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36 pages, 1072 KiB  
Review
Applicability of Agro-Waste Materials in Structural Systems for Building Construction: A Scoping Review
by Hediye Kumbasaroglu and Atila Kumbasaroglu
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010071 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
This article presents the results of a systematic review investigating the potential of agricultural wastes as sustainable and low-carbon alternatives in reinforced concrete (RC) production. Background: The depletion of natural resources and the environmental burden of conventional construction materials necessitate innovative solutions to [...] Read more.
This article presents the results of a systematic review investigating the potential of agricultural wastes as sustainable and low-carbon alternatives in reinforced concrete (RC) production. Background: The depletion of natural resources and the environmental burden of conventional construction materials necessitate innovative solutions to reduce the carbon footprint of construction. Agricultural wastes, including coconut shells (CSs), rice husk ash (RHA), and palm oil (PO) fuel ash, emerge as promising materials due to their abundance and mechanical benefits. Objective: This review evaluates the potential of agricultural wastes to improve sustainability and enhance the mechanical properties of RC structural elements while reducing carbon emissions. Design: Studies were systematically analyzed to explore the sources, classification, and material properties of agro-wastes (AWs), with a particular focus on their environmental benefits and performance in concrete. Results: Key findings demonstrate that AWs enhance compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity while reducing the carbon footprint of construction. However, challenges such as variability in material properties, limited long-term durability data, and lack of standardized guidelines hinder their broader adoption. Conclusions: AWs hold significant potential as sustainable additives for RC elements, aligning with global sustainability goals. Future research should address material optimization, lifecycle assessments, and regulatory integration to facilitate their mainstream adoption in construction. Full article
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Broader process of sustainable utilization of agricultural waste (own research).</p>
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<p>Sources, processing methods, and results of agro-waste utilization (own research).</p>
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24 pages, 1848 KiB  
Article
Climate Variability and Adaptation Strategies in a Pastoralist Area of the Eastern Bale Zone: The Case of Sawena District, Ethiopia
by Mesfin Bekele Gebbisa and Zsuzsanna Bacsi
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010069 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
This study was conducted in Sawena district, located in the Eastern Bale Zone of Ethiopia, with the aim of analyzing climate variability and identifying adaptation strategies. Secondary data covering the period from 1984 to 2023 were utilized, along with structured and unstructured questionnaires. [...] Read more.
This study was conducted in Sawena district, located in the Eastern Bale Zone of Ethiopia, with the aim of analyzing climate variability and identifying adaptation strategies. Secondary data covering the period from 1984 to 2023 were utilized, along with structured and unstructured questionnaires. Primary data were gathered from 350 pastoralist households across six kebeles through a household survey. This study used the Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, the coefficient of variation, descriptive statistics, and a multivariate probit model to analyze climate variability and adaptation strategies. The Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, and coefficient of variation analysis results showed significant rainfall increases in September, October, and November, with high winter variability and an upward autumn trend. Temperature analysis revealed consistent warming, with the greatest increases in September (0.049 °C/year) and summer (0.038 °C/year), and an annual mean rise of 0.034 °C per year, indicating climate shifts affecting pastoralist and agro-pastoral livelihood strategies and water resources that lead the area toward vulnerability. The descriptive results indicated that pastoralist households have adopted various adaptation strategies: 45.1% participate in seasonal livestock migration, 26.3% rely on productive safety net programs, 19% pursue livelihood diversification, and 9.7% engage in agroforestry. Multivariate analysis indicates that education, age, credit access, livestock ownership, asset value, and media exposure influence these strategies. The findings highlight the importance of policies to enhance climate resilience through diversification, sustainable land management, and improved access to resources like credit and markets, alongside strengthened education and targeted extension services. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Impacts and Risks of Climate Change on Agriculture)
15 pages, 3120 KiB  
Article
E46K α-Synuclein Mutation Fails to Promote Neurite Outgrowth by Not Inducing Cdc42EP2 Expression, Unlike Wild-Type or A53T α-Synuclein in SK-N-SH Cells
by Hyunja Jung and Seonghan Kim
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010009 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: α-Synuclein (α-syn) protein is a major pathological agent of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD), and its levels and aggregations determine neurotoxicity in PD pathogenesis. Although the pathophysiological functions of α-syn have been extensively studied, its biological functions remain elusive, and there are reports [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: α-Synuclein (α-syn) protein is a major pathological agent of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD), and its levels and aggregations determine neurotoxicity in PD pathogenesis. Although the pathophysiological functions of α-syn have been extensively studied, its biological functions remain elusive, and there are reports of wild-type (WT) α-syn and two missense mutations of α-syn (A30P and A53T) inducing protective neuritogenesis through neurite outgrowth. However, the function of another α-syn mutation, E46K, has not been fully elucidated. Thus, we compared the effect of E46K α-syn with other types to identify the mechanisms underlying neurite outgrowth. Methods: We transfected SK-N-SH cells with WT and mutant (A53T and E46K) α-syn to investigate the effects of their overexpression on neurite outgrowth. Then, we compared the differential effects of α-syn on neurite outgrowth using microscopic analysis, including confocal microscopy. We also analyzed the differential regulation of cell division control 42 effector protein 2 (Cdc42EP2) using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Finally, to confirm the implication of neurite outgrowth, we knocked down Cdc42EP2 using small interfering RNA. Results: Unlike WT and A53T α-syn, E46K α-syn failed to promote neurite outgrowth by not inducing Cdc42EP2 and subsequent βIII-tubulin expression. Cdc42EP2 knockdown impaired neurite outgrowth in WT and A53T α-syn transfectants. