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by Naeyeoung Choi, Xiao Xu, Pengfei Bai, Yanfang Liu, Shaoxing Dai, Matthew Bernier, Yun Lin, Yuese Ning, Joshua J. Blakeslee and Guo-Liang Wang

Plants 2024, 13(23), 3408; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233408 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

Magnaporthe oryzae causes devastating rice blast disease, significantly impacting rice production in many countries. Among the many known resistance (R) genes, Piz-t confers broad-spectrum resistance to M. oryzae isolates and encodes a nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR). Although Piz-t-interacting proteins and those in the signal transduction pathway have been identified over the last decade, the Piz-t-mediated resistance has not been fully understood at the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels. In this study, we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses in the Piz-t plants after inoculation with M. oryzae. The transcriptomic analysis identified a total of 15,571 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from infected Piz-t and wild-type plants, with 2791 being Piz-t-specific. K-means clustering, GO term analysis, and KEGG enrichment pathway analyses of the total DEGs identified five groups of DEGs with distinct gene expression patterns at different time points post inoculation. GO term analysis of the 2791 Piz-t-specific DEGs revealed that pathways related to DNA organization, gene expression regulation, and cell division were highly enriched in the group, especially at early infection stages. The gene expression patterns in the transcriptomic datasets were well correlated with the metabolomic profiling. Broad-spectrum “pathway-level” metabolomic analyses indicated that terpenoid, phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, fatty acid, amino acid, glycolysis/TCA, and phenylalanine pathways were altered in the Piz-t plants after M. oryzae infection. This study offers new insights into the molecular dynamics of transcripts and metabolites in R-gene-mediated resistance against M. oryzae and provides candidates for enhancing rice blast resistance through the engineering of metabolic pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Resistance against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens: Mechanisms and Applications)

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Transcriptome profiling of the Piz-t-mediated resistance. (A) Rice plants (NPB and NPB-Piz-t) were sprayed with Magnaporthe oryzae strain RO1-1. Sampling was collected at 0, 24, 48, 96 and 120 h post inoculation (hpi). (B) Venn diagram showing the combined number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in NPB and NPB-Piz-t groups at all time points. The 0 hpi time point from each group was used as the reference for normalization. (C) Heatmap displaying the expression profiles of DEGs in both NPB and NPB-Piz-t groups across the different time points. The color scale from blue to red represents low- to high-expression levels. The hierarchical clustering reveals distinct gene expression patterns in response to M. oryzae infection. (D) Line graphs illustrating the expression patterns of representative gene clusters from the heatmap. Each panel represents the mean expression levels of a specific gene set (clusters 01 to 05) across the sampled time points. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (SEM). Significant differences between the groups are marked with asterisks (** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001). Full article ">Figure 2
GO term analysis of gene clusters identified in the transcriptome data. A-C GO enrichment analysis for the clustered gene sets from cluster 2, cluster 3 and cluster 4 in <a href="#plants-13-03408-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>D, highlighting significantly enriched biological processes. Each panel shows the top enriched GO terms for a specific gene cluster, with fold enrichment >= 2.0 and false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05. The size of the circles represents the fold enrichment, and the color indicates the FDR. (A). GO term enrichment of cluster 2. (B). GO term enrichment of cluster 3. (C). GO term enrichment of cluster 4. Full article ">Figure 3
KEGG pathway analysis of the identified DEGs. A-D KEGG pathway enrichment analysis at different time points. The bar chart shows the gene ratio for each significantly enriched pathway, including metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction. The size of the dots represents the gene count, and the color indicates the p-value, with red indicating higher significance. (A). KEGG enrichment of 24 hpi. (B). KEGG enrichment of 48 hpi. (C). KEGG enrichment of 96 hpi. (D). KEGG enrichment of 120 hpi. Full article ">Figure 4
GO term analysis of 2791-Piz-t specific DEGs. Top 20 GO terms from each timepoint were plotted together. The size of the dots represents the gene count, and the color indicates the p-value, with red indicating higher significance functions related to DNA organization and gene expression regulation are important for Piz-t-mediated resistance. Full article ">Figure 5
Metabolomic analysis of the Piz-t-mediated resistance after M. oryzae infection. (A,C,E). Volcano plot of the metabolites showing altered expression patterns in NPB-Piz-t in comparison with NPB. A total of 347, 137 and 423 metabolites showed increased expression at 0, 48 and 96 hpi after RO1-1 inoculation in NPB-Piz-t, while 441, 124 and 461 metabolites showed decreased expression patterns at 0, 48 and 96 hpi after RO1-1 inoculation in NPB-Piz-t. (B,D,F). Heatmaps of differentially accumulated metabolites in 0, 48 and 96 hpi after RO1-1 inoculation in NPB-Piz-t, with p values < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 6
The number of metabolites in different biological pathways that were up- and down-regulated in NPB-Piz-t compared with NPB after inoculation. (A,C,E). The number of metabolites being up-regulated in NPB-Piz-t vs. NPB after inoculation of RO1-1. (B,D,F). The number of metabolites being down-regulated in NPB-Piz-t vs. NPB after inoculation of RO1-1. Full article ">

