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13 pages, 598 KiB  
Article
Participation as a Pillar of Active Ageing: The Role of Eudaimonic Psychological and Health Factors
by Teresa Paniagua-Granados, Virginia Fernández-Fernández and María Ángeles Molina-Martínez
Geriatrics 2025, 10(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10010011 (registering DOI) - 13 Jan 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: With ageing population projections, promoting positive ageing trajectories is critical. While health is often emphasised, eudaimonic psychological factors remain underexamined. A qualitative study presented throughout the main text highlighted the importance of psychological factors like purpose in life and resilience in fostering [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: With ageing population projections, promoting positive ageing trajectories is critical. While health is often emphasised, eudaimonic psychological factors remain underexamined. A qualitative study presented throughout the main text highlighted the importance of psychological factors like purpose in life and resilience in fostering participation and subjective well-being, even amidst declining health. This model bridges the most recent updates from governmental organisations—the International Longevity Center, Brazil and the World Health Organization. Building on this model, the current research seeks to empirically assess the impact of health and eudaimonic psychological factors on the frequency and satisfaction of participation among older adults. Methods: This study involved 289 participants (56.74% women) aged 65+ in Madrid. Data on participation, self-perceived health, and eudaimonic factors were collected through an online survey. Hierarchical regression and cluster analyses explored the predictors and profiles of participation. Results: Resilience, positive relationships, and autonomy explained 8.8% of variance in participation frequency. Satisfaction was influenced by health, meaning in life, and autonomy, accounting for 11% of variance. Profiles showed the highest participation and satisfaction in individuals with high eudaimonic scores, despite moderate health. Conclusions: Eudaimonic factors significantly influence participation and mitigate health limitations, reinforcing the qualitative study model mentioned. By uniting updates from governmental organisations proposals, this model underscores the role of psychological well-being in active ageing. Future research should explore hedonic well-being as a key outcome of active ageing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Healthy Aging)
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<p>Model obtained with qualitative analysis [<a href="#B25-geriatrics-10-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>].</p>
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<p>Mean scores for each group for outcome variables.</p>
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14 pages, 4898 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Lipids on the Structure and Function of Egg Proteins in Response to Pasteurization
by Hao Yang, Qiang Shi, Zhongliang Wang, Xiao Chen, Fangfang Min, Xuanyi Meng, Ping Tong, Yong Wu and Hongbing Chen
Foods 2025, 14(2), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14020219 (registering DOI) - 13 Jan 2025
Abstract
In recent years, the consumption of liquid eggs has failed to meet the expectations of the public due to growing concerns regarding food safety and health. It is well known that there are interactions between the components in liquid eggs, and the interaction [...] Read more.
In recent years, the consumption of liquid eggs has failed to meet the expectations of the public due to growing concerns regarding food safety and health. It is well known that there are interactions between the components in liquid eggs, and the interaction effect on the structure and functional properties of the proteins and antigenicity remains unclear. To investigate egg component interactions, we focused on four major egg lipids, namely phosphatidylcholine, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid, as well as four major egg proteins, including ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, ovomucoid, and lysozyme. The protein structural changes were analyzed using polypropylene gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism, ultraviolet absorption spectra, and exogenous fluorescence spectra, and the functional properties were assessed through solubility measurements and particle size analysis, while protein antigenicity was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All the results revealed that oleic acid had the most significant effect on proteins’ secondary and tertiary structures, particularly affecting ovalbumin and ovotransferrin. Linoleic acid substantially increased the solubility of ovalbumin and ovomucoid, while palmitic acid significantly influenced the particle size of ovalbumin and lysozyme. Thus, we found that different lipids exhibit distinct effects on egg protein properties during pasteurization conditions, with oleic acid showing the most substantial impact on protein structure and antigenicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Quality and Safety)