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that WT and mutant α-syn are linked to Cdc42EP2 production in neuritogenesis, implying α-syn involvement in the physiological function of axon growth and synapse formation. Thus, α-syn may be a potential therapeutic target for PD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience)
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<p>Overexpression of mutant α-synuclein (α-syn) E46K attenuated neurite outgrowth. We transfected SK-N-SH cells with human wild-type (WT) α-syn, A53T or E46K mutant α-syn, or an empty vector using X-tremeGENE 9 DNA Transfection Reagent (Roche) per the manufacturer’s instructions and monitored neurite outgrowth length for 72 h after transfection using an Olympus CKX41 microscope. All images were obtained at 100× magnification. (<b>A</b>) After transfection of α-syn transfectants for 24 h, neurite outgrowths of α-syn transfectants were monitored for 72 h. Scale bar: 50 μm. (<b>B</b>) Changes in neurite length in each group. The results are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD) for three distinct sets of experiments. The elongated neurite lengths after α-syn transfection were measured using ImageJ-Fiji software (v.1.54f) with the Neurite-J v.1.1 plugin. Differences among each group were compared with the control group using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001). Student <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test was used to determine the statistical significance of each group (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, # <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, or ## <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01).</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Proliferation of mutant α-syn E46K transfectants. We performed cell proliferation assays using the alamarBlue reagent for 72 h after transfection with pcDNA3.1+-α-syn (WT, A53T, or E46K). The fluorescence of the alamarBlue indicator (excitation, 530 nm; emission, 590 nm) was analyzed using a microplate fluorometer. All samples were prepared in triplicate. Data are presented as means ± SD.</p>
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<p>Cell division control 42 effector protein 2 (Cdc42EP2) negatively regulated neurite outgrowth by downregulating βIII-tubulin in E46K α-syn transfectants. (<b>A</b>) Quantitative analysis of Cdc42EP2 mRNA expression. SK-N-SH cells were seeded into six-well plates (1 × 10<sup>5</sup> cells/well) and cultured for 16 h to achieve attachment and confluency. After transfection with each pcDNA3.1+-α-syn (WT, A53T, and E46K), the cells were maintained at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO<sub>2</sub> for 24 h. Then, total RNA was isolated for cDNA synthesis, followed by real-time quantitative PCR using SYBR Green TOPreal<sup>TM</sup> qPCR PreMIX (Enzynomics) on an Eco Real-Time PCR System (Illumina). Data are presented as means ± SD from four independent experiments. (<b>B</b>) Quantitative analysis of βIII-tubulin gene expression using the same techniques and statistical analyses as described in <a href="#brainsci-15-00009-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>A. (<b>C</b>) Western blot analysis of Cdc42EP2 protein levels in α-syn transfectants, including the empty vector group (control). (<b>D</b>) Western blot analysis of βIII-tubulin levels in α-syn transfectants, including the empty vector group (control). After sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of prepared cell lysate samples and transferring the proteins onto membranes, western blotting was performed using specific antibodies for human α-syn, Cdc42EP2, or βIII-tubulin. <a href="#app1-brainsci-15-00009" class="html-app">Figure S1</a> presents representative blots from three independent experiments. Data are presented as means ± SD for three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01) and Student <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test (# <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ## <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01).</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>α-Syn-induced Cdc42EP2 expression regulated neurite outgrowth in SK-N-SH cells. Confocal microscopy analysis of SK-N-SH cells transfected with WT, A53T, and E46K α-syn, including empty vector control (vehicle), revealed the correlation of Cdc42EP2 with the mutations of α-syn. Immunofluorescent staining was performed using Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated secondary antibody (green). α-Syn-induced Cdc42EP2 was visualized using Alexa Fluor 594 staining (red). Immunofluorescent images were captured using an LSM510 META confocal microscope with an Axioplan 2 imaging system (Carl Zeiss). Scale bar: 50 μm.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Cdc42EP2 knockdown abrogated α-syn-induced neurite outgrowth. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Cdc42EP2 was transfected into SK-N-SH cells. Unrelated siRNA was used as a negative control. Following a 6-hour interval, we performed cotransfection with secondary α-syn expression cDNA (WT, A53T, or E46K). An empty vector was used as the control. (<b>A</b>) At 72 h, the peak point of siRNA action, we assessed morphological changes in the cotransfected SK-N-SH cells using microscopy. Scale bar: 50 μm. (<b>B</b>) We performed three independent experiments to evaluate the changes in neurite lengths of the transfectants. Results are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 and ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01) and Student <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test (## <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01).</p>
Full article ">Figure 5 Cont.