18 pages, 7273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Sequential Matching Enhanced Underwater Single-Photon Lidar Imaging Algorithm

by Qiguang Zhu, Yuhang Wang, Chenxu Wang, Tian Rong, Buxiao Li and Xiaotian Ying

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2223; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122223 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

Traditional LiDAR and air-medium-based single-photon LiDAR struggle to perform effectively in high-scattering environments. The laser beams are subject to severe medium absorption and multiple scattering phenomena in such conditions, greatly limiting the maximum operational range and imaging quality of the system. The high sensitivity and high temporal resolution of single-photon LiDAR enable high-resolution depth information acquisition under limited illumination power, making it highly suitable for operation in environments with extremely poor visibility. In this study, we focus on the data distribution characteristics of active single-photon LiDAR operating underwater, without relying on time-consuming deep learning frameworks. By leveraging the differences in time-domain distribution between noise and echo signals, as well as the hidden spatial information among echo signals from different pixels, we rapidly obtain imaging results across various distances and attenuation coefficients. We have experimentally verified that the proposed spatial sequential matching enhanced (SSME) algorithm can effectively enhance the reconstruction quality of reflection intensity maps and depth maps in strong scattering underwater environments. Through additional experiments, we demonstrated the algorithm’s reconstruction effect on different geometric shapes and the system’s resolution at different distances. This rapidly implementable reconstruction algorithm provides a convenient way for researchers to preview data during underwater single-photon LiDAR studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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43 pages, 762 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Analysis of Bioactive Compounds, Functional Properties, and Applications of Broccoli By-Products

by Iris Gudiño, Rocío Casquete, Alberto Martín, Yuanfeng Wu and María José Benito

Foods 2024, 13(23), 3918; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13233918 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

Broccoli by-products, traditionally considered inedible, possess a comprehensive nutritional and functional profile. These by-products are abundant in glucosinolates, particularly glucoraphanin, and sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate renowned for its potent antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Broccoli leaves are a significant source of phenolic compounds, including kaempferol and quercetin, as well as pigments, vitamins, and essential minerals. Additionally, they contain proteins, essential amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, with the leaves exhibiting the highest protein content among the by-products. Processing techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and freeze-drying are crucial for maximizing the concentration and efficacy of these bioactive compounds. Advanced analytical methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), have enabled precise characterization of these bioactives. Broccoli by-products have diverse applications in the food industry, enhancing the nutritional quality of food products and serving as natural substitutes for synthetic additives. Their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties not only contribute to health promotion but also support sustainability by reducing agricultural waste and promoting a circular economy, thereby underscoring the value of these often underutilized components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, and Novel Foods)

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Visual overview of future perspectives on use of broccoli and broccoli by-product extracts. Full article ">

33 pages, 855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Testing of Random Number Generators and Their Improvement Using Randomness Extraction

by Cameron Foreman, Richie Yeung and Florian J. Curchod

Entropy 2024, 26(12), 1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26121053 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

Random number generators (RNGs) are notoriously challenging to build and test, especially for cryptographic applications. While statistical tests cannot definitively guarantee an RNG’s output quality, they are a powerful verification tool and the only universally applicable testing method. In this work, we design, implement, and present various post-processing methods, using randomness extractors, to improve the RNG output quality and compare them through statistical testing. We begin by performing intensive tests on three RNGs—the 32-bit linear feedback shift register (LFSR), Intel’s ‘RDSEED,’ and IDQuantique’s ‘Quantis’—and compare their performance. Next, we apply the different post-processing methods to each RNG and conduct further intensive testing on the processed output. To facilitate this, we introduce a comprehensive statistical testing environment, based on existing test suites, that can be parametrised for lightweight (fast) to intensive testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Probability and Randomness V)

