluated by a Weibull model calibrated on real break data as a function of pipe age. This approach enables a dynamic evaluation of pipe deterioration over time. Risk is finally assessed by combining COF and POF for prioritizing pipe replacement and rehabilitation, with the final objective of mitigating the adverse impacts of infrastructure failure. The findings show the significant impact of ethnicity, socioeconomic indices, and education on the social vulnerability index. Moreover, the areas close to English Bay and Fraser River are more environmentally vulnerable. The pipes with high economic vulnerability are primarily concrete pipes, due to their expensive replacement costs. Finally, the risk framework resulting from the vulnerabilities and pipe break probabilities is used to rank the Vancouver City water distribution network pipes. This ranking system highlights critical areas requiring different levels of attention for infrastructure improvements. All the pipes and corresponding risks are illustrated in Vancouver maps, highlighting that the pipes associated with a very high level of risk are mostly in the south and north of Vancouver. Full article

Sustainability seeks to strike a balance between preserving the environment and meeting human needs without compromising future generations. In this context, and considering the effects of climate change on water availability, water reuse is emerging as an alternative to conventional water sources for various purposes, contributing to sustainability. Water reuse projects are, in general, not simple to implement due to different technical, environmental, social and economic aspects. In this paper, a support decision model for water reuse projects is presented, identifying relevant indicators and parameters. Based on a literature review, four indicators or dimensions (technical, social, environmental and economic) and twelve parameters (e.g., WWTP safety, transport complexity, existence of legislation, risk to health and environment, energy consumption, degree of acceptance and required investment and operation and maintenance costs) are proposed. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method is used as a component of the model to determine the weights of the indicators and parameters in order to allow the calculation of a reuse feasibility index (RFI). The developed model was applied to the city of Aquiraz, Ceará, Brazil, and the RFI found was 82%, which means that the water reuse project had very high viability. The results underwent a sensitivity analysis, which confirms the consistency of the conclusions. Full article

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, with a multifactorial etiology. This study aims to evaluate the associations between various sociodemographic variables, healthy habits, and stress with risk scale values for MAFLD. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 16,708 Spanish workers to assess how sociodemographic variables (age, gender, and socioeconomic status), healthy habits (smoking, Mediterranean diet adherence, and physical activity), and stress correlate with values from three MAFLD risk scales: fatty liver index (FLI), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), and lipid accumulation product (LAP). Results: All analyzed variables were associated with the values of the three MAFLD risk scales. Among them, the variables showing the strongest associations (represented by odds ratio values) were age and physical activity. Conclusions: The profile of an individual at higher risk of elevated MAFLD risk scale values is a male, aged 50 or older, belonging to lower socioeconomic levels (manual laborers), a smoker, sedentary, with low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and with high stress scale scores. Full article

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), assessed by the Fatty Liver Index (FLI), and the occurrence of lung abscess within a large population-based cohort. Method: We conducted a nationwide retrospective study using data from 367,930 subjects who underwent National Health check-ups between 2009 and 2018. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to evaluate the association between the FLI and the incidence of lung abscess and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) after adjusting for age, sex, and relevant covariates. Results: Among the study population, 455 (0.12%) and 44,934 (12.2%) patients were diagnosed with lung abscesses and CAP, respectively. The cumulative incidence of lung abscess was higher in individuals with elevated FLI values (FLI < 30, 0.10%; 30 ≤ FLI < 60, 0.16%; FLI ≥ 60, 0.18%; p < 0.001), whereas the incidence of CAP decreased across FLI groups (FLI < 30, 12.4%; 30 ≤ FLI < 60, 12.3%; FLI ≥ 60, 11.0%; p < 0.001). After adjusting for covariates, the risk of lung abscess significantly increased in the 30 ≤ FLI < 60 (Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95–1.68; p = 0.115) and the FLI ≥ 60 (HR = 1.67; 95% CI, 1.37–2.29; p < 0.001) groups, although the risk of CAP was relatively small in both groups (30 ≤ FLI < 60; HR = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03–1.09; p < 0.001) (FLI ≥ 60; HR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08–1.12; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our study provides compelling evidence supporting a potential link between NAFLD, as measured by FLI, and the incidence of lung abscess. These findings suggest the importance of vigilant monitoring of respiratory health in patients with NAFLD and emphasise the need for early detection of possible complications. Full article

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of stunted children under 5 years in Indonesia is relatively high. Stunting is a significant risk factor for wheezing disorders. The asthma predictive index (API) identifies children with a recurrent wheezing disorder at risk of developing asthma during the first 3 years. However, the risk of developing asthma and its associated factors among stunted children has not been studied. This study aims to determine the asthma risk prevalence in stunted children via the API score and associated factors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Bandung District Health Center from October 2021 to January 2022. This study included stunted children aged 24–59 months living in Bandung District whose parents could answer the API and asthma risk factor questionnaires. Results: A total of 422 participants with an average age of 43.1 ± 9.7 months were included. Among the stunted children, 4.7% (20/422) met the positive API criteria, and 50.0% were malnourished (stunted–underweight). The participants with positive API results had a parental medical diagnosis of asthma (45%), eczema (10.0%), allergic rhinitis (20.0%), and wheezing apart from colds (40.0%) (p < 0.05). Significant risk factors for developing asthma in the participants with a positive API were dog ownership in the past 12 months and parents and siblings with allergic diseases. Conclusions: The asthma risk prevalence in stunted children was 4.7%. The associated risk factors included a history of allergic diseases in parents and siblings, as well as dog ownership; however, further investigation is needed. Full article