Saved Queries

Background: Among the various forms of root resorption, External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) has garnered particular attention due to its prevalence and potential complications associated with orthodontic interventions. Methods: An electronic search of literature was performed between September 2024 and December 2024 to identify all articles investigating the Role of Genetic Polymorphisms in External Apical Root Resorption Among Orthodontic Patients: Implications for Treatment Outcomes. The search was conducted using MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine)-PubMed with restrictions concerning the date of publication. In particular, we focused on the period 2014–2024 using the following keywords: gene polymorphisms AND orthodontic treatment AND apical root resorption OR external apical root resorption. This was followed by a manual search, and references were used to identify relevant articles. Results: The review showed that certain variations of the following genes may be positively associated with OIEARR: Osteopontin gene, P2RX7, IL-1β, IL-6, IL1RN, OPG, RANK, STAG2, RP1-30E17.2, SSP1, SFRP2, TNFSF11, TNFRSF11A, TNFRSF11B, VDR, CYP27B1, ACT3N, TSC2, WNT3A, LRP1, LRP6. Conversely, the IRAK1 gene has a protective function against the development of OIEARR. Conclusions: Despite these advancements, it is still not feasible to establish new guidelines and clinical protocols based on the existing research findings. The integration of genetic considerations into orthodontic practice has the potential to revolutionize treatment strategies, ensuring that they are not only effective but also respectful of each patient’s unique biological landscape. Full article

8 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and the Circular Economy

by Tao Zhang

Water 2025, 17(3), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17030335 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

At present, the issue of restricted resources and the pressure on the environment are more severe than ever [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and the Circular Economy)

33 pages, 1214 KiB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence in Oral Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review of Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications

by Vineet Vinay, Praveen Jodalli, Mahesh S. Chavan, Chaitanya. S. Buddhikot, Alexander Maniangat Luke, Mohamed Saleh Hamad Ingafou, Rodolfo Reda, Ajinkya M. Pawar and Luca Testarelli

Diagnostics 2025, 15(3), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15030280 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Oral cancer, the sixth most common cancer worldwide, is linked to smoke, alcohol, and HPV. This scoping analysis summarized early-onset oral cancer diagnosis applications to address a gap. Methods: A scoping review identified, selected, and synthesized AI-based oral cancer diagnosis, screening, and prognosis literature. The review verified study quality and relevance using frameworks and inclusion criteria. A full search included keywords, MeSH phrases, and Pubmed. Oral cancer AI applications were tested through data extraction and synthesis. Results: AI outperforms traditional oral cancer screening, analysis, and prediction approaches. Medical pictures can be used to diagnose oral cancer with convolutional neural networks. Smartphone and AI-enabled telemedicine make screening affordable and accessible in resource-constrained areas. AI methods predict oral cancer risk using patient data. AI can also arrange treatment using histopathology images and address data heterogeneity, restricted longitudinal research, clinical practice inclusion, and ethical and legal difficulties. Future potential includes uniform standards, long-term investigations, ethical and regulatory frameworks, and healthcare professional training. Conclusions: AI may transform oral cancer diagnosis and treatment. It can develop early detection, risk modelling, imaging phenotypic change, and prognosis. AI approaches should be standardized, tested longitudinally, and ethical and practical issues related to real-world deployment should be addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Diagnostic Decision Making)

13 pages, 969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sly-miR398 Participates in Heat Stress Tolerance in Tomato by Modulating ROS Accumulation and HSP Response

by Baoyu Li, Peiwen Wang, Shuaijing Zhao, Jiaqi Dong, Shengming Mao, Xuyongjie Zhu, Tiantian Yuan, Haiying Qiu, Long Cao, Yunmin Xu, Yong He, Zhujun Zhu and Guochao Yan

Agronomy 2025, 15(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020294 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

