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Keywords = phosphate-based polyanionic cathode

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19 pages, 3079 KiB  
Review
Opportunities and Challenges of Multi-Ion, Dual-Ion and Single-Ion Intercalation in Phosphate-Based Polyanionic Cathodes for Zinc-Ion Batteries
by Lei Cao, Tao Du, Hao Wang, Zhen-Yu Cheng, Yi-Song Wang and Li-Feng Zhou
Molecules 2024, 29(20), 4929; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29204929 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 644
Abstract
Abstract: With the continuous development of science and technology, battery storage systems for clean energy have become crucial for global economic transformation. Among various rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries are widely used, but face issues like limited resources, high costs, and safety concerns. In [...] Read more.
Abstract: With the continuous development of science and technology, battery storage systems for clean energy have become crucial for global economic transformation. Among various rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries are widely used, but face issues like limited resources, high costs, and safety concerns. In contrast, zinc-ion batteries, as a complement to lithium-ion batteries, are drawing increasing attention. In the exploration of zinc-ion batteries, especially of phosphate-based cathodes, the battery action mechanism has a profound impact on the battery performance. In this paper, we first review the interaction mechanism of multi-ion, dual-ion, and single-ion water zinc batteries. Then, the impact of the above mechanisms on battery performance was discussed. Finally, the application prospects of the effective use of multi-ion, dual-ion, and single-ion intercalation technology in zinc-ion batteries is reviewed, which has significance for guiding the development of rechargeable water zinc-ion batteries in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Schematic representation of multiple ion insertion mechanisms in rechargeable zinc phosphate-based batteries.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Schematic diagram of different batteries and their advantages and disadvantages. (<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of Zn-LiFePO<sub>4</sub> aqueous rechargeable battery; (<b>b</b>) schematic diagram of Zn-Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3</sub> aqueous rechargeable battery; and (<b>c</b>) schematic diagram of Zn-VOPO<sub>4</sub> rechargeable battery in the electrolyte 21 M LiTFSI/1 M Zn (Tr)<sub>2</sub> solution.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Charge-discharge curves of Zn-LiFePO<sub>4</sub> [<a href="#B3-molecules-29-04929" class="html-bibr">3</a>]; Copyright© 2013 Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. All rights reserved, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (<b>b</b>) Initial charge–discharge curves of Li<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2−x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.1) [<a href="#B41-molecules-29-04929" class="html-bibr">41</a>]; Copyright© 2023 Advanced Energy Materials, published by Wiley-VCH GmbH, American (<b>c</b>) Charge–discharge curves of Zn//0.5 mol L<sup>−1</sup> + Zn(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>//Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> cell charge/discharge curves [<a href="#B42-molecules-29-04929" class="html-bibr">42</a>]; Copyright © 2022, under exclusive license to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature, Germany (<b>d</b>) Cycling stability of Li<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> cathode with different electrolytes; Copyright© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. the Netherlands (<b>e</b>) Rate capability of LiFePO<sub>4</sub> tested in the range of 0.5 to 20 C [<a href="#B43-molecules-29-04929" class="html-bibr">43</a>]; Copyright© 2024 Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. All rights reserved, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (<b>f</b>) Cycling performance at 500 mA·g<sup>−1</sup> in the potential range of Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>@C of 0.4~2.0 V [<a href="#B17-molecules-29-04929" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. Copyright© 2021, American Chemical Society, American (<b>g</b>) The operando synchrotron XRD patterns of the hybrid Zn-LiFePO<sub>4</sub> (left) and the corresponding charge–discharge curve (right) [<a href="#B43-molecules-29-04929" class="html-bibr">43</a>]. (<b>h</b>) Contour plots of the operando synchrotron XRD data, 15.5–16.5°, in which the (131) peak of LiFePO<sub>4</sub> is converted to the (311) peak of FePO<sub>4</sub> during the initial charge process [<a href="#B43-molecules-29-04929" class="html-bibr">43</a>]. Copyright© 2024 Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. All rights reserved, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Charge/discharge curves at different rates in the first cycle; Copyright© 2017, American Chemical Society, American (<b>b</b>) Charge/discharge curves of Li<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> during different cycles; Copyright© 2022, American Chemical Society, American (<b>c</b>) Charge/discharge curves of Zn/Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3</sub> at 0.3 C; Copyright© 2020, American Chemical Society, American (<b>d</b>) Cycling performance of Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3</sub>/C in non-aqueous zinc-ion batteries at 0.3 C; Copyright© 2020, American Chemical Society. (<b>e</b>) Cycling stability of Zn<sub>3</sub>V<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub> starting from the second cycle at 0.04 Ag<sup>−1</sup> @C/30%BP cycle stability [<a href="#B48-molecules-29-04929" class="html-bibr">48</a>]; Copyright© 2022, American Chemical Society, American (<b>f</b>) Specific capacity and coulombic efficiency obtained at different specific currents [<a href="#B49-molecules-29-04929" class="html-bibr">49</a>]. