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Keywords = photogrammetric-photometric stereo

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30 pages, 9471 KiB  
Article
A Photogrammetric-Photometric Stereo Method for High-Resolution Lunar Topographic Mapping Using Yutu-2 Rover Images
by Man Peng, Kaichang Di, Yexin Wang, Wenhui Wan, Zhaoqin Liu, Jia Wang and Lichun Li
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(15), 2975; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152975 - 28 Jul 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4029
Abstract
Topographic products are important for mission operations and scientific research in lunar exploration. In a lunar rover mission, high-resolution digital elevation models are typically generated at waypoints by photogrammetry methods based on rover stereo images acquired by stereo cameras. In case stereo images [...] Read more.
Topographic products are important for mission operations and scientific research in lunar exploration. In a lunar rover mission, high-resolution digital elevation models are typically generated at waypoints by photogrammetry methods based on rover stereo images acquired by stereo cameras. In case stereo images are not available, the stereo-photogrammetric method will not be applicable. Alternatively, photometric stereo method can recover topographic information with pixel-level resolution from three or more images, which are acquired by one camera under the same viewing geometry with different illumination conditions. In this research, we extend the concept of photometric stereo to photogrammetric-photometric stereo by incorporating collinearity equations into imaging irradiance model. The proposed photogrammetric-photometric stereo algorithm for surface construction involves three steps. First, the terrain normal vector in object space is derived from collinearity equations, and image irradiance equation for close-range topographic mapping is determined. Second, based on image irradiance equations of multiple images, the height gradients in image space can be solved. Finally, the height map is reconstructed through global least-squares surface reconstruction with spectral regularization. Experiments were carried out using simulated lunar rover images and actual lunar rover images acquired by Yutu-2 rover of Chang’e-4 mission. The results indicate that the proposed method achieves high-resolution and high-precision surface reconstruction, and outperforms the traditional photometric stereo methods. The proposed method is valuable for ground-based lunar surface reconstruction and can be applicable to surface reconstruction of Earth and other planets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planetary 3D Mapping, Remote Sensing and Machine Learning)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Framework of photogrammetric-photometric stereo (PPS) method.</p>
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<p>Illustration of rover image formation.</p>
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<p>Schematic representation of different imaging conditions (<b>a</b>) image and object coordinates for photometric stereo under orthographic projection (PSOP), (<b>b</b>) image and object coordinates for photometric stereo under perspective projection with identity matrix (PSPP), (<b>c</b>) image and object coordinates for PPS.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) DEM and (<b>b</b>) DOM for rover image simulation.</p>
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<p>Simulated images under different lighting conditions (<b>a</b>) simulate image of solar azimuth angle 90°and elevation angle 55° (<b>b</b>) simulate image of solar azimuth angle 90°and elevation angle 60° (<b>c</b>) simulate image of solar azimuth angle 90°and elevation angle 65° (<b>d</b>).</p>
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<p>Height map of ground truth and results of three methods (<b>a</b>) Height map of ground truth, (<b>b</b>) PPS result, (<b>c</b>) PSPP result, (<b>d</b>) PSOP result.</p>
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<p>ROI 1 and reconstruction results of the three methods (<b>a</b>) Enlarged view of region 1, (<b>b</b>) ground truth, (<b>c</b>) PPS result, (<b>d</b>) PSPP result, (<b>e</b>) PSOP result.</p>
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<p>Height profile of ROI 1 in simulated imagery.</p>
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<p>ROI 2 and reconstruction results of the three methods (<b>a</b>) Enlarged view of region 2, (<b>b</b>) ground truth (<b>c</b>) PPS result, (<b>d</b>) PSPP result, (<b>e</b>) PSOP result.</p>
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<p>Height profile of ROI 2 in simulated imagery.</p>
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<p>Navcam images of the left camera under different illumination conditions (<b>a</b>) 94741, (<b>b</b>) 94914, (<b>c</b>) 95633.</p>
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<p>Examples of shadows (<b>a</b>) shadow inside two craters, (<b>b</b>) shadow inside a crater, (<b>c</b>) shadow behind a boulder.</p>
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<p>Shadow maps (<b>a</b>) Shadow map of image 94741, (<b>b</b>) Shadow map of image 94914, (<b>c</b>) Shadow map of image 95633, (<b>d</b>) Final shadow map.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Two sub-regions of the image, (<b>b</b>) Shadow map.</p>
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<p>ROI 1 and reconstruction results of the three methods (<b>a</b>) ROI 1 image, (<b>b</b>) SGM result, (<b>c</b>) PPS result, (<b>d</b>) shaded SGM result, (<b>e</b>) shaded PPS result, (<b>f</b>) PSPP result, (<b>g</b>) PSOP result, (<b>h</b>) Profile of the boulder (marked by the white circle in (<b>a</b>)) from PPS result.</p>
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<p>Height profile of ROI 1 in Yutu-2 rover imagery.</p>
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<p>ROI 2 and reconstruction results of the three methods (<b>a</b>) ROI 2 image, (<b>b</b>) SGM result, (<b>c</b>) PPS result, (<b>d</b>) shaded SGM result, (<b>e</b>) shaded PPS result, (<b>f</b>) PSPP result, (<b>g</b>) PSOP result, (<b>h</b>) Profile of the boulder (marked by the white circle in (<b>a</b>)) from PPS result.</p>
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<p>ROI 2 and reconstruction results of the three methods (<b>a</b>) ROI 2 image, (<b>b</b>) SGM result, (<b>c</b>) PPS result, (<b>d</b>) shaded SGM result, (<b>e</b>) shaded PPS result, (<b>f</b>) PSPP result, (<b>g</b>) PSOP result, (<b>h</b>) Profile of the boulder (marked by the white circle in (<b>a</b>)) from PPS result.</p>
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<p>Height profile of ROI 2 in Yutu-2 rover imagery.</p>
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<p>Orthorectified images of ROI 1 in Yutu-2 rover imagery (<b>a</b>) ROI 1 of 94741, (<b>b</b>) ROI 1 of 94914, (<b>c</b>) ROI 1 of 95633.</p>
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<p>Reconstruction DEM results of ROI1 by three methods (<b>a</b>) SGM interpolation result, (<b>b</b>) PPS interpolation result, (<b>c</b>) PSOP result from orthorectified images.</p>
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<p>Orthorectified images of ROI 2 in Yutu-2 rover imagery (<b>a</b>) ROI 2 of 94741, (<b>b</b>) ROI 2 of 94914, (<b>c</b>) ROI 2 of 95633.</p>
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<p>Reconstruction results of ROI 2 by three methods (<b>a</b>) SGM interpolation result, (<b>b</b>) PPS interpolation result, (<b>c</b>) PSOP result for orthorectified images.</p>
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