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This figure illustrates our implementation set-up. The black box represents one of the initial RNGs that we test, and the dashed box denotes the new—in principle, improved—RNG with additional post-processing applied. Full article ">Figure 2
An illustration of the set-up that we consider. An RNG generates a bit string <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> of length n. In this work, we first study the statistical properties of the realisation x of the (random variable) X. Then, we analyse the effects of different post-processing methods applied to it. Full article ">Figure 3
Illustration of the set of sources, or input distributions, that can be successfully extracted from by different randomness extraction methods. (Right) weak input distributions and (Left) second input, or weak seed, distributions. Deterministic extractors (level 1) require additional properties on the weak input but do not need a second input source. Seeded extractors (level 2) relax the need for additional properties of the weak input and extract from sources with min-entropy only, at the cost of requiring a second string of (near-)perfect randomness. Two-source extractors (level 3) relax the assumptions of seeded ones to a second source that also has min-entropy only. Physical extractors (level 4, not in the figure) require special quantum hardware, which effectively provides the second input with a device-independent lower bound on the min-entropy, requiring minimal added assumptions. Full article ">Figure 4
The above plots show (left) the number of statistical tests failed and (right) failed and suspicious for each initial RNG at each post-processing level. The x axis indicates the level, with step 0 being the initial RNG with no additional post-processing, and steps 1–4 are deterministic, seeded, two-source, and physical extraction, respectively. The y axis is the number of statistical tests failed (left) or failed and suspicious (right), out of 4600, using a logarithmic scale: for f failed or failed and suspicious tests, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo form="prefix">log</mo> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math>. The shaded region in the left plot illustrates the successful region, whereby the RNG fails less than 7.5 tests, and the white region illustrates the ‘unacceptable’ region, in which, with high probability, near-perfect randomness is not produced. We note that we are unable to use the 32-bit LFSR at level 4 because of its low initial estimated min-entropy rate, <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">RNG</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>, as detailed and evaluated in <a href="#sec4-entropy-26-01053" class="html-sec">Section 4</a>. Full article ">Figure 5
Here, level 1 of our post-processing methods is performed by using a deterministic extractor, namely the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Von</mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Neumann</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> extractor, on the initial output of the RNG. Full article ">Figure 6
The set-up for seeded extraction. In this case, the initial output of the RNG only needs to have min-entropy, but extraction requires an additional near-perfectly random bit string (the seed), which needs to be generated independently. Full article ">Figure 7
The set-up for two-source extraction. In this case, the initial output of the RNG only needs to have some min-entropy and extraction requires an additional bit string that is weakly random only in the sense that it also has min-entropy. Full article ">Figure 8
The set-up for level 4: physical randomness extraction. The initial RNG is used twice: first to generate challenges to the quantum device and second to provide an extra bit string as input to a two-source extractor. The role of the quantum device is to provide an additional source of randomness. The device-independent protocol is performed by using the challenge–response behaviour of the device to obtain a lower bound on the amount of randomness in the device’s responses (without characterising the device itself). The second bit string of the initial RNG and the responses from the quantum device form the two input strings to a two-source extractor, implemented as in level 3. Full article ">

14 pages, 9503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Can the COVID-19 Pandemic Tell Us About the Energy Transition? A Nitrogen Dioxide and Ground-Level Ozone Study

by Angelo Roldão Soares and Carla Monteiro Silva

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1453; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121453 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

The lockdown measures imposed in Lisbon during the COVID-19 pandemic offered an unprecedented opportunity to observe abrupt changes in tropospheric NO₂ and O₃ concentrations, providing information on air quality improvements in a future dominated by electric vehicles. This study used deweathering modelling to account for meteorological influences in the data, analysing pollution changes throughout the baseline (2016–2019), COVID-19 (2020), recovery (2021), and post-COVID-19 (2022) periods. In summary, significant decreases in NO₂ concentrations were observed at both traffic and background locations, with reductions up to 30% during the COVID-19 year. This is similar to what would be expected in an aggressive energy transition scenario. Concentrations of O₃ increased by up to 20% at traffic locations; however, background O₃ concentrations remained virtually unchanged, indicating that O₃ formation is not primarily driven by NO₂ but possibly VOC. The findings in this paper suggest that future reductions in NO₂ due to vehicle electrification are unlikely to result in considerably high regional O₃ concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