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society, American (<b>g</b>–<b>l</b>) Corresponding SEM images and P:V ratios collected by EDX at the 2nd (<b>g</b>,<b>j</b>), 5th (<b>h</b>,<b>k</b>), and 20th (<b>i</b>,<b>l</b>) cycle; Copyright© 2022, American Chemical Society, American.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) First charge/discharge curves of Zn/VOPO<sub>4</sub>-based batteries with different electrolytes; Copyright© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany. (<b>b</b>) Cycling performance of batteries employing the electrolyte in different voltage windows of 21 M LiTFSI/1 m Zn(Tr)<sub>2</sub>; Copyright© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany. (<b>c</b>) Charge/discharge curves of Zn asymmetric cells with Ti||1 mA<sup>−2</sup> at 70 PEG [<a href="#B34-molecules-29-04929" class="html-bibr">34</a>]; Copyright© 2022, American Chemical Society, Washington, WA, USA. (<b>d</b>) Cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency of a full cell with electrolyte with or without PEO additive, 1 M ZnSO<sub>4</sub> in 0.5 C [<a href="#B51-molecules-29-04929" class="html-bibr">51</a>]; Copyright© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (<b>e</b>) In situ XRD patterns of VOPO4/SWCNT electrodes; Copyright© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Flow chart of zinc battery to energy storage power station.</p> Full article ">
13 pages, 4937 KiB  
Article
Modification of Layered Cathodes of Sodium-Ion Batteries with Conducting Polymers
by M. Ángeles Hidalgo, Pedro Lavela, José L. Tirado and Manuel Aranda
Batteries 2024, 10(3), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10030093 - 6 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2481
Abstract
Layered oxides exhibit interesting performance as positive electrodes for commercial sodium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the replacement of low-sustainable nickel with more abundant iron would be desirable. Although it can be achieved in P2-Na2/3Ni2/9Fe2/9Mn5/9O2, its [...] Read more.
Layered oxides exhibit interesting performance as positive electrodes for commercial sodium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the replacement of low-sustainable nickel with more abundant iron would be desirable. Although it can be achieved in P2-Na2/3Ni2/9Fe2/9Mn5/9O2, its performance still requires further improvement. Many imaginative strategies such as surface modification have been proposed to minimize undesirable interactions at the cathode–electrolyte interface while facilitating sodium insertion in different materials. Here, we examine four different approaches based on the use of the electron-conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as an additive: (i) electrochemical in situ polymerization of the monomer, (ii) manual mixing with the active material, (iii) coating the current collector, and (iv) a combination of the latter two methods. As compared with pristine layered oxide, the electrochemical performance shows a particularly effective way of increasing cycling stability by using electropolymerization. Contrarily, the mixtures show less improvement, probably due to the heterogeneous distribution of oxide and polymer in the samples. In contrast with less conductive polyanionic cathode materials such as phosphates, the beneficial effects of PEDOT on oxide cathodes are not as much in rate performance as in inhibiting cycling degradation, due to the compactness of the electrodes without loss of electrical contact between active particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Experimental powder X-ray diffraction pattern (blue circles), fitting profile by the Rietveld method (red line), and difference profile (black line) of the sample with nominal composition P2-Na<sub>2/3</sub>Ni<sub>2/9</sub>Fe<sub>2/9</sub>Mn<sub>5/9</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Vertical blue lines correspond to the theoretical spacings.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>First (<b>a</b>) and second (<b>b</b>) galvanostatic cycling profiles at C/10 for the NFM electrode and the composites with PEDOT.</p> Full article ">Figure 2 Cont.
<p>First (<b>a</b>) and second (<b>b</b>) galvanostatic cycling profiles at C/10 for the NFM electrode and the composites with PEDOT.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) First and (<b>b</b>) second cycle voltammetry curves for the studied electrodes, recorded at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s<sup>−1</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 3 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) First and (<b>b</b>) second cycle voltammetry curves for the studied electrodes, recorded at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s<sup>−1</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>XPS Fe2p, Mn2p, Ni2s, Na1s core level spectra of raw NFM and a fully charged electrode.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Raman scattering of two selected electrodes.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>FESEM images of (<b>a</b>) NFM and images and composition maps of samples, (<b>b</b>) NFMp, and (<b>c</b>) NFMm.</p> Full article ">Figure 6 Cont.
<p>FESEM images of (<b>a</b>) NFM and images and composition maps of samples, (<b>b</b>) NFMp, and (<b>c</b>) NFMm.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Rate performance of sodium half-cells with the studied electrodes subsequentially subjected to rates between C/10 and 2C and the extended cycling at C/10.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Nyquist plots for the sodium half-cells assembled with the five studied electrodes after being subjected to different charge states. Inset shows the equivalent circuit used for the fitting of spectra.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Apparent diffusion coefficients obtained from the CV results.</p> Full article ">
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