Heat stress is one of the most important environmental problems in agriculture, which severely restricts the growth and yield of plants. In plants, microRNA398 (miR398) negatively regulates the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) by modulating the expression of its coding genes (CSDs) post-transcriptionally, thereby regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and stress resistance. In this study, the role of miR398 in heat stress tolerance in tomatoes was investigated. Under heat stress, the expression of miR398 was upregulated in tomatoes, while the expression of its target genes (CSD1 and CSD2) and SOD activity was downregulated. Furthermore, by comparing the heat stress response in wild type (WT) and a transgenic line overexpressing MIR398 (miR398-OE), the results showed that overexpression of miR398 promoted tomato growth and the expression of genes encoding heat shock factor (HSF, transcription factor) and heat shock protein (HSP) under heat stress. Meanwhile, downregulated activity of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and enhanced ROS accumulation was observed in miR398-OE compared with that in WT under heat stress. Further study using dimethylthiourea (DMTU, a ROS scavenger) indicated that the enhanced plant growth and expression of HSFs/HSPs was based on the promoted accumulation of ROS in miR398-OE. Overall, the results of this study revealed that the upregulated expression of miR398 in response to heat stress would modulate the antioxidant system and enhance ROS accumulation, thereby enhancing the expression of HSFs and HSPs and heat stress tolerance in tomatoes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

19 pages, 2253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Fasting Induces Hepatocytes’ Stress Response and Increases Their Resilience

by Patrik Prša, Izak Patrik Miller, Barbara Kramar, Dušan Šuput and Irina Milisav

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26030999 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

Fasting leads to a range of metabolic adaptations that have developed through evolution, as humans and other mammals have unequal access to food over the circadian cycle and are therefore adapted to fasting and feeding cycles. We have investigated the role of a single fasting episode in rats in triggering the stress response of liver hepatocytes. Since the stress responses were observed in both animals and isolated cells, we investigated whether the effects of the animal stressor could persist in the cells after isolation. By measuring staurosporine-induced apoptosis, stress signalling, and oxidative and antioxidant responses in hepatocytes from fasted and ad libitum-fed animals, we found that only fasting animals elicited a stress response that prevented caspase-9 activation and persisted in isolated cells. The addition of glucose oxidase, a hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme, to the cells from ad libitum-fed animals also led to a stress response phenotype and prevented the activation of caspase-9. A single fasting episode thus leads to a stress response in normal hepatocytes, with hydrogen peroxide as a second messenger that reduces the initiation of apoptosis. This finding is the first characterisation of a mechanism underlying the effects of fasting and provides a basis for the development of methods to increase the resilience of cells. These findings need to be taken into account when interpreting the results obtained in animal and cell research models to account for the effects of overnight fasting used in many laboratory protocols. The research results also form the basis for the development of clinical applications to increase the resistance of transplants and to improve the fitness of hepatocytes under acute stress conditions in liver and some metabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular, Cellular Mechanism of Oxidative Stress in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions)

18 pages, 6072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of UAV Photogrammetry and Multispectral Image Analysis for Identifying Land Use and Vegetation Cover Succession in Former Mining Areas

by Volker Reinprecht and Daniel Scott Kieffer

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(3), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030405 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

Variations in vegetation indices derived from multispectral images and digital terrain models from satellite imagery have been successfully used for reclamation and hazard management in former mining areas. However, low spatial resolution and the lack of sufficiently detailed information on surface morphology have restricted such studies to large sites. This study investigates the application of small, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with multispectral sensors for land cover classification and vegetation monitoring. The application of UAVs bridges the gap between large-scale satellite remote sensing techniques and terrestrial surveys. Photogrammetric terrain models and orthoimages (RGB and multispectral) obtained from repeated mapping flights between November 2023 and May 2024 were combined with an ALS-based reference terrain model for object-based image classification. The collected data enabled differentiation between natural forests and areas affected by former mining activities, as well as the identification of variations in vegetation density and growth rates on former mining areas. The results confirm that small UAVs provide a versatile and efficient platform for classifying and monitoring mining areas and forested landslides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Digital Aerial Photogrammetry in Geomorphological Studies)