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Lisbon AQMS and WS. Full article ">Figure 2
Line plot showing the median length of traffic jams in Lisbon (in km) from Waze data overlapping NO2 concentration boxplots (2019–2022). Full article ">Figure 3
Percentage changes in DW NO2 and O3 concentrations comparing baseline with COVID-19, recovery and post-COVID-19 periods. Full article ">Figure 4
DW concentration changes in NO2 and O3, comparing baseline with COVID-19, recovery and post-COVID-19 periods. Full article ">Figure 5
On the left: Data from Instituto Nacional de Estatistica of the Portuguese circulating Vehicle fleet. On the right: Data from the Association of Electric Vehicle Users (UVE) taken from The Portuguese Automobile Association (ACAP) of circulating EVs. The Total relates to BEV + PHEV. Full article ">

16 pages, 2521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reduction in Mitophagy Is Associated with Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration in Rodent Models of Glaucoma

by Renuka M. Chaphalkar, Bindu Kodati, Prabhavathi Maddineni, Shaoqing He, Calvin D. Brooks, Dorota L. Stankowska, Shaohua Yang, Gulab Zode and Raghu R. Krishnamoorthy

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 13040; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252313040 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

Glaucoma is a heterogenous group of optic neuropathies characterized by the degeneration of optic nerve axons and the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which could ultimately lead to vision loss. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor in the development of glaucoma, and reducing IOP remains the main therapeutic strategy. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoactive peptide, has been shown to produce neurodegenerative effects in animal models of glaucoma. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying ET-1-mediated neurodegeneration in glaucoma are not completely understood. In the current study, using a Seahorse Mitostress assay, we report that ET-1 treatment for 4 h and 24 h time points causes a significant decline in various parameters of mitochondrial function, including ATP production, maximal respiration, and spare respiratory capacity in cultured RGCs. This compromise in mitochondrial function could trigger activation of mitophagy as a quality control mechanism to restore RGC health. Contrary to our expectation, we observed a decrease in mitophagy following ET-1 treatment for 24 h in cultured RGCs. Using Morrison’s model of ocular hypertension in rats, we investigated here, for the first time, changes in mitophagosome formation by analyzing the co-localization of LC-3B and TOM20 in RGCs. We also injected ET-1 (24 h) into transgenic GFP-LC3 mice to analyze the formation of mitophagosomes in vivo. In Morrison’s model of ocular hypertension, as well as in ET-1 injected GFP-LC3 mice, we found a decrease in co-localization of LC3 and TOM20, indicating reduced mitophagy. Taken together, these results demonstrate that both ocular hypertension and ET-1 administration in rats and mice lead to reduced mitophagy, thus predisposing RGCs to neurodegeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration)