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<p>Non-reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles of OVA (<b>a</b>), OVT (<b>b</b>), and OVM (<b>c</b>) treated with and without lipids. Lane M: Pre-stained markers. Lane 1: Native OVA, OVT, or OVM. Lane 2: h-OVA, OVT, or OVM. Lanes 3–6: PC-, PA-, OA- and LA-treated OVA, OVT, or OVM, respectively.</p>
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<p>The circular dichroism spectra of OVA (<b>a</b>), OVT (<b>b</b>), OVM (<b>c</b>), and LYZ (<b>d</b>) treated with and without lipids (PC, PA, OA, and LA).</p>
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<p>The ultraviolet spectrum spectra of OVA (<b>a</b>), OVT (<b>b</b>), OVM (<b>c</b>), and LYZ (<b>d</b>) treated with and without lipids (PC, PA, OA, and LA).</p>
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<p>The 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid fluorescence spectra of OVA (<b>a</b>), OVT (<b>b</b>), OVM (<b>c</b>), and LYZ (<b>d</b>) treated with and without lipids (PC, PA, OA and LA).</p>
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<p>The solubility of OVA (<b>a</b>), OVT (<b>b</b>), OVM (<b>c</b>), and LYZ (<b>d</b>) treated with and without lipids (PC, PA, OA, and LA). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between the groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p>
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<p>The particle sizes of OVA (<b>a</b>), OVT (<b>b</b>), OVM (<b>c</b>), and LYZ (<b>d</b>) treated with and without lipids (PC, PA, OA, and LA). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between the groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p>
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<p>The immunoglobulin G binding capacities of OVA (<b>a</b>), OVT (<b>b</b>), OVM (<b>c</b>), and LYZ (<b>d</b>) treated with and without lipids (PC, PA, OA, and LA).</p>
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13 pages, 253 KiB  
Review
Immunotherapy in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
by Keyao Chen, Jingjing Wang, Meng Yang, Shaoqiong Deng and Li Sun
Biomedicines 2025, 13(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010168 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: It remains challenging to treat recurrent ovarian cancer effectively as traditional interventions like chemotherapy and surgery have limited long-term efficacy, highlighting an urgent need for innovative approaches. Immunotherapy offers potential advantages in modulating the immune response against tumor cells and has emerged [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: It remains challenging to treat recurrent ovarian cancer effectively as traditional interventions like chemotherapy and surgery have limited long-term efficacy, highlighting an urgent need for innovative approaches. Immunotherapy offers potential advantages in modulating the immune response against tumor cells and has emerged as a promising strategy in ovarian cancer management. This review discusses various immunotherapy modalities, including active and passive immune strategies, for recurrent ovarian cancer. Methods: We systematically reviewed recent immunotherapy advances for recurrent ovarian cancer, including the efficacy and mechanisms of single and dual immune checkpoint inhibitors, checkpoint inhibitor combinations with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents, PARP inhibitors, antibody–drug conjugates (ADC), tumor vaccines, and adoptive cell therapies (ACT). Additionally, we assessed emerging research on biomarkers predictive of immunotherapy responsiveness in ovarian cancer. Results: The findings indicate that immunotherapy, particularly combinations involving immune checkpoint inhibitors and other agents, demonstrates promising efficacy in recurrent ovarian cancer, with some therapies showing enhanced benefits in specific subtypes. The immune microenvironment in platinum-sensitive and -resistant cases exhibits distinct immunological profiles, influencing therapy outcomes. Several potential biomarkers have been identified, potentially aiding in patient stratification and treatment optimization. Conclusions: Immunotherapy significantly advances recurrent ovarian cancer treatment, with various combinations potentially improving outcomes. Further research on predictive biomarkers and immune microenvironment characteristics is crucial for personalizing immunotherapy approaches and enhancing their efficacy in managing recurrent ovarian cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue PD-1/PD-L1 and Immunotherapy)
16 pages, 1120 KiB  
Review
Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Cow’s Milk: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Treatment Perspectives
by Giulio Dinardo, Alessandro Fiocchi, Maria Cristina Artesani, Paola De Angelis, Francesca Rea, Renato Tambucci, Lamia Dahdah, Vincenzo Fierro, Rocco Luigi Valluzzi, Stefania Arasi, Valentina Pecora, Arianna Cafarotti, Carmen Mazzuca, Cristiana Indolfi, Michele Miraglia del Giudice and Sara Urbani
Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020265 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic, antigen-driven, immune-mediated disease characterized by esophageal dysfunction and significant eosinophilic infiltration. Its rising incidence and prevalence over recent decades reflect both increased clinical awareness and the influence of environmental factors such as dietary patterns and allergen exposure. Among [...] Read more.