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Figure 1
(A) Overview of the study site (“Trassbruch Gossendorf”) based on the digital elevation model; (B) oblique photograph. Former mining and mine dump areas, access roads and the landslide area are highlighted in (A). Full article ">Figure 2
(A) Study site with the boundaries of former mining, mine dump and landslide affected areas. (B) Subset at the southern slope, visualizing the segmentation and the effect of the 0.5 m buffer around the sampling points and the typical tree crown dimension (diameter ~2–3 m). Full article ">Figure 3
Python-based OBIA workflow, including a summary of each processing step. Full article ">Figure 4
Classified map datasets for all four classification periods. (A) November 2023 (sunny, oblique flight); (B) December 2023 (overcast, nadir flight); (C) April 2024 (overcast, nadir flight); (D) May 2024 (sunny, nadir flight). [X] = area prone to misclassification (Zone A2), [Y] = old mine dump (Zone B1), that was only partially cleared for operation. Full article ">Figure 5
(A) Parameter variation during the cross-validation process (global performance metrics and class performance metrics). (B) Classification metrics for all flight epochs including combined confusion matrices. (C) Confusion matrices derived from holdout dataset (holdout confusion matrix). The confusion matrices were standardized in horizontal direction and the corresponding sample number is given in square brackets. Full article ">Figure 6
Time series for the mean NDVI, NDRE, height above rDTM (dDTM), height above rDSM and (dDSM) extracted from the former mining zones (mine dump, mine), the landslide area and the natural forest. Full article ">

15 pages, 2179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stereoselective Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Perhydroquinoxaline-Based κ Receptor Agonists

by Jonathan Hoffmann, Dirk Schepmann, Constantin Daniliuc, Marcel Bermudez and Bernhard Wünsch

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26030998 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

The hydroxylated perhydroquinoxaline 14 was designed by conformational restriction of the prototypical κ receptor agonist U-50,488 and the introduction of an additional polar group. The synthesis of 14 comprised ten reaction steps starting from diethyl 3-hydroxyglutarate (4). The first key step was the diastereoselective establishment of the tetrasubstituted cyclohexane 7 by the reaction of dialdehyde 6 with benzylamine and nitromethane. The piperazine ring was annulated by the reaction of silyloxy-substituted cyclohexanetriamine 8 with dimethyl oxalate. The pharmacophoric structural elements characteristic for κ receptor agonists were finally introduced by functional group modifications. The structure including the relative configuration of the tetrasubstituted cyclohexane derivative (2r,5s)-7a and the perhydroquinoxaline 9 was determined unequivocally by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The hydroxylated perhydroquinoxaline 14 showed moderate κ receptor affinity (K_i = 599 nM) and high selectivity over μ, δ, σ₁, and σ₂ receptors. An ionic interaction between the protonated pyrrolidine of 14 and D138 of κ receptor anchors 14 in the κ receptor binding pocket. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Strategies in the Development of New Therapies, Drug Substances and Drug Carriers, 3rd Edition)

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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
Development of perhydroquinoxaline-based κ receptor agonists A starting with the prototypical κ agonist U-55,0488 (1) via the κ agonists 2 and U-69,593 (3). The new κ receptor agonists A should contain both the conformationally restricted perhydroquinoxaline core structure of 2 (red) and the additional O-substituent of 3 (blue). Full article ">Figure 2
X-ray crystal structure of (2r,5s)-7a. Thermal ellipsoids are shown at 50% probability. CCDC Nr.: 2384408. Full article ">Figure 3
X-ray crystal structure of racemic 9. Thermal ellipsoids are shown at 50% probability. CCDC Nr.: 2384409. Full article ">Figure 4
Proposed binding modes of 2a (a) and 14 (b) with key interactions to the κ receptor derived from docking to the κ receptor (PDB ID: 6B73). The blue star illustrates the positive ionizable center, which forms a salt bridge to a conserved aspartic acid (D138). Lipophilic contacts are indicated by yellow spheres. Full article ">Scheme 1
Synthesis of tetrahydroquinoxaline-based κ receptor agonist 14. Reagents and reaction conditions: (a) tBuMe2SICl, imidazole, CH2Cl2, rt, 24 h, and 92%. (b) DIBAL-H, toluene, −78 °C, 60 min, and 97%. (c) H3C-NO2, CH2Cl2, BnNH2, 0 °C, 1 h, then rt, 16 h, 85%, and ratio (2r,5s)-7a: (2r,5r)-7b = 70:30; recrystallization provided pure (2r,5s)-7a. (d) (2r,5s)-7a, Zn, THF, NH4Cl, 60 °C, 24 h, and 98%. (e) H3CO2CCO2CH3, CH3OH, reflux, 24 h, and 61%. (f) H2 (5 bar), Pd/C, CH3OH, rt, 48 h, and 49%. (g) ICH2CH2CH2CH2II, Na2CO3, THF, reflux, 4 d, and 73%. (h) LiAlH4, AlCl3, THF, then addition of 11, 0 °C, 45 min, then rt, and 20 min. (i) 2-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl))acetyl chloride, CH2Cl2, rt, 18 h, and 75% related to 11. (k) Bu4NF, THF, rt, 4 d, and 47%. Perhydroquinoxalines 9–14 are racemic mixtures. For clarity, only one enantiomer of the racemic mixtures is displayed. Full article ">