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ET-1 decreases oxygen consumption rate (OCR) at 4 h and 24 h in primary RGCs. (A). Representative OCR profiles showing OCR recordings at baseline and after treatment with oligomycin, FCCP, and rotenone/Antimycin A following ET-1 treatment for 4 h. (B). Representative OCR profiles showing OCR recordings at baseline and after treatment with oligomycin, FCCP, and rotenone/Antimycin A following ET-1 treatment for 24 h. (C). Bar graphs showing quantitation of oxygen consumption rate during basal respiration, maximal respiration, ATP-linked respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and proton leak following ET-1 treatment for 4 h. (D). Bar graphs showing quantitation of oxygen consumption rate during basal respiration, maximal respiration, ATP-linked respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and proton leak following ET-1 treatment for 24 h. Data represented as the mean ± SEM, (Student’s t-test, n = 3 biological replicates per group), significance at * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. Full article ">Figure 2
Endothelin treatment elevates reactive oxygen species in cultured primary RGCs. (A). Primary RGCs were either untreated (control), or treated with H2O2 (positive control), ET-1, or ET-3 for 1 h. Cells were stained with CellRox (Green) to detect reactive oxygen species and nuclear dye DAPI (Blue). (B). Mitochondrial membrane potential determined by JC-1 assay in RGCs treated with vehicle or ET-1 for 4 h. FCCP (100 μM), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, was used as positive control. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (**** p < 0.0001) (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). Full article ">Figure 3
ET-1 treatment mediated decrease in co-localization of Lysotracker (Green) and Mitotracker (Red) in cultured primary RGCs were stained with Mitotracker Deep Red, Lysotracker Red and nuclear dye DAPI (Blue) following ET-1 treatment for 24 h. (A). A decrease in co-staining (yellow) of mitotracker and lysotracker was found following ET-1 treatment indicative of decreased mitophagy. (B). Quantitation of co-localization puncta was determined by Mander’s overlap co-efficient. Scale bar = 20 µm. Data represented as the mean ± SEM, (Student’s t-test, n = 3 biological replicates per group), significance at ** p < 0.01. Full article ">Figure 4
Intravitreal ET-1 administration in GFP-LC3 transgenic mice decreased autophagosome formation in retinal ganglion cells. (A). OCT sections showing a significant decrease in co-localization of GFP-LC3 (green) with TOM20 (yellow) 24 h following intravitreal ET-1 injection (white arrow heads indicate the co-localization of GFP-LC3 and TOM20 in GCL layer). Brn3a immunostaining (red) was used to detect RGCs and additional staining was done with nuclear dye DAPI (Blue). (B). Quantitation of co-localization of GFP-LC3 with TOM20 determined by Mander’s overlap co-efficient (n = 3, * p < 0.05). Scale bar =20 µm. Data represented as mean ± SEM. NFL: nerve fiber layer, GCL: ganglion cell layer, IPL: inner plexiform layer, INL: inner nuclear layer. Full article ">Figure 5
Elevated IOP in Brown Norway rats decreased the formation of mitophagosomes in retinal ganglion cells. (A). IOP was elevated in one eye of rats by the Morrison model and maintained for 2 weeks. Representative graph of IOP measurements for IOP elevated (red squares) and contralateral control (black circles) eyes in adult retired breeder Brown Norway rats. (B). Retina sections obtained from rat eyes were stained using anti-LC3B (marker of autophagosomes) and anti- TOM20 (outer mitochondrial membrane protein). Brn3a immunostaining (cyan) was used to detect RGCs and additional staining was done with nuclear dye DAPI (blue). Retinas from IOP elevated rat eyes showed a significant decrease in co-localization puncta in RGCs. (C). Quantitation of co-localization of LC3B (red) with TOM20 (green) was determined by assessment of Mander’s overlap co-efficient (n = 6, * p < 0.001). Scale bar = 20 µm. Data represented as mean ± SEM. NFL: nerve fiber layer, GCL: ganglion cell layer, IPL: inner plexiform layer, INL: inner nuclear layer. Full article ">

17 pages, 986 KiB

Open AccessReview

Alarmins in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Immunological Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives

by Angela Rizzi, Federica Li Pomi, Riccardo Inchingolo, Marinella Viola, Francesco Borgia and Sebastiano Gangemi

Biomedicines 2024, 12(12), 2765; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122765 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: In the world, approximately 1% of the population suffers from chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), burdening patients’ quality of life and challenging clinicians in terms of treatment. Recent scientific evidence has unveiled the potential role of a family of molecules known as “alarmins” in the pathogenesis of CSU. Methods: Papers focusing on the potential pathogenetic role of alarmins in CSU with diagnostic (as biomarkers) and therapeutic implications, in English and published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, as well as clinical studies registered in ClinicalTrials.gov and the EudraCT Public website, were reviewed. Results: The epithelial-derived alarmins thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33 could be suitable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets in CSU. The evidence on the role of non-epithelial-derived alarmins (heat shock proteins, S-100 proteins, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, β-defensins, and acid uric to high-density lipoproteins ratio) is more heterogeneous and complex. Conclusions: More homogeneous studies on large cohorts, preferably supported by data from international registries, will be able to elucidate the intriguing and complex pathogenetic world of CSU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute and Chronic Urticaria: New Insights into Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapy)

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After release, IL-33 promotes type 2 immune cell activation, including Th2 cells, MC, basophils, and the consequent production of Th2 cytokines, thus enhancing inflammation and tissue remodeling. IL-33 is also involved in the IL-33/IL31 axis: IL-33 promotes IL-31 release via IL-4/STAT6 and IL-33/NF-kB signaling. IL-33 directly stimulates transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1)+ sensory neurons, expressing the related receptors ST2, thus leading to abnormal neuro–immune–epithelial crosstalk. IL-33 amplifies histaminergic itch in sensory neurons: stimulated by IL-33, MCs significantly increase IL-13 levels and, binding IL-13R on sensory neurons, exacerbate histaminergic itch through IL-13-dependent mechanisms. TSLP induces MC degranulation in the presence of IL-1 and TNF and enhances the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, including IL-5, IL-13, and IL-6. Moreover, TSLP is involved in CSU’s pruritic symptoms through basophil activation. IL-25′s main targets are dermal ILC2s, which, once activated, promote IL-4 and IL-13 release. The latter, in turn, induces keratinocyte proliferation and produces immune cell-attracting chemokines, while down-regulating keratinocyte filaggrin expression synergistically with IL-4, thus exacerbating skin barrier defects. IL-25 also promotes neutrophil recruitment via macrophage activation in a p38-dependent mechanism. IL-25 induces dermal DCs to release IL-1b, directly activating Th17 cells. Created with BioRender.com. Full article ">