<p>Cdc42EP2 knockdown abrogated α-syn-induced neurite outgrowth. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Cdc42EP2 was transfected into SK-N-SH cells. Unrelated siRNA was used as a negative control. Following a 6-hour interval, we performed cotransfection with secondary α-syn expression cDNA (WT, A53T, or E46K). An empty vector was used as the control. (<b>A</b>) At 72 h, the peak point of siRNA action, we assessed morphological changes in the cotransfected SK-N-SH cells using microscopy. Scale bar: 50 μm. (<b>B</b>) We performed three independent experiments to evaluate the changes in neurite lengths of the transfectants. Results are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 and ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01) and Student <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test (## <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01).</p>
Full article ">
16 pages, 2931 KiB  
Article
L-Cysteine Treatment Delays Leaf Senescence in Chinese Flowering Cabbage by Regulating ROS Metabolism and Stimulating Endogenous H2S Production
by Linzhi Gan, Zhenliang Mou, Jianye Chen, Wei Shan, Jianfei Kuang, Wangjin Lu, Yating Zhao and Wei Wei
Foods 2025, 14(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14010029 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a major concern for postharvest leafy vegetables, as leaves are highly prone to yellowing and nutrient loss, resulting in reduced commercial value and limited shelf-life. This study aimed to investigate the effect of L-cysteine (L-cys) on postharvest Chinese flowering cabbage [...] Read more.
Leaf senescence is a major concern for postharvest leafy vegetables, as leaves are highly prone to yellowing and nutrient loss, resulting in reduced commercial value and limited shelf-life. This study aimed to investigate the effect of L-cysteine (L-cys) on postharvest Chinese flowering cabbage stored at 20 °C. The results showed that 0.5 g L−1 L-cys treatment effectively slowed leaf senescence by downregulating chlorophyll degradation genes (BrNYC1, BrNOL, BrPPH, BrPAO, BrNYE, and BrSAGs) and senescence marker gene BrSAG12. Moreover, this treatment exhibited positive influence on the nutritional quality of cabbage. Also, L-cys treatment maintained ROS homeostasis, preventing excessive ROS accumulation and lipid membrane oxidation. L-cys treatment also maintained a higher total antioxidant capacity and scavenging rate of •OH and O2•−. Additionally, L-cys treatment maintained high levels of ascorbate and glutathione and activated antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) and the expression of the encoding genes. Furthermore, L-cys treatment elevated endogenous H2S levels, which are correlated with increased L-cysteine desulfhydrase activity and the upregulation of H2S biosynthesis-related genes. These findings suggest that L-cys can delay leaf senescence by reducing chlorophyll breakdown, maintaining ROS homeostasis, and stimulating endogenous H2S production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Technologies and Applications in Food and Its Products)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Changes in visual appearance of cabbage plants (<b>A</b>), chlorophyll fluorescence (<b>B</b>), chlorophyll content (<b>C</b>), and <span class="html-italic">Fv</span>/<span class="html-italic">Fm</span> ratio (<b>D</b>) of cabbage leaves treated with L-cys during leaf senescence. Error bars with data points represent the mean ± S.E. ** denotes a significant difference between control and L-cys treatment leaves at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Changes in nutritional quality in Chinese flowering cabbage leaves treated with L-cys during leaf senescence, including contents of soluble sugar (<b>A</b>), protein (<b>B</b>), Vitamin C (<b>C</b>), amino acid (<b>D</b>), total flavonoids (<b>E</b>), and total phenols (<b>F</b>). Error bars with datapoints represent the mean ± S.E. ** denotes a significant difference between control and L-cys treatment leaves at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Changes in O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup> production rate (<b>A</b>), H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> content (<b>B</b>), MDA content (<b>C</b>), total antioxidant capacity (<b>D</b>), •OH scavenging rate (<b>E</b>), and O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup> scavenging rate (<b>F</b>) in Chinese flowering cabbage leaves treated with L-cys during the leaf senescence. Error bars with data points represent the mean ± S.E. * and ** denote a significant difference between control and L-cys treatment leaves at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 and <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, respectively.