16 pages, 1401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomics Combined with Transcriptomics Reveals the Formation Mechanism of Different Colored Flowers of Cosmos bipinnata Cav

by Yuxi Wang, Xiaodong Yang, Qi Zhou, Xiaohua Meng, Jialin Peng and Yueheng Hu

Agriculture 2025, 15(3), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15030255 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

In nature, plants have rich and vivid colors. Flower color can confer economic and ornamental value to ornamental plants, and is one of the target traits for current directed breeding. Therefore, it is essential to understand the molecular regulatory mechanisms behind flower color formation in ornamental plants. However, in Cosmos bipinnata Cav., one of the most important ornamental plants, the metabolic pathways and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the formation of different flower colors are not yet clear, which greatly restricts the molecular breeding of flower color varieties. We selected three varieties of Cosmos bipinnata Cav. with white, pink, and red flowers as research materials, and identified significantly different metabolites among them through ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Then, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and transcriptome sequencing analysis in different colors flowers were used to reveal that the differential metabolites were enriched in flavonoid metabolic pathways and related structural genes were differentially expressed. Furthermore, we identified differentially expressed members of the MYB and bHLH transcription factor families, which play key roles in regulating the anthocyanin biosynthesis. By constructing a phylogenetic tree and performing a joint analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data, we further elucidated the molecular regulatory network underlying the formation of flower colors in Cosmos bipinnata Cav. This study not only provides a theoretical basis and gene resources for color-oriented breeding and the creation of new color varieties, but also offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms of flower color formation in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics, Breeding and Transcriptomic Analysis of Chrysanthemum)

19 pages, 973 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Differential Expression of Maternal Plasma microRNAs and Their Respective Gene Targets Can Predict Early Fetal Growth Restriction

by Emmanuel Kolawole, Aparna Duggirala, Oscar Gronow, Agnieszka Wisniewska, Jiamiao Hu and Bee Kang Tan

Life 2025, 15(2), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020167 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a condition where the fetus does not reach its genetically predetermined size, affecting 1 in 10 pregnancies and contributing to up to 50% of all stillbirths before 34 weeks of gestation. Current diagnostic methods primarily involve ultrasound and Doppler assessments, yet there is growing interest in identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis and improved management. This systematic review examined the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of FGR, focusing on their potential as non-invasive biomarkers. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. This review systematically assessed studies investigating the differential expression of miRNAs in maternal blood, serum, and plasma samples from FGR-affected pregnancies. A total of nine studies met the inclusion criteria, which showed the differential expression of a total of 48 miRNAs. miR-16-5p was consistently upregulated in multiple studies and trimesters. miR-590-3p and miR-206 were consistently upregulated in multiple trimesters. The common gene targets of these miRNAs are VEGF, PIGF, and MMP9. The downregulation of these genes contributes to impaired angiogenesis, trophoblast invasion, placental function, and fetal growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets Based on Bioinformatical Studies)

21 pages, 1012 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of the Simulators Used in Pharmacology Education and Statistical Models When Creating the Simulators

by Toshiaki Ara and Hiroyuki Kitamura

Appl. Biosci. 2025, 4(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci4010006 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

Animal experiments have long been used as an educational tool in pharmacological education; however, from the perspective of animal welfare, it is necessary to decrease the number of animals used. ingAlthough using of simulators is effective, the development of these simulators is necessary when there is no existing simulator for animal experiments. In this review, we describe free, downloadable, and commercial simulators that are currently used in pharmacological education. Furthermore, we introduce two strategies to create simulators of animal experiments: (1) bioassay, and (2) experiments that measure the reaction time. We also describe five sigmoid curves (logistic curve, cumulative distribution function [CDF] of normal distribution, Gompertz curve, von Bertalanffy curve, and CDF of Weibull curve) to fit the results and their inverse functions. Using this strategy, it is possible to create a simulator that calculates the reaction time following drug administration. Moreover, we introduce a statistical model for local anesthetic agents using hierarchical Bayesian modeling. Considering the correlation among estimated parameters, we suggest it is possible to create simulators that give results more similar to those of animal experiments. The pharmacological education will be possible by these simulators at educational institutions where animal experiments are difficult due to various restrictions. It is expected that the number of simulator-based education programs will increase in the future. Full article