16 pages, 5673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability-Based Design Optimization of Bearing Hub Preform for Minimizing Defects Considering Manufacturing Tolerance in Hot Forging Process

by Minseong Oh, Jinkuk Kim, Juhyun Cho, Mincheol Kim, Mansoo Joun and Seokmoo Hong

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11316; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311316 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

A study on the optimal design of preforms has previously been actively conducted as a method to solve defects such as voids and flash in forged products. However, previous research has generally been performed through deterministic optimization for ideal cases that do not take manufacturing tolerances into account. As a result, the application of such optimal designs in actual processes may be limited due to various factors such as material manufacturing tolerances and the machining environment of preforms. Therefore, this study conducted reliability-based optimization considering tolerances in billets and preforms. The objective of the study was to optimize the design of a bearing hub and minimize defects in the final product. When comparing deterministic optimization and reliability-based optimization, the former showed relatively superior results in terms of defect indicators but had a higher occurrence of voids and lower forming loads, increasing the probability of void occurrence. On the other hand, the reliability-based optimization showed relatively lower performance in quality improvement indicators, but it successfully met the target reliability of 99% by reducing the probability of defect occurrence. These results were derived using an approximate model based on the Kriging method, providing an optimal design that is practical and effective in actual manufacturing processes. Full article

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26 pages, 1388 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Methods for Improving the Stability of Non-Destructive Testing of Agricultural Product Quality

by Sai Xu, Hanting Wang, Xin Liang and Huazhong Lu

Foods 2024, 13(23), 3917; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13233917 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

Non-destructive testing (NDT) technology is pivotal in the quality assessment of agricultural products. In contrast to traditional manual testing, which is fraught with subjectivity, inefficiency, and the potential for sample damage, NDT technology has gained widespread application due to its advantages of objectivity, speed, and accuracy, and it has injected significant momentum into the intelligent development of the food industry and agriculture. Over the years, technological advancements have led to the development of NDT systems predicated on machine vision, spectral analysis, and bionic sensors. However, during practical application, these systems can be compromised by external environmental factors, the test samples themselves, or by the degradation and noise interference inherent in the testing equipment, leading to instability in the detection process. This instability severely impacts the accuracy and efficiency of the testing. Consequently, refining the detection methods and enhancing system stability have emerged as key focal points for research endeavors. This manuscript presents an overview of various prevalent non-destructive testing methodologies, summarizes how sample properties, external environments, and instrumentation factors affect the stability of testing in practical applications, organizes and analyzes solutions to enhance the stability of non-destructive testing of agricultural product quality based on current research, and offers recommendations for future investigations into the non-destructive testing technology of agricultural products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Analytical Methods)

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Non-destructive testing system. Full article ">Figure 2
The process of the data fusion algorithm. Full article ">Figure 3
Backlight and spherical integral light source. Full article ">

19 pages, 1251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fall Risk Assessment in Active Elderly Through the Use of Inertial Measurement Units: Determining the Right Postural Balance Variables and Sensor Locations

by Youssef Nkizi and Ornwipa Thamsuwan

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11312; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311312 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

Falls among the elderly have been a significant public health challenge, with severe consequences for individuals and healthcare systems. Traditional balance assessment methods often lack ecological validity, necessitating more comprehensive and adaptable evaluation techniques. This research explores the use of inertial measurement units to assess postural balance in relation to the Berg Balance Scale outcomes. We recruited 14 participants from diverse age groups and health backgrounds, who performed 14 simulated tasks while wearing inertial measurement units on the head, torso, and lower back. Our study introduced a novel metric, i.e., the volume that envelops the 3-dimensional accelerations, calculated as the convex hull space, and used this metric along with others defined in previous studies. Through logistic regression, we demonstrated significant associations between various movement characteristics and the instances of balance loss. In particular, greater movement volume at the lower back (p = 0.021) was associated with better balance, while root-mean-square lower back angular velocity (p = 0.004) correlated with poorer balance. This study revealed that sensor location and task type (static vs. dynamic) significantly influenced the coefficients of the logistic regression model, highlighting the complex nature of balance assessment. These findings underscore the potential of IMUs in providing detailed objective balance assessments in the elderly by identifying specific movement patterns associated with balance impairment across various contexts. This knowledge can guide the development of targeted interventions and strategies for fall prevention, potentially improving the quality of life for older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensors for Postural or Gait Stability Assessment)