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Changes in APX activity (<b>A</b>), GR activity (<b>B</b>), DHAR activity (<b>C</b>), and MDHAR activity (<b>D</b>) as well as relative expression levels of <span class="html-italic">BrAPX</span> (<b>E</b>), <span class="html-italic">BrGR</span> (<b>F</b>), <span class="html-italic">BrDHAR</span> (<b>G</b>), and <span class="html-italic">BrMDHAR</span> (<b>H</b>) in Chinese flowering cabbage leaves treated with L-cys during storage. Error bars with data points represent the mean ± S.E. ** denotes a significant difference between control and L-cys treatment leaves at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Changes in POD activity (<b>A</b>), SOD activity (<b>B</b>), and CAT activity (<b>C</b>) as well as relative expression levels of <span class="html-italic">BrPOD</span> (<b>D</b>), <span class="html-italic">BrSOD</span> (<b>E</b>), and <span class="html-italic">BrCAT</span> (<b>F</b>) in Chinese flowering cabbage leaves treated with L-cys during storage. Error bars with data points represent the mean ± S.E. ** denotes a significant difference between control and L-cys treatment leaves at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Changes in endogenous H<sub>2</sub>S content (<b>A</b>) and LCD activity (<b>B</b>) as well as relative expression levels of <span class="html-italic">BrLCD</span> (<b>C</b>), <span class="html-italic">BrCYSC1</span> (<b>D</b>), and <span class="html-italic">BrCYSD1</span> (<b>E</b>) in Chinese flowering cabbage leaves treated with L-cys during leaf senescence. Error bars with data points represent the mean ± S.E. ** denotes a significant difference between control and L-cys treatment leaves at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p>
Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Pearson correlation analysis of the effect of L-cys treatment on postharvest Chinese flowering cabbages. The color red is used to represent a positive correlation, whereas the color blue is used to represent a negative correlation.</p>
Full article ">
20 pages, 2292 KiB  
Article
Assessment of PPP Using BDS PPP-B2b Products with Short-Time-Span Observations and Backward Smoothing Method
by Lewen Zhao and Wei Zhai
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17010025 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) offers orbit and clock corrections through the B2b signal, enabling Precise Point Positioning (PPP) without relying on ground communication networks. This capability supports applications such as aerial and maritime mapping. However, achieving high precision during the convergence [...] Read more.
The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) offers orbit and clock corrections through the B2b signal, enabling Precise Point Positioning (PPP) without relying on ground communication networks. This capability supports applications such as aerial and maritime mapping. However, achieving high precision during the convergence period remains challenging, particularly for missions with short observation durations. To address this, we analyze the performance of PPP over short periods using PPP-B2b products and propose using the backward smoothing method to enhance the accuracy during the convergence period. Evaluation of the accuracy of PPP-B2b products shows that the orbit and clock accuracy of the BDS surpass those of GPS. Specifically, the BDS achieves orbit accuracies of 0.059 m, 0.178 m, and 0.186 m in the radial, along-track, and cross-track components, respectively, with a clock accuracy within 0.13 ns. The hourly static PPP achieves 0.5 m and 0.1 m accuracies with convergence times of 4.5 and 25 min at a 50% proportion, respectively. Nonetheless, 7.07% to 23.79% of sessions fail to converge to 0.1 m due to the limited availability of GPS and BDS corrections at certain stations. Simulated kinematic PPP requires an additional 1–4 min to reach the same accuracy as the static PPP. Using the backward smoothing method significantly enhances accuracy, achieving 0.024 m, 0.046 m, and 0.053 m in the north, east, and up directions, respectively. For vehicle-based positioning, forward PPP can achieve a horizontal accuracy better than 0.5 m within 4 min; however, during the convergence period, positioning errors may exceed 1.5 m and 3.0 m in the east and up direction. By applying the smoothing method, horizontal accuracy can reach better than 0.2 m, while the vertical accuracy can improve to better than 0.3 m. Full article
28 pages, 1742 KiB  
Article
Research on Intelligent Monitoring and Protection Equipment of Vital Signs of Underground Personnel in Coal Mines: Review
by Yuntao Liang, Yingjie Liu, Changjia Lu, Dawei Cui, Jinghu Yang and Rui Zhou
Sensors 2025, 25(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010063 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
The coal industry is a high risk, high difficulty industry, and the annual global mine accident rate is high, so the safety of coal mine underground operations has been a concern. With the development of technology, the application of intelligent security technology in [...] Read more.