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic, antigen-driven, immune-mediated disease characterized by esophageal dysfunction and significant eosinophilic infiltration. Its rising incidence and prevalence over recent decades reflect both increased clinical awareness and the influence of environmental factors such as dietary patterns and allergen exposure. Among food allergens, cow’s milk proteins are the most commonly implicated triggers, contributing to esophageal inflammation through complex immunological pathways involving both IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms. Dietary elimination of cow’s milk has been shown to induce histologic remission in over 60% of pediatric patients, underscoring its pivotal role in eosinophilic esophagitis management. Despite these promising results, challenges persist, including variability in individual responses, the burden of adherence to restrictive diets, and gaps in understanding the molecular mechanisms driving cow’s milk-induced esophageal inflammation. This review examines the complex relationship between eosinophilic esophagitis and cow’s milk, focusing on its role in disease pathogenesis and management, offering insights into its therapeutic implications. Understanding the interplay between eosinophilic esophagitis and dietary allergens, particularly cow’s milk, may inform the development of targeted interventions and improve clinical outcomes for affected patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)
36 pages, 3345 KiB  
Article
Quaternion-Based Fast SMC–PD Cross-Domain Tracking Control for Coaxial Hybrid Aerial–Underwater Vehicle Under Oceanic Disturbances
by Mingqing Lu, Wei Yang, Fei Liao, Shichong Wu, Yumin Su and Wenhua Wu
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020703 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
In this study, nonsingular modeling and cross-domain trajectory tracking control problems for a special class of coaxial hybrid aerial–underwater vehicles (HAUVs) are investigated. Coaxial HAUVs need to effectively overcome the influence of hydrodynamic factors when moving underwater, so the attitude angle required by [...] Read more.
In this study, nonsingular modeling and cross-domain trajectory tracking control problems for a special class of coaxial hybrid aerial–underwater vehicles (HAUVs) are investigated. Coaxial HAUVs need to effectively overcome the influence of hydrodynamic factors when moving underwater, so the attitude angle required by coaxial HAUVs is much larger than that in the air. The attitude representation based on quaternion modeling is adopted to avoid the inherent singularity of Euler angle modeling. A cascade sliding mode control and proportion differentiation (SMC-PD) controller is proposed, which is used to position trajectory and attitude quaternion tracking control, respectively. An adaptive sliding mode controller based on disturbance observer (DO) enhancement is adopted in the outer loop to carry trajectory tracking control. At the same time, the expected attitude angle is calculated by the outer loop (position) and is converted into the expected quaternion. With reference to the idea of enhanced robustness in active disturbance rejection control (ADRC), a feedforward proportion derivation (PD) controller based on DO enhancement is used to track the desired quaternion. A variable parameter adaptive algorithm based on the learning rate is introduced in the cascaded SMC-PD controller. The error convergence speed of the system is further improved by adaptively changing the controller parameters. The stability of the proposed control scheme is proved by using the Lyapunov theory. The numerical simulation results show that the controller has good robustness and effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Guidance and Control of Marine Robotics)
57 pages, 2979 KiB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Synthesis of Knowledge Relating to the Hydrological Functioning of Inland Valleys in Sub-Saharan Africa
by Akominon M. Tidjani, Pierre G. Tovihoudji, Pierre B. Irénikatché Akponikpe and Marnik Vanclooster
Water 2025, 17(2), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020193 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
The potential of inland valleys to enhance food security and improve agricultural resilience to climate change in Africa is constrained by a limited understanding of their hydrological functioning and inadequate water management. In order to synthesize knowledge on hydrological responses in inland valley [...] Read more.
The potential of inland valleys to enhance food security and improve agricultural resilience to climate change in Africa is constrained by a limited understanding of their hydrological functioning and inadequate water management. In order to synthesize knowledge on hydrological responses in inland valley areas, this work reviewed 275 studies from tropical Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Data from the literature search were collected from Scopus™, ScienceDirect™, Web of Science™, Google Scholar™, and doctoral theses repositories such as ZEF, HAL, and Theses.fr, covering studies published from the inception of these databases through 31 May, 2023. Our approach involved, firstly, a bibliometric analysis of all papers to gain insights into research trends and interests. Secondly, we performed a quantitative synthesis of results from 66 studies examining stream flows in a set of 79 inland valleys to better understand factors that govern runoff dynamics in these environments. Correlative analyses and clustering methods were applied to identify potential links between runoff and watershed physical parameters. The findings highlight the varied responses of inland valleys over both time and space, influenced by a combination of catchment drivers. The correlation matrices between hydrological indices and physical parameters indicate a strong relationship among runoff and a range of parameters, of which the most significant are rainfall (R2 = 0.77) and soil silt content (R2 = 0.68). Challenges in accurately spatializing information related to potential determining components of the water cycle, such as groundwater dynamics and soil moisture, seem to have limited the exploration of interactions between river flow, soil moisture, and groundwater. Future works should prioritize the development of accurate and user-friendly hydrological models that balance complexity and data availability to enhance the understanding of inland valley behavior at fine scales and consolidate food security in Africa. Full article
25 pages, 1155 KiB  
Article
Impact of Venture Capital on Urban Carbon Emissions: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration in China
by Lijiali Huang, Xueqiong Wang, Yanwen Sheng and Jinli Zhao
Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020546 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
Venture capital is vital for developing capital markets and the low-carbon transformation of the economy. We used panel data from 27 cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2011 to 2022 to investigate how the scale and structure of venture capital [...] Read more.