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12 pages, 5095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Equilibrium Loading by Empirical Models for the Modeling of Breakthrough Curves in a Fixed-Bed Column: From Experience to Practice

by Qili Hu, Yunhui Zhang, Qiuming Pei and Shule Li

Water 2025, 17(3), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17030329 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

Empirical models have been found to be inadequate in both accounting for breakthrough behaviors and reflecting the performance of fixed-bed systems, primarily due to their lack of a robust theoretical foundation. This limitation severely restricts their practical application. To address this difficulty, the adjustable parameters of six empirical models were first determined using the Levenberg–Marquardt iteration algorithm. The fitting quality of these models was subsequently evaluated by several error statistics, including the reduced chi-square (χ²), adjusted coefficient of determination (Adj. R²), residual sum of squares (RSS) and root of mean squared error (RMSE). In addition, the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) were employed to further compare these empirical models with the different parameters. The equilibrium loading, breakthrough capacity and saturation capacity were then solved by the int command of MATLAB 2023b software. Meanwhile, the breakthrough time and saturation time were determined by its fzero command. Regardless of whether empirical or mechanistic models were used, the model with the asymmetric S-shaped curve could well describe the measured breakthrough curves. Based on the parallel sigmoidal model, the predicted equilibrium loadings were 101.11, 116.69 and 129.50 mg g⁻¹, respectively, at adsorbent masses of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 g. This study aimed to conveniently obtain the critical process parameters through MATLAB software using empirical breakthrough models, thereby providing reliable information for the design and optimization of fixed-bed adsorbers. Full article

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(a) Fitting results of six empirical models, (b) determination of AIC and BIC in the Compare Models: fitcmpmodel dialog box. Full article ">Figure 2
Fitting results of six empirical models for phosphate adsorption on the Ca-Fe-La composite. Full article ">Figure 3
Error statistics for various empirical models (1: Yoon–Nelson model, 2: modified dose–response model, 3: Gompertz model, 4: Clark model, 5: fractal-like Yoon–Nelson model, 6: parallel sigmoidal model). Full article ">Figure 4
Schematic diagram of the average loading of the adsorbent bed at time t. Full article ">Figure 5
Model comparison: (a) AIC, (b) BIC (1: Yoon–Nelson model, 2: modified dose–response model, 3: Gompertz model, 4: Clark model, 5: fractal-like Yoon–Nelson model, 6: parallel sigmoidal model). Full article ">

17 pages, 6717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An H-Bridge Switched Tank Converter with Reduced Inductance

by Xinxin Yang, Runquan Meng, Huajian Li, Jiahui Zhang, Xiang Bai and Ruishu Li

Electronics 2025, 14(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14030472 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

Due to the restrictions of the operating environment and on-site space conditions, the energy routing devices used in Antarctic research stations must have a compact structure and require the internal power converter to have a high enough power density to reduce its size, so the internal DC/DC conversion link of the energy router adopts a two-stage voltage regulation scheme. In this paper, a Switched Tank Converter (STC) is used to realize the coarse voltage adjustment of the first stage. In order to further improve the power density of the STC, this paper integrates the half bridge with the same switching action in the STC, and several resonant slots share one inductor to obtain an H-bridge STC with reduced inductance. At the same time, an improved control method is proposed to solve the influence of passive device parameter error and the parasitic parameter on the resonant frequency by adjusting the on-time value of the switch on the rectifier side. This control method can effectively solve the influence of the passive device parameter difference on the converter without adding new devices, ensure the power density advantage of the converter, and improve efficiency. Finally, the validity and rationality of the circuit and the improved control method are verified by simulation and experiment. The experimental result shows that the H-bridge STC with reduced inductance has a power density of 1041 W/in³ at 600 W, which greatly improves the overall operating efficiency of the energy router. Full article

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14 pages, 8446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Model of Temperature-Induced Deformation for Tunable Thermal Expansion Metamaterial

by Ling Xiao, Yaxin Yao, Shuai Chen, Mengting Lai and Guanghong Zhu

Materials 2025, 18(3), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030532 - 24 Jan 2025