The coal industry is a high risk, high difficulty industry, and the annual global mine accident rate is high, so the safety of coal mine underground operations has been a concern. With the development of technology, the application of intelligent security technology in coal mine safety has broad prospects. In this paper, the research progress of vital signs monitoring and support equipment for underground personnel in coal mines is reviewed. The two main methods to ensure the safety of miners are discussed. They consist of directly monitoring human vital signs through portable devices such as smart helmets and smartwatches and indirectly monitoring underground environmental parameters. In addition, the application of information technology, sensor technology and artificial intelligence in vital signs monitoring is briefly discussed, and some future research directions are proposed. For example, through big data and artificial intelligence technology, vital signs data can be compared with historical data, individual health trends and potential risks can be analyzed, and we can provide personalized health management programs for miners. These technologies not only improve the safety of underground coal mine operation, but also provide an important guarantee for the realization of intelligent and safe coal mine production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wearables)
20 pages, 5316 KiB  
Article
Characterizing Droughts During the Rice Growth Period in Northeast China Based on Daily SPEI Under Climate Change
by Tangzhe Nie, Xiu Liu, Peng Chen, Lili Jiang, Zhongyi Sun, Shuai Yin, Tianyi Wang, Tiecheng Li and Chong Du
Plants 2025, 14(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14010030 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
In agricultural production, droughts occurring during the crucial growth periods of crops hinder crop development, while the daily-scale standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) can be applied to accurately identify the drought characteristics. In this study, we used the statistical downscaling method to obtain [...] Read more.
In agricultural production, droughts occurring during the crucial growth periods of crops hinder crop development, while the daily-scale standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) can be applied to accurately identify the drought characteristics. In this study, we used the statistical downscaling method to obtain the daily precipitation (Pr), maximum air temperature (Tmax) and minimum air temperature (Tmin) during the rice growing season in Heilongjiang Province from 2015 to 2100 under the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 in CMIP6, to study the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought during the rice growing season in cold region and the effect of climate change on drought characteristics. The potential evapotranspiration (PET0) was calculated using the regression correction method of the Hargreaves formula recommended by the FAO, and the daily SPEI was calculated to quantitatively identify the drought classification. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the meteorological factors (Pr, Tmax, Tmin), PET0 and SPEI. The results showed that: (1) Under 3 SSP scenarios, Pr showed an increasing trend from the northwest to the southeast, Tmax showed an increasing trend from the northeast to the southwest, and higher Tmin was mainly distributed in the east and west regions. (2) PET0 indicated an overall interannual rise in the three future SSP scenarios, with higher values mainly distributed in the central and western regions. The mean daily PET0 values ranged from 4.8 to 6.0 mm/d. (3) Under SSP1-2.6, rice mainly experienced mild drought and moderate drought (−0.5 ≥ SPEI > −1.5). The predominant drought classifications experienced were mild, moderate, and severe drought under SSP2-4.5 and SSP8.5 (−0.5 ≥ SPEI > −2.0). (4) The tillering stage experienced the highest drought frequency and drought intensity, with the longest drought lasting 24 days. However, the heading flower stage had the lowest drought frequency and drought intensity. The drought barycenter was mainly in Tieli and Suihua. (5) The PET0 was most affected by the Tmax, while the SPEI was most affected by the Pr. This study offers a scientific and rational foundation for understanding the drought sensitivity of rice in Northeast China, as well as a rationale for the optimal scheduling of water resources in agriculture in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Water-Use Efficiency in Plant Production)
13 pages, 1394 KiB  
Article
Field Test on the Application of Industrial Solid Waste in the Grouting Process of Pre-Bored Grouted Planted Pile
by Junjie Ma, Xiaonan Gong, Xunjian Hu, Gang Lei and Rihong Zhang
Buildings 2025, 15(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15010029 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
In the installation of pre-bored grouted planted (PGP) piles and other composite pile foundations, cement is commonly used in the grouting stage. However, the cement-production process generates significant CO₂ emissions, which are not favorable for achieving low-carbon societal goals. This study explores the [...] Read more.
In the installation of pre-bored grouted planted (PGP) piles and other composite pile foundations, cement is commonly used in the grouting stage. However, the cement-production process generates significant CO₂ emissions, which are not favorable for achieving low-carbon societal goals. This study explores the use of industrial solid waste (mineral powder and gypsum powder) mixed with cement as a grouting material in test pile TP1, while traditional cement grout was used in test pile TP2. Both test piles were instrumented with optical fiber sensors along their shafts. The findings indicate that the ultimate load-bearing capacity of TP1 was approximately 93% of that of TP2, signifying a 7% reduction when mineral and gypsum powder were added to cement. Additionally, TP1’s peak surface friction in various soil layers ranged from 1.29 to 2.79 times that of the bored pile, whereas TP2’s peak surface friction was about 1.42 to 3.10 times higher. The cement consumption for TP1 was roughly 65% less than for TP2, and the cost of grouting materials for TP1 was reduced by 35%. This study confirms that utilizing solid waste in the grouting stage of PGP piles is feasible, and optimizing material proportions may enhance future performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Reinforcement Technologies Applied in Slope and Foundation)
54 pages, 3753 KiB  
Article
Effect of rPET Content and Preform Heating/Cooling Conditions in the Stretch Blow Molding Process on Microcavitation and Solid-State Post-Condensation of vPET-rPET Blend: Part II—Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Tests
by Paweł Wawrzyniak, Waldemar Karaszewski, Marta Safandowska and Rafał Idczak
Materials 2025, 18(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010036 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
This research explores how varying proportions of virgin polyethylene terephthalate (vPET) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) in vPET-rPET blends, combined with preform thermal conditions during the stretch blow molding (SBM) process, influence PET bottles’ microscopic characteristics. Key metrics such as viscosity, density, crystallinity, [...] Read more.