Venture capital is vital for developing capital markets and the low-carbon transformation of the economy. We used panel data from 27 cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2011 to 2022 to investigate how the scale and structure of venture capital influence the intensity of urban carbon emissions using spatial econometric models. We show that an increase in the scale of venture capital can inhibit the increase in the intensity of urban carbon emissions, and the effect is more pronounced in cities with higher pollution and better geographical location. Heterogeneity exists in the carbon-reduction effects of venture capital across industries. The direct carbon reduction effect of venture capital flowing to mid- and low-end industries is stronger and more prominent in cities with higher pollution and less favourable geographical locations. The long-term carbon reduction effect of venture capital flowing to high-end industries is stronger. The mediating effect of technological innovation is prominent, while the effect of industrial structure upgrade is not prominent. The enterprises’ willingness and ability to engage in green transformation acts as a positive moderator, whereas the positive moderating effect of the government in that respect is insufficient. This study clarifies the mechanism of venture capital on urban carbon emissions and offers valuable insights for optimising the structure and system of venture capital. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
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<p>The framework of the paper.</p>
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<p>Overview map of the study area.</p>
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<p>The financing amount proportion of the clean technology sector in the high-end sectors.</p>
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24 pages, 10504 KiB  
Article
Design and Investigation of a Passive-Type Microfluidics Micromixer Integrated with an Archimedes Screw for Enhanced Mixing Performance
by Muhammad Waqas, Arvydas Palevicius, Vytautas Jurenas, Kestutis Pilkauskas and Giedrius Janusas
Micromachines 2025, 16(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16010082 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
In recent years, microfluidics has emerged as an interdisciplinary field, receiving significant attention across various biomedical applications. Achieving a noticeable mixing of biofluids and biochemicals at laminar flow conditions is essential in numerous microfluidics systems. In this research work, a new kind of [...] Read more.
In recent years, microfluidics has emerged as an interdisciplinary field, receiving significant attention across various biomedical applications. Achieving a noticeable mixing of biofluids and biochemicals at laminar flow conditions is essential in numerous microfluidics systems. In this research work, a new kind of micromixer design integrated with an Archimedes screw is designed and investigated using numerical simulation and experimental approaches. First, the geometrical parameters such as screw length (l), screw pitch (p) and gap (s) are optimized using the Design of Expert (DoE) approach and the Central Composite Design (CCD) method. The experimental designs generated by DoE are then numerically simulated aiming to determine Mixing Index (MI) and Performance Index (PI). For this purpose, COMSOL Multiphysics with two physics modules—laminar and transport diluted species—is used. The results revealed a significant influence of screw length, screw pitch and gap on mixing performance. The optimal design achieved is then scaled up and fabricated using a 3D additive manufacturing technique. In addition, the optimal micromixer design is numerically and experimentally investigated at diverse Reynolds numbers, ranging from 2 to 16. The findings revealed the optimal geometrical parameters that produce the best result compared to other designs are a screw length of 0.5 mm, screw pitch of 0.23409 mm and a 0.004 mm gap. The obtained values of the mixing index and the performance index are 98.47% and 20.15 Pa−1, respectively. In addition, a higher mixing performance is achieved at the lower Reynolds number of 2, while a lower mixing performance is observed at the higher Reynolds number of 16. This study can be very beneficial for understanding the impact of geometrical parameters and their interaction with mixing performance. Full article
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<p>Schematic diagram of microfluidics micromixer integrated with an Archimedes screw.</p>
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<p>Computational domain for numerical simulations.</p>
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<p>Meshing of micromixer for numerical simulations.</p>
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<p>Research and numerical methodology flow chart.</p>
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<p>Mesh convergence graph with different mesh refinement levels.</p>