Viewed by 10

Abstract

Tunable thermal expansion metamaterials exhibit superior shock absorption performance in the field of high-precision equipment, but the applications are currently restricted by the unclear quantitative relationship of temperature-induced deformation. Herein, this work leverages the virtual work principle and the deformation geometric relationship to establish a generic temperature-induced deformation control model for bi-materials by utilizing the key variable coverage ratio under the condition of no deformation in the vertical direction. The feasible region regarding flexibility for the internal serpentine unit and lattice structure with different coverage ratios is given. The combination of the finite element and experimental methods is adopted to examine temperature-induced deformation, which presents tunable thermal expansion performances associated with the coverage ratio and temperature. This work, based on the established deformation coordination relationship of dual-material temperature-sensitive metamaterials, achieves temperature-induced deformation control and provides a reference for structural design adaptable in various working conditions such as vibration isolation and vibration reduction in complex engineering such as aerospace and so on. By strategically designing the coverage of the two structures within the specified range to maintain equivalent flexibility, the ultimate deformation of the serpentine unit is reduced by one-half due to deformation induced by temperature variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computation and Modeling of Materials Mechanics)

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17 pages, 478 KiB

Open AccessReview

Automated Machine Learning in Dentistry: A Narrative Review of Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

by Sohaib Shujaat

Diagnostics 2025, 15(3), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15030273 - 24 Jan 2025

Viewed by 73

Abstract

The adoption of automated machine learning (AutoML) in dentistry is transforming clinical practices by enabling clinicians to harness machine learning (ML) models without requiring extensive technical expertise. This narrative review aims to explore the impact of autoML in dental applications. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted without time and language restrictions. Inclusion criteria focused on studies evaluating autoML applications and performance for dental tasks. Exclusion criteria included non-dental studies, single-case reports, and conference abstracts. This review highlights multiple promising applications of autoML in dentistry. Diagnostic tasks showed high accuracy, such as 95.4% precision in dental implant classification and 92% accuracy in paranasal sinus disease detection. Predictive tasks also demonstrated promise, including 84% accuracy for ICU admissions due to dental infections and 93.9% accuracy in orthodontic extraction predictions. AutoML frameworks like Google Vertex AI and H2O AutoML emerged as key tools for these applications. AutoML shows great promise in transforming dentistry by facilitating data-driven decision-making and improving patient care quality through accessible, automated solutions. Future advancements should focus on enhancing model interpretability, developing large and annotated datasets, and creating pipelines tailored to dental tasks. Educating clinicians on autoML and integrating domain-specific knowledge into automated platforms could further bridge the gap between complex ML technology and practical dental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Diagnosis and Treatment Plan for Orthodontic and Oro-Facial Rehabilitations)

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Workflow of automated machine learning where one or more steps can be automated unlike conventional manual machine learning which requires expert oversight. Full article ">

13 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Risk Assessment and Prevention of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Transmission from Laos to China

by Jige Xin, Sixian Lan, Jun Ai, Bangquan Zeng, Aiguo Xin, Lingling Ye, Weidong Zuo, Yanlin Li and Diangang Han

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020092 - 24 Jan 2025

Viewed by 110

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is classified as a Class I animal disease in China and listed as one of the notifiable animal diseases by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). It significantly impacts the safe production of livestock and the trade of animals and related products. China’s Yunnan Province shares a 710 km border with Laos, with frequent cross-border trade, and the cross-border flow of animals and related products occurs from time to time. In order to prevent the introduction of FMD from the border areas of Laos into China, this study conducted an assessment of the entry, exposure, and consequences of FMD transmission. The findings revealed a “high” risk in terms of entry assessment, a “medium” risk in exposure assessment, and a “high” risk in the consequence assessment. Based on these assessments, the overall risk level for the introduction of FMD from Laos into China is determined to be “high”. Therefore, it is recommended that management measures are implemented, such as restricting animal movement across borders and strengthening inspection procedures for animals entering China, to effectively prevent FMD introduction from Laos. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Animals: Immunology, Vaccinology and Molecular Epidemiology)

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Borders of Laos with neighboring countries (China, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam) (<a href="http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/browse.html?picId=%224o28b0625501ad13015501ad2bfc0449%22" target="_blank">http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/browse.html?picId=%224o28b0625501ad13015501ad2bfc0449%22</a>, accessed on 10 May 2024). Full article ">

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