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IMU placement locations: head (top left), torso (bottom left), and lower back (right). Full article ">Figure 2
The 2D projection of accelerations in the horizontal (XY) plane; example for task 10. The black lines envelope the Convex Hall Area. Full article ">Figure 3
The 3D visualization of accelerations, movement trajectory, and convex hull volume; example for task 10. Full article ">Figure 4
Correlation matrix of IMU-derived movement characteristics. Full article ">

10 pages, 410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of the Hungarian Version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire on Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ-FLUTS)

by Wesam A. Debes, Munseef Sadaqa, Alexandra Makai, Olívia Dózsa-Juhász, Nikolett Tumpek, Judit Kocsis, Pongrác Ács, Réka Laura Szűcs, Zsanett Németh, Viktória Prémusz and Marta Hock

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(23), 7389; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237389 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent condition that significantly impacts the quality of life. This study aimed to validate the Hungarian version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ-FLUTS) and assess its psychometric properties in the context of the Hungarian population. Study design: A cross-sectional study involved 215 Hungarian-speaking women with a mean age of 67.6 ± 11.9 years. Main outcome measure: Participants were administered both the ICIQ-FLUTS and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF). The psychometric analysis included test–retest reliability, convergent validity, and internal consistency. Results: The Hungarian version of ICIQ-FLUTS demonstrated strong psychometric properties. The test–retest reliability analysis showed a high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.921), indicating excellent agreement between measurements over a 14-day interval. Convergent validity was supported by a strong positive correlation between the total scores of ICIQ-FLUTS and ICIQ-SF (ρ = 0.686, p < 0.001), emphasizing shared underlying constructs. Furthermore, the ICIQ-FLUTS questionnaire exhibited good internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.862. Conclusions: This study successfully validated the Hungarian version of the ICIQ-FLUTS questionnaire and demonstrated its robust psychometric properties. This tool will enable healthcare practitioners and researchers to effectively assess and address UI’s impact on their quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathologies: From Birth to Menopause (Second Edition))

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22 pages, 6505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Step RRT*-Based Method for Path Planning of Tea-Picking Robotic Arm

by Xin Li, Jingwen Yang, Xin Wang, Leiyang Fu and Shaowen Li

Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7759; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237759 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

The Adaptive Step RRT* (AS-RRT*) path planning algorithm for tea-picking robotic arms was proposed as a solution to the autonomy, safety, and efficiency problems inherent to tea-picking robots in tea plantations. The algorithm employs an accumulator-based sampling point selection strategy to enhance the efficiency of path planning and the quality of the resulting path. It combines fast connectivity and pruning optimization methods to identify collision-free paths in a shorter time and to reduce the computational burden. It also incorporates a dynamic step length adjustment mechanism following collision detection, ensuring that the robot arm can avoid obstacles in real time. Furthermore, the generated paths were optimized through the introduction of redundant node removal and curve smoothing techniques. In the robotic arm motion planning experiments, the depth vision sensor was employed to obtain three-dimensional information within the tea plantation as the data source. The experimental results demonstrate that the AS-RRT* algorithm reduces the path length by 14.18% and the path planning time is less than 1 s, indicating that the proposed method enhances the efficiency of path planning and obstacle avoidance performance of the tea-picking robot arm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Sensors for Sustainable Agriculture)

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14 pages, 1464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Neural Network Model Based on DenseNet for Fabric Texture Recognition

by Li Tan, Qiang Fu and Jing Li

Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7758; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237758 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