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<p>Experimental setup. (<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram, (<b>b</b>) laboratory setup.</p>
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<p>Graphical representation of 3D response surface plot of mixing index and performance index under the interaction of two variables.</p>
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<p>Variation in mixing concentration along the length of the channel at Re = 10.</p>
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<p>Variation in mixing index along the length of the channel.</p>
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<p>Variation in mixing concentration with five different cut planes.</p>
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<p>Variation in mixing index (<b>a</b>) and performance index (<b>b</b>) with different Reynolds numbers.</p>
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<p>Variation in concentration at five different cut planes for different Reynolds numbers.</p>
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<p>Fluorescence images of micromixer (<b>a</b>) without the integration of an Archimedes screw and (<b>b</b>) with the integration of an Archimedes screw.</p>
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<p>Variation in pressure along the channel length at Re = 10.</p>
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<p>Pressure distribution within the micromixer channel at Re = 10.</p>
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<p>Mixing streamlines within the micromixer channel at Re = 10.</p>
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<p>Velocity distribution in micromixer channel for different Reynolds numbers.</p>
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15 pages, 258 KiB  
Article
Examining Primary School Principals’ Instructional Leadership Practices: A Case Study on Curriculum Reform and Implementation
by Moeketsi David Ralebese, Loyiso Jita and Olalekan Taofeek Badmus
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15010070 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
This study examines how primary school principals navigate and influence curriculum reform through instructional leadership. Using a qualitative approach, data were gathered from semi-structured interviews and structured observations with three purposefully selected principals, guided by the Principal Instructional Management model. Interview questions focused [...] Read more.
This study examines how primary school principals navigate and influence curriculum reform through instructional leadership. Using a qualitative approach, data were gathered from semi-structured interviews and structured observations with three purposefully selected principals, guided by the Principal Instructional Management model. Interview questions focused on three core areas—developing the school mission, managing the instructional program, and fostering a positive school climate—allowing principals to share insights on their leadership strategies, challenges, and engagement in curriculum reform. Observations captured real-time practices, such as classroom visits, teacher interactions, and feedback sessions, to provide a comprehensive view of their instructional leadership roles. Thematic analysis revealed that principals actively shape school missions by integrating personal beliefs, educational agendas, and curriculum policy knowledge. They engage in reflective practices such as meetings and retreats to reinforce the school’s vision among teachers, manage instructional programs through routine and random checks, motivate teachers with positive feedback, and promote a positive climate by supporting social cohesion and addressing teachers’ personal needs. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of instructional leadership, where principals balance personal convictions with policy-driven mandates. Recommendations include targeted professional development and formal policy recognition of instructional leadership to empower principals in leading reform efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue School Leadership and School Improvement)
16 pages, 7106 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Link Between Mucin 2 and Weaning Stress-Related Diarrhoea in Piglets
by Li Wang, Long Jin, Liulian Zhang, Xuankai Huang, Ziyu Li, Zhimin Li, Ke Li, Yuan Xu, Shengwei Di, Shiquan Cui and Xibiao Wang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(2), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020599 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
To explore the relationship between intestinal mucin 2 (MUC2) and weaning-induced diarrhoea in piglets, we analysed Min and Landrace piglets. The piglets were divided into a healthy weaned group, a weaned diarrhoea group, and a healthy unweaned control group. Intestinal tissues [...] Read more.