This research explores how varying proportions of virgin polyethylene terephthalate (vPET) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) in vPET-rPET blends, combined with preform thermal conditions during the stretch blow molding (SBM) process, influence PET bottles’ microscopic characteristics. Key metrics such as viscosity, density, crystallinity, amorphous phase relaxation, and microcavitation were assessed using response surface methodology (RSM). Statistical analysis, including Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and its power, supported the interpretation of results. The first part of the work details the experimental design and statistical methods. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and amorphous phase density analysis revealed reduced free volume size, a substantial increase in free volume quantity, and a transformation toward ellipsoidal geometries, highlighting significant structural changes in the material. At the same time, the intrinsic viscosity (IV) and PALS studies indicate that the solid-state post-condensation effect (SSPC) is linked with microcavitation through post-condensation product diffusion. The conclusions, which resulted from the microstructure analysis, affected the material’s mechanical strength and were validated by pressure resistance tests of the bottles. Full article
14 pages, 623 KiB  
Article
Recombinant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Enhance Mitochondrial Function and Metabolism in Aging Female Reproductive Cells
by Li-Te Lin, Chia-Jung Li, Yi-Shan Lee and Kuan-Hao Tsui
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010083 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
Ovarian aging significantly impacts female fertility, with mitochondrial dysfunction emerging as a key factor. This study investigated the effects of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) on mitochondrial function and metabolism in aging female reproductive cells. Human granulosa cells (HGL5) were [...] Read more.
Ovarian aging significantly impacts female fertility, with mitochondrial dysfunction emerging as a key factor. This study investigated the effects of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) on mitochondrial function and metabolism in aging female reproductive cells. Human granulosa cells (HGL5) were treated with FSH/LH or not. Mitochondrial function was assessed through various assays, including mitochondrial mass, membrane potential, ROS levels, and ATP production. Mitochondrial dynamics and morphology were analyzed using MitoTracker staining. Cellular respiration was measured using a Seahorse Bioenergetics Analyzer. Metabolic reprogramming was evaluated through gene expression analysis and metabolite profiling. In vivo effects were studied using aging mouse oocytes. FSH/LH treatment significantly improved mitochondrial function in aging granulosa cells, increasing mitochondrial mass and membrane potential while reducing ROS levels. Mitochondrial dynamics showed a shift towards fusion and elongation. Cellular respiration, ATP production, and spare respiratory capacity were enhanced. FSH/LH-induced favorable alterations in cellular metabolism, favoring oxidative phosphorylation. In aging mouse oocytes, FSH/LH treatment improved in vitro maturation and mitochondrial health. In conclusion, FSH/LH supplementation ameliorates age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and improves cellular metabolism in aging female reproductive cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Endocrinology Research)
16 pages, 1106 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Fenobucarb on the Physiology, Behavior, and Growth of Silver Barb (Barbonymus gonionotus)
by Tam Thanh Nguyen, Håkan Berg, Loi Ngoc Nguyen, Yen Thi Hai Nguyen and Cong Van Nguyen
Toxics 2025, 13(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13010012 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of fenobucarb (F) (1%, 10%, and 20% of the LC50-96h value) on the brain cholinesterase (AChE) activity, food intake (FI), feed conversion rate (FCR), and growth of silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus, Bleeker, 1849). It [...] Read more.