In modern knitted garment production, accurate identification of fabric texture is crucial for enabling automation and ensuring consistent quality control. Traditional manual recognition methods not only demand considerable human effort but also suffer from inefficiencies and are prone to subjective errors. Although machine learning-based approaches have made notable advancements, they typically rely on manual feature extraction. This dependency is time-consuming and often limits recognition accuracy. To address these limitations, this paper introduces a novel model, called the Differentiated Leaning Weighted DenseNet (DLW-DenseNet), which builds upon the DenseNet architecture. Specifically, DLW-DenseNet introduces a learnable weight mechanism that utilizes channel attention to enhance the selection of relevant channels. The proposed mechanism reduces information redundancy and expands the feature search space of the model. To maintain the effectiveness of channel selection in the later stages of training, DLW-DenseNet incorportes a differentiated learning strategy. By assigning distinct learning rates to the learnable weights, the model ensures continuous and efficient channel selection throughout the training process, thus facilitating effective model pruning. Furthermore, in response to the absence of publicly available datasets for fabric texture recognition, we construct a new dataset named KF9 (knitted fabric). Compared to the fabric recognition network based on the improved ResNet, the recognition accuracy has increased by five percentage points, achieving a higher recognition rate. Experimental results demonstrate that DLW-DenseNet significantly outperforms other representative methods in terms of recognition accuracy on the KF9 dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensing and Imaging)

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23 pages, 9802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of the Stability of the Casting Process by the HPDC Method on the Basis of Knowledge Obtained by Data Mining Techniques

by Marcin Brzeziński, Jakub Wiśniowski, Mariusz Łucarz, Karolina Kaczmarska, Alena Pribulová and Peter Futáš

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5935; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235935 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

High-pressure die casting (HPDC) of aluminum alloys is one of the most efficient manufacturing methods, offering high repeatability and the ability to produce highly complex castings. The cast parts are characterized by good surface quality, high dimensional accuracy, and high tensile strength. Continuous technological advancements are driving the increase in part complexity and quality requirements. Numerous parameters impact the quality of a casting in the HPDC process. The most commonly controlled parameters include plunger velocity in the first and second phases, switching point, and intensification pressure. However, a key question arises: is there a parameter that can predict casting quality? This article presents an exploratory analysis of data recorded in a modern HPDC casting machine, focusing on the thickness of the biscuit. The biscuit is the first component of the casting runner system, with a diameter equivalent to that of the injection chamber and a height linked to various processes and mold characteristics. While its diameter is fixed, the thickness varies. The nominal thickness value and tolerances are defined by the process designer based on calculations. Although the thickness of the biscuit does not affect the casting geometry, it influences porosity and cold-shot formation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between biscuit thickness and casting quality parameters, such as porosity. For this purpose, a series of injections was produced using automated gating, and biscuit thicknesses were examined. This article presents quality assessment tools and statistical analyses demonstrating a strong correlation between biscuit thickness and casting quality. The knowledge gained from the methodology and analyses developed in this study can be applied in support systems for the quality diagnostics of HPDC castings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Metal Cutting, Casting, Forming, and Heat Treatment)

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15 pages, 2681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ammonium Polyphosphate Promotes Maize Growth and Phosphorus Uptake by Altering Root Properties

by Siqi Dong, Asante-Badu Bismark, Songsong Li, Qiang Gao, Xue Zhou and Cuilan Li

Plants 2024, 13(23), 3407; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233407 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for maize growth, significantly affecting both yield and quality. Despite the typically high concentration of available P in black soils, the efficiency of crop uptake and utilization remains relatively low. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different P fertilizers on maize yield, root growth parameters, and P use efficiency to identify strategies for optimizing P management in black soil regions. Field experiment results indicated that the combination of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with other P fertilizers led to variations in yield and P fertilizer absorption efficiency. Various P fertilizers were tested, including diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), fused calcium magnesium phosphate (FCMP), a combination of DAP and FCMP (DAP+FCMP), and a control with no phosphate (CK). The results indicated that P application significantly increased maize yield, with APP (171.8 g/plant) outperforming other P application treatments. Different P fertilizer types significantly affect soil P content and the composition of P fractions. APP significantly increased both the total P (TP) and the proportion of inorganic P (Pi). Furthermore, APP application significantly improved root length (RL), surface area (SAR), and root activity (RA) compared to CK, leading to enhanced nutrient absorption. APP also significantly increased P uptake and utilization (REp, FPp, AEp, PHI, and PAC). In summary, by optimizing plant biomass and P uptake, APP can directly and indirectly influence maize yield. Improving rhizosphere properties through the selection of suitable fertilizer types can enhance fertilizer use efficiency and increase maize production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Fertility Management for Plant Growth and Development)

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