To explore the relationship between intestinal mucin 2 (MUC2) and weaning-induced diarrhoea in piglets, we analysed Min and Landrace piglets. The piglets were divided into a healthy weaned group, a weaned diarrhoea group, and a healthy unweaned control group. Intestinal tissues were collected, and goblet cell numbers, sizes, and degrees of intestinal injury were observed and recorded. Intestinal tissue MUC2 mRNA and protein expression were analysed via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT–PCR) and Western blotting. Min pigs presented significantly lower diarrhoea rates and intestinal injury scores than Landrace pigs (p < 0.01). The intestinal injury scores in the weaned diarrhoea group were significantly greater than those in the unweaned groups (p < 0.05), with Min pigs consistently exhibiting lower injury scores than Landrace pigs. Specifically, unweaned Min pigs presented significantly greater duodenal MUC2 mRNA (p < 0.05), and weaned healthy Min pigs presented notably greater expression in both the duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.01). These findings reveal enhanced intestinal protection against weaning stress and diarrhoea in Min pigs, with elevated MUC2 levels likely contributing to lower injury scores and milder symptoms, thus highlighting the influence of genetic differences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Progression of Genetics in Breeding of Farm Animals)
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<p>Intestinal structures of <span class="html-italic">Landrace</span> and <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span>. In the weaning diarrhoea group, <span class="html-italic">Landrace pigs</span> presented significant villi rupture (black arrows) and mucosal shedding (red arrow). Healthy weaned <span class="html-italic">Landrace pigs</span> exhibit mucosal shedding (red arrow), whereas <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span> exhibit less damage and villi atrophy (yellow arrow). The images were taken under a microscope with a magnification of 100×.</p>
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<p>Injury scores of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colons in <span class="html-italic">Landrace</span> and <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span>. After weaning, both <span class="html-italic">Min</span> and <span class="html-italic">Landrace</span> piglets presented increased intestinal damage scores, with the diarrhoea groups showing significantly higher scores than the unweaned group, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p>
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<p>Intestinal goblet cells of <span class="html-italic">Landrace</span> and <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span>. PAS staining revealed numerous well-defined goblet cells in the intestine, with their cytoplasm filled with red-stained mucus granules. The red arrows indicate PAS-stained goblet cells. The images were taken under a microscope with a magnification of 100×.</p>
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<p>Numbers of goblet cells in the intestines of <span class="html-italic">Landrace</span> and <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span>. After weaning, <span class="html-italic">Landrace pigs</span> presented a decrease in the number of goblet cells, whereas <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span> presented higher goblet cell counts, indicating better intestinal health, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p>
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<p>Volumes of goblet cells in the intestines of <span class="html-italic">Landrace</span> and <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span>. Volumes of goblet cells in the intestines of <span class="html-italic">Landrace</span> and <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span>. After weaning, the goblet cell volume increased in healthy pigs but decreased in the diarrhoea group. <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span> presented greater goblet cell volumes than <span class="html-italic">Landrace pigs</span> did, especially in the duodenum and jejunum, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p>
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<p>Intestinal <span class="html-italic">MUC2</span> mRNA expression pattern. <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span> presented increased <span class="html-italic">MUC2</span> expression in the jejunum after weaning, whereas <span class="html-italic">MUC2</span> expression decreased in the diarrhoea group. <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span> presented greater overall <span class="html-italic">MUC2</span> expression than <span class="html-italic">Landrace pigs</span> in all segments, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p>
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<p>Protein bands and relative <span class="html-italic">MUC2</span> expression levels in the duodena, jejuna, ilea, and colons: (<b>A</b>) Protein bands. (<b>B</b>) Relative expression levels. <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span> presented increased duodenal <span class="html-italic">MUC2</span> expression after weaning, whereas <span class="html-italic">Landrace pigs</span> presented decreased <span class="html-italic">MUC2</span> expression. Overall, <span class="html-italic">Min pigs</span> presented greater <span class="html-italic">MUC2</span> expression than <span class="html-italic">Landrace pigs</span> did, especially in the duodenum. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p>
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<p>Intestinal <span class="html-italic">MUC2</span> protein expression and localisation in the unweaned group. <span class="html-italic">MUC2</span> was expressed primarily in the epithelial layer of the villi and lamina propria of the small intestine. No significant localisation changes occurred due to weaning stress. The black arrows indicate the regions of MUC2 protein expression.</p>
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50 pages, 5137 KiB  
Review
Combustion Behaviour of ADN-Based Green Solid Propellant with Metal Additives: A Comprehensive Review and Discussion
by Rushikesh Kore and Ashish Vashishtha
Aerospace 2025, 12(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12010046 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
Solid propellants play a crucial role in various civil, scientific, and defence-related aerospace propulsion applications due to their efficient energy release, high energy density, low fabrication cost, and ease of operation. Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) has gained considerable attention as a potential oxidizer for [...] Read more.