This study assessed the effects of fenobucarb (F) (1%, 10%, and 20% of the LC50-96h value) on the brain cholinesterase (AChE) activity, food intake (FI), feed conversion rate (FCR), and growth of silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus, Bleeker, 1849). It also assessed the AChE inhibition levels that cause the abnormal swimming, behavior, and mortality of silver barb and how the feeding regime affects the recovery rate of the AChE activity. The results showed that the brain AChE inhibition increased with the F concentrations. It peaked after nine hours, at 73.6% and 79.7% for the two highest concentrations, and then the AChE activity started to recover. After 96 h, the inhibition level was still 11.8% in the fish exposed to the two lowest concentrations and 30.5% in the fish exposed to the highest concentrations. Even when placed in clean water, the inhibition level in the fish that were exposed to the highest concentrations and only fed every third day was 32% after 14 days. Although there were no differences in the feed intake at any time, the fish exposed to F had a higher FCR and a lower specific growth rate and weight compared to the control fish at the later stages of the experiment. Thus, although the use of F in rice farming in the Mekong Delta may not lead to direct fish kills, it impacts the growth and health of the fish, which could have negative implications for wild fish populations and the long-term production of healthy fish in the Mekong Delta. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)
19 pages, 3264 KiB  
Article
Poly(Sodium Styrene Sulfonate)-Grafted SiO2 Nanoparticle: Synthesis and Use as a Water-Insoluble Dispersant for Coal Water Slurry
by Guanghua Zhang, Ruijun Liu, Wanbin Zhang, Kangmin Zhang, Junfeng Zhu and Ce Zhang
Polymers 2025, 17(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17010021 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
This study introduces a novel water-insoluble dispersant for coal water slurry (CWS), namely, a poly(sodium styrene sulfonate)-grafted SiO2 nanoparticle (SiO2-g-PSSNa). SiO2-g-PSSNa was synthesized by combining the surface acylation reaction with surface-initiated atom transfer [...] Read more.
This study introduces a novel water-insoluble dispersant for coal water slurry (CWS), namely, a poly(sodium styrene sulfonate)-grafted SiO2 nanoparticle (SiO2-g-PSSNa). SiO2-g-PSSNa was synthesized by combining the surface acylation reaction with surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) verified that SiO2-g-PSSNa with the desired structure was successfully obtained. Afterwards, the performance of SiO2-g-PSSNa as a dispersant in CWS preparation was evaluated. The results indicated that the optimal dosage of SiO2-g-PSSNa was 0.3%. Compared to the famous commercial products, PSSNa and lignosulfonate (LS), SiO2-g-PSSNa exhibits improved viscosity reduction performance. When SiO2-g-PSSNa was used as the dispersant, the maximum coal loading of CWS was 64.2%, which was higher than LS (63.4%) and PSSNa (63.9%). All CWSs obtained in this study were pseudoplastic fluids and more consistent with the Herschel–Bulkley rheological model. The turbiscan stability index (TSI) of CWS prepared with SiO2-g-PSSNa was 0.05, which was significantly lower than CWSs obtained from PSSNa (0.30) and LS (0.36). Therefore, SiO2-g-PSSNa also exhibits excellent stability performance. This result was confirmed by rod penetration tests. The underlying mechanism was also clarified by various measurements, such as contact angle, zeta potential, EDS and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (low-field NMR). The results reveal that SiO2-g-PSSNa can adsorbed onto the coal surface. SiO2-g-PSSNa possesses a special branched structure, which bears a higher charge density as compared to linear ones with approximate chemical composition. As a result, coal particles adsorbed with SiO2-g-PSSNa exhibit more electronegativity. With the enhancement of the electrostatic repulsive between coal particles, the apparent viscosity was lowered and the static stability was improved. This study demonstrated that solubility in water is not an essential factor in engineering the dispersant. Densely charged groups are probably more important. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
21 pages, 417 KiB  
Article
Rwandan Farmers’ Perceptions of the Acoustic Environment and the Potential for Acoustic Monitoring
by Destiny Kwabla Amenyedzi, Micheline Kazeneza, Frederic Nzanywayingoma, Philibert Nsengiyumva, Peace Bamurigire, Emmanuel Ndashimye and Anthony Vodacek
Agriculture 2025, 15(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15010025 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
Monitoring the farm acoustic environment can provide important information about processes affecting crop production. This paper assesses farmers’ knowledge and attitudes toward acoustic technology for farm monitoring in Rwanda. Stratified random sampling was used to select 430 farmers from 3 sectors. Demographic, farm, [...] Read more.