Solid propellants play a crucial role in various civil, scientific, and defence-related aerospace propulsion applications due to their efficient energy release, high energy density, low fabrication cost, and ease of operation. Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) has gained considerable attention as a potential oxidizer for green solid propellants due to its high oxygen content, significant energy density, non-toxicity, and non-polluting combustion products, leading to lower environmental impact. As ADN is a new desirable oxidizer in the field of solid propellants, understanding the practicality and viability of the use of ADN in composite solid propellants necessitates a thorough understanding of its chemical and thermal decomposition pathways in addition to its combustion characteristics in the presence of other ingredients. ADN is being explored as an alternative to the traditionally used ammonium perchlorate (AP), a toxic oxidizer containing chlorine (Cl). Additionally, AP monopropellants often suffer from moderate burning rates and poor mechanical strength. To address these limitations, researchers have explored the incorporation of metal additives, such as aluminium (Al), magnesium (Mg), and metalloid boron (B), to enhance the combustion performance and burn rate of AP. These metals not only act as energy-rich additives but also influence the combustion process through various mechanisms. The incorporation of metal additives into ADN has shown promising enhancements in the overall energetic performance of green solid propellants. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the thermal decomposition of ADN and its combustion behaviour, along with the combustion of ADN-based solid propellants with metal additives. Finally, based on an extensive review of the existing literature, various research pathways for focused future collaborative efforts are identified to further advance ADN-based “green” solid propellants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)
5 pages, 165 KiB  
Editorial
Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance
by Laikang Yu
Life 2025, 15(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010084 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
Exercise physiology is a crucial scientific discipline that explores the complex manner in which physical activity influences the physiological responses and adaptations of the human body [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance)
21 pages, 3547 KiB  
Article
Design and Realization of a Cutting Force Measuring System to Analyze the Chip Removal Process in Rotational Turning
by István Sztankovics
Metrology 2025, 5(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology5010005 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
This study focuses on a detailed analysis of the cutting forces in rotational turning, a novel machining process designed to achieve high surface quality and productivity. Unlike traditional longitudinal turning, rotational turning employs a helical cutting-edged tool that performs a circular feeding movement, [...] Read more.
This study focuses on a detailed analysis of the cutting forces in rotational turning, a novel machining process designed to achieve high surface quality and productivity. Unlike traditional longitudinal turning, rotational turning employs a helical cutting-edged tool that performs a circular feeding movement, introducing complex kinematics that complicates the accurate measurement of the cutting forces. To address this, the theoretical background was described for modeling the cutting force removal. The process was experimentally simulated on a CNC milling machine using a custom-designed measurement system. The major cutting force, passive force, and feed force were successfully measured and analyzed under varying feed conditions for both rotational and longitudinal turning. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in the passive force during rotational turning compared to longitudinal turning, which directly contributes to lower elastic deformation in the radial direction of the workpiece. This reduction improves the dimensional accuracy and stability during machining. Additionally, the feed force was observed to be slightly higher in rotational turning, reflecting the influence of the rotational movement of the tool. These findings highlight the advantages of rotational turning for applications requiring precision and surface quality, particularly where radial deformation is a critical concern. This study establishes a reliable methodology for force measurement in rotational turning and provides valuable comparative insights into its performance relative to conventional turning processes. Full article
17 pages, 5413 KiB  
Article
Compositional Changes of Volatile Organic Compounds in Biogases and Biomethanes Depending on the Feedstock in Sweden
by Karine Arrhenius and Sandra Hultmark
Gases 2025, 5(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/gases5010003 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
Biogas usually contains volatile organic compounds such as terpenes, siloxanes, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, furans and esters whose presence in the biogas is highly dependent on the feedstock. These trace components can affect the integrity of the materials they come into contact with, [...] Read more.
Biogas usually contains volatile organic compounds such as terpenes, siloxanes, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, furans and esters whose presence in the biogas is highly dependent on the feedstock. These trace components can affect the integrity of the materials they come into contact with, e.g., equipment, pipelines and engines, and their presence in the gas may pose health, safety and environmental risks. Understanding the composition of gases is a prerequisite to ensure the correct function of gas infrastructure, appliances and vehicles. This study examined how volatile organic compound (VOC) content in biogas varies depending on the feedstock and evaluated the efficiency of different upgrading processes in removing VOCs. The data, primarily collected in Sweden, include biogases produced in digesters and landfills. The selection of VOCs included in this study was based on extensive analysis of samples collected from numerous biogas and biomethane industrial facilities over an extended period, providing a comprehensive overview of VOC composition. The conducted research is intended to serve as a basis for more systematic studies on the influence of process parameters and feedstock composition on the formation of VOCs. The data have multiple potential uses, including predicting which VOCs would be found in biomethane for a given feedstock and upgrading techniques. Additionally, these data can also be used in standardization discussions to assess the plausibility of the proposed limit values and the need to regulate additional compounds. Full article
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Figure 1
<p>The feedstock used to produce the 95 biogases analyzed in this study (<b>A</b>); details on the mixtures of feedstocks (<b>B</b>); process type (<b>C</b>).</p>
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<p>Biogas upgrading distribution for biomethane data.</p>
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<p>Total VOC concentration in biogases depending on main feedstock used.</p>
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<p>Concentrations of D4 (orange) and D5 (green) in µg/m<sup>3</sup> of biogas produced from different feedstocks.</p>
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<p>Sum of p-cymene + D-limonene concentration (orange) and TVOC concentration (green) in biogas produced from different feedstocks.</p>
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<p>Concentration of organic sulfur-containing compounds in µg/m<sup>3</sup> in biogas produced from different feedstocks.</p>
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<p>Concentration of 2-propanethiol (green) and 2-butanethiol (purple) in µg/m<sup>3</sup> in biogas produced from different feedstocks.</p>
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<p>Concentration of 1-propanethiol in µg/m<sup>3</sup> in biogas produced from different feedstocks.</p>
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<p>Concentrations in µg/m<sup>3</sup> of 2-butanone and 2-butanol in biogas produced from different feedstocks.</p>
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<p>Concentrations in µg/m<sup>3</sup> of methyl-furans (sum of 2-methyl-furan and 3-methyl-furan) and C2-furans in biogas produced from different feedstocks.</p>
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<p>Concentrations of benzene (orange) and toluene (green) in µg/m<sup>3</sup> in biogas produced from different feedstocks.</p>
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<p>TVOC and terpene concentrations in µg/m<sup>3</sup> in biomethane produced from food wastes with different upgrading techniques.</p>
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<p>Percentage of VOCs remaining in biomethane for gases with corresponding biogas data.</p>
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<p>Siloxane concentration in µg/m<sup>3</sup> in biomethane produced from food wastes with different upgrading techniques.</p>
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<p>Sum of organic sulfur and tetrahydrothiophene concentrations in µg/m<sup>3</sup> in biomethane produced from food wastes with different upgrading techniques.</p>
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<p>2-butanone concentration in µg/m<sup>3</sup> in biomethane produced from food wastes with different upgrading techniques.</p>
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13 pages, 726 KiB  
Review
Maternal and Fetal Complications in Pregnant Women with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Literature Review and Two Case Reports
by Ancuta Nastac, Anca Maria Panaitescu, Iulia Huluță, Nicolae Gică, Gabriel-Petre Gorecki, Radu Botezatu, Cristina Violeta Tutunaru, Vlad Mihai Voiculescu and Florina Mihaela Nedelea
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(2), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14020451 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2025
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder arising de novo or with an autosomal dominant transmission that typically presents either at birth or in early childhood, manifesting through distinctive clinical features such as multiple café-au-lait spots, benign tumors in the skin, bone enlargement, and deformities. [...] Read more.
Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder arising de novo or with an autosomal dominant transmission that typically presents either at birth or in early childhood, manifesting through distinctive clinical features such as multiple café-au-lait spots, benign tumors in the skin, bone enlargement, and deformities. This literature review aims to resume the spectrum of maternal and fetal complications encountered in pregnant women with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Thorough research was conducted on databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online Library. This review includes 48 case reports, original studies, and reviews on NF1 in pregnancy. The research on the interlink between NF1 and fertility and its influence on human-assisted reproduction techniques is limited. Preimplantation testing (by in vitro fertilization) and prenatal diagnosis (by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) are available to detect affected fetuses. However, genotype–phenotype correlation is difficult to predict. Preconceptional planning and targeted investigations are crucial in understanding the extent of maternal disease. Although in some cases lesions can evolve rapidly during pregnancy, most pregnancies and births in NF1 go well with careful planning. There is a higher incidence of pheochromocytomas and pre-eclampsia, vascular rupture, and cardio-respiratory issues. Anesthesia at birth is a challenge in most cases, and before offering spinal anesthesia, imaging tests should be performed to characterize spinal lesions. General anesthesia may also be challenging when the disease affects the face, neck, upper spine, or airways. Birth-related difficulties may arise because of large neurofibromas located at the level of skin incision or birth canal; uterine atony may be expected if there are uterine lesions. Some complications can develop in postpartum, and affected women should be carefully followed even after pregnancy. Fetal risks include preterm birth (spontaneous or iatrogenic), growth restriction and developmental issues, birth complications, cardiovascular risk, and fetal/neonatal demise. Pregnancies in women with NF1 should be regarded as high-risk and followed in a multidisciplinary fashion. Careful assessment of lesions is of utmost importance before and during pregnancy for anticipating potential maternal risks and before birth to plan anesthesia and delivery. Full article
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<p>Patient’s eruption café-au-lait spots.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Patient no. 2′s eruption (multiple café-au-lait spots and brown soft tumors disseminated on the patient’s skin).</p>
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