Monitoring the farm acoustic environment can provide important information about processes affecting crop production. This paper assesses farmers’ knowledge and attitudes toward acoustic technology for farm monitoring in Rwanda. Stratified random sampling was used to select 430 farmers from 3 sectors. Demographic, farm, and technical knowledge data were collected from farmers with a survey. Cross-tabulation results show farmers with secondary and university education are more interested in acoustic technology than those with a primary education and farmers engaged in commercial farming are more interested in technology for monitoring acoustic sources than subsistence farmers. However, nearly all farmers are willing to deploy a listening technology to monitor the acoustic environment. Farmers have a clear priority to listen to animals on the farm, whether they are pests (specifically, birds) or livestock. A chi-square test of independence indicates a significant relationship between farmers’ consideration of technology for farm monitoring and their attitudes toward sound monitoring. Farmers want a technological solution, but demand that the solution be low-cost and provide a simple alert. The results inform system requirements for an Internet of Things acoustic network that can deliver this information to the farmer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Productivity and Efficiency of Agricultural and Livestock Systems)
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Figure 1
<p>Crops that farmers cultivate in the catchment area. <b>Source</b>: Survey data collected by the authors, 2022.</p>
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<p>Distribution of acoustic sources that farmers experience on the farm. The values of responses are in percentage of cases and categorized as biophony (green), geophony (blue), and anthrophony (yellow). <b>Source</b>: Survey data collected by the authors, 2022.</p>
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<p>Distribution of specific acoustic sources that farmers would monitor if they had a listening technology. The colors represent biophony (green), geophony (blue), and anthrophony (yellow). <b>Source:</b> Survey data collected by the authors, 2022.</p>
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<p>Farmers’ responses to an open-ended question about the importance of acoustic sources on the farm. This figure shows the categories of responses provided by the farmers. Notably, the 40% (173) that indicated that acoustic sources have no impact on the crops on the farm might not have understood the item. <b>Source:</b> Survey data collected by the authors, 2022.</p>
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<p>Activities farmers claimed to have been monitoring when they responded to the open-ended question, “What do you monitor on your farm”? Farmers are mainly interested in finding out if there is a pest and disease attack or whether the farm practices put in place are working as expected. A few are interested in whether weeds have grown to compete with the crops so they could take control measures. <b>Source:</b> Survey data collected by the authors, 2022.</p>
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17 pages, 3923 KiB  
Article
The Restoration Effect of Degraded Grassland Depends on the Response of Species Root Distribution to Resource Availability
by Yiming Zhao, Hui Li, Fei Peng, Dabu Xilatu, Qing Chen and Shan Lin
Agronomy 2025, 15(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15010012 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilization is an effective practice for restoring degraded grasslands, which might strongly depend on the rooting system and resource competition of individual plant species. The purpose of this study is to explore a method to distinguish the response of various plant [...] Read more.
Nitrogen (N) fertilization is an effective practice for restoring degraded grasslands, which might strongly depend on the rooting system and resource competition of individual plant species. The purpose of this study is to explore a method to distinguish the response of various plant root architectures to the resource availability in a mixed ecosystem in situ. Field experiments were conducted using isotope techniques in conjunction with a specialized experimental design at a semiarid grassland location featuring heavily grazed (HG) and moderately grazed (MG) grassland sites with different dominant species. The same amounts of water and 15N-labelled fertilizer were uniformly supplied by a tube fertigation system at soil depths of 0, 15 and 45 cm. At both the HG and MG sites, there was a significant increase in aboveground net primary production (ANPP), water use efficiency (WUE) and 15N use efficiency (15NUE) at the community level with increasing depths of fertigation. The ANPP and plant N uptake exhibited higher values at the HG site compared to those at the MG site, while 15NUE and 15N abundance were significantly lower at the HG site. The annual species Salsola collina Pall. exhibited the highest aboveground biomass (AGB) and 15N abundance compared to all other species. Furthermore, the 15N enrichment of S. collina increased with greater depths of 15N-labelled fertilization, indicating that S. collina might develop a more extensive root system in response to water and N addition in the degraded grassland. Our study highlights that using isotope methods could indirectly distinguish root distribution and resource acquisition. In the recovery of degraded grassland by N fertilizer, we should not only consider the aboveground biomass but also pay special attention to the resource competition of individual plant species due to the possible discrepancy in rooting systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Grassland and Pasture Science)
20 pages, 1894 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Variational Modal Decomposition–Dual Attention Mechanism Parallel Residual Network: A Tool Lifetime Prediction Method Based on Adaptive Noise Reduction
by Jing Kang, Taiyong Wang, Yi Li, Ye Wei, Yaomin Zhang and Ying Tian
Mathematics 2025, 13(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13010025 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024
Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of noise interference and variable working conditions in the production and machining environment, which lead to weak tool life features and reduced prediction accuracy. A tool lifetime prediction method based on AVMD-DAMResNet is proposed. The method first adapts [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the issue of noise interference and variable working conditions in the production and machining environment, which lead to weak tool life features and reduced prediction accuracy. A tool lifetime prediction method based on AVMD-DAMResNet is proposed. The method first adapts the parameters of the variational modal noise reduction algorithm using an improved sparrow optimization algorithm, and then reconstructs the original vibration signal with noise reduction. Second, the residual module of the deep residual network is enhanced using a two-dimensional attention mechanism. A parallel residual network tool prediction model (DAMResNet) was constructed to optimize the model’s weight allocation to different features, achieving multi-channel and multi-dimensional feature fusion. Finally, the noise-reduced signal was input into the DAMResNet model to accurately predict tool lifetime. The experimental results show that, compared with the original ResNet model, the proposed AVMD-DAMResNet model improves the coefficient of determination (R2) by 5.8%, reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) by 31.2%, and decreases the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) by 31.4%. These results demonstrate that the AVMD-DAMResNet-based tool lifetime prediction method effectively reduces noise and achieves high prediction accuracy. Full article
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