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Occupational safety, reflecting the likelihood of work-related accidents, is crucial in work systems. A risk management model identifies, analyzes, and prioritizes risks, followed by the strategic application of resources to mitigate, monitor, and control the probability and impact of future events. Models integrating safety, ergonomics, and operational efficiency in risk management are non-existent, especially in the food retail sector. The proposed risk management model assigns the risk level to Safety using the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment index (HIRA), an integral part of the Global Safety Index (GSI), both indices with five risk levels: 1 to 5 (acceptable to very critical). The organizational hierarchy of the evaluated company includes levels from microtask to insignia. The research aims to apply the HIRA index from the microtask to the area level. The HIRA application was conducted in a food retail company, starting with the identification and characterization of tasks in the “food” section and “fresh products” area (butchery, fishmonger, bakery, charcuterie/takeaway, and fruits and vegetables sections). The risk level of each microtask was assessed, then aggregated to higher organizational levels. Results showed that two new solutions reduced the safety risk in the mentioned sections proving the HIRA value as decision-making tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Research in Work-Related Diseases, Safety and Health)

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36 pages, 8289 KiB

Open AccessReview

On the Use of Green and Blue Laser Sources for Powder Bed Fusion: State of the Art Review for Additive Manufacturing of Copper and Its Alloys

by Mankirat Singh Khandpur, Alberto Giubilini, Luca Iuliano and Paolo Minetola

Metals 2024, 14(12), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121464 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a layerwise production process that creates three-dimensional objects according to a digital model. This technology has demonstrated to be a promising alternative to conventional manufacturing methods for various industrial sectors, such as aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and energy. AM offers several advantages, like design flexibility, material efficiency, functional integration, and rapid prototyping. As regards metal parts, conventional AM techniques using infrared laser sources face some limitations in processing high-reflectivity and high-conductivity materials or alloys, such as aluminum, copper, gold, and silver. These materials have low absorption of infrared radiation, which results in unstable and shallow melt pools, poor surface quality, and high porosity. To overcome these challenges, green and blue laser sources have been proposed for AM processes. This review provides an overview of the recent developments and applications of green and blue laser sources for powder bed fusion of copper and its alloys, focusing on the effects of process parameters on the melt pool dynamics, microstructure formation, and thermal and electrical properties of the fabricated parts. This review also presents the main applications of AM of copper and its alloys together with potential opportunities for future developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Metallic Material Laser Additive Manufacturing)

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16 pages, 3616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacterial Nanocellulose Grafted in Yeast Films: The Influence of Plasticizer and Emulsifier Concentration on Film Properties

by Iulia Bleoanca, Leontina Grigore-Gurgu, Alina Cantaragiu Ceoromila, Daniela Borda, Felicia Stan and Catalin Fetecau

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 12010; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142412010 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

A new generation of food packaging materials, centered on green solutions, is currently being developed in labs basing these materials on underused secondary industrial food by-products which have the ability to reduce the amount of petroleum-based packaging generated in order to minimize environmental harm and food by-products while ensuring food quality and safety. This study presents a sustainable biopolymeric combination based on bacterial nanocellulose grafted in yeast films, its potential to improve matrices properties, and the influence of plasticizer and emulsifier concentrations on mechanical properties, volatile fingerprint, and antimicrobial activity of films. Yeast films with 1.00% glycerol and 1.00% Tween 80, functionalized with a 2.00% mixture of cinnamon–lavender essential oils and with 2.00% bacterial cellulose produced from SCOBY presented improved mechanical properties compared to the control and exerted antipathogenic activity against Listeria monocytogens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Yeast films with grafted bacterial cellulose could be a sustainable food packaging solution for future applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Functionalized Protein Films and Coatings: Engineering Tomorrow's Sustainable Food Packaging Solutions)

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Bacterial nanocellulose crystals (a) CNC magnified 30,000×; (b) CNC size distribution. Full article ">Figure 2
Yeast films with grafted CNC (first two columns, a1–a3,b1–b3) (a1–a3). Top view 5000×, (b1–b3). Cross-section 5000× and control-without CNC (last two columns, c1–c3,d1–d3), (c1–c3). Top view 5000×, (d1–d3). Cross-section 5000×. Full article ">Figure 3
Yeast films functionalized with 2.0% CLEO and 2.0% CNC from left to right: Y1-CNC, Y2-CNC, Y3-CNC. Full article ">Figure 4
FTIR spectra of CNC, CLEO and grafted CNC on yeast films, from 400 to 1600 cm−1 (a) and 1600–7000 cm−1 wavenumber (b), molecules demonstration in FTIR spectra of Y1-CNC (c), PCA scores and clusters (d). Full article ">Figure 5
Heat map showing the retention rate of VOCs (%) by the yeast films in comparison with CLEO (a) and dendogram (b). Full article ">Figure 6
Mechanical properties of yeast films (a). Elastic modulus, (b). Tensile strength. Full article ">

13 pages, 10017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Sources and Characterization of Spatial and Temporal Changes in Anhui Province (China)

by Zhou Ye, Yujuan Sun, Xianglin Zhang and Youzhi Yao

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121538 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

To evaluate the estimation and spatiotemporal variation characteristics of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural sources in Anhui Province, the nitrous oxide emissions generated during crop cultivation and manure management were assessed based on the recommended methods in the “Guidelines for Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories” and official statistical data. The results showed that the overall emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural land showed a downward trend, reaching a valley value in 2019 with an emission of 2.83 × 10⁴ tons. The annual average emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural land and manure management account for 80.98% and 19.02% of the total annual average emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural activities in Anhui Province, respectively. Both agricultural land emissions and livestock manure management show a trend of nitrous oxide emissions decreasing from the northern region of Anhui > central region of Anhui > southern region of Anhui. In this paper, we explored and discussed the intrinsic driving factors behind the spatiotemporal changes in nitrous oxide emissions, and analyzed the potential for future emission reductions. It is suggested that the emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural sources can be reduced through measures such as reasonable nitrogen application, adjustment of aquaculture structures, and the improvement of manure treatment methods, providing a theoretical reference for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

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Changes in the number of farmed animals: (a) for non-dairy cows (×103), (b) for poultry (×105), (c) for sheep (×103), and (d) for pigs (×105). Full article ">Figure 2
Mechanism diagram of nitrous oxide-emissions from agricultural sources [<a href="#B21-atmosphere-15-01538" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. Full article ">Figure 3
Historical changes in nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural activities in Anhui Province. Full article ">Figure 4
Annual emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural land in Anhui Province. Full article ">Figure 5
Annual emissions of nitrous oxide from animal fecal management. Full article ">Figure 6
Statistical chart of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural land at some prefecture-level cities in Anhui Province (a) and nitrous oxide emissions from livestock and poultry manure management (b). Full article ">Figure 7
Contribution of animal manure management (a) and agricultural land (b) to nitrous oxide emissions in some prefecture-level cities of Anhui Province in 2014 and 2022. Full article ">

20 pages, 915 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Bioprocess Engineering for Optimising Chlorella vulgaris Fermentation: Biotechnological Innovations and Applications

by Ana R. Mendes, Maria P. Spínola, Madalena Lordelo and José A. M. Prates

Foods 2024, 13(24), 4154; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13244154 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Chlorella vulgaris, a unicellular green microalga, has obtained significant attention due to its high protein content, abundance of bioactive compounds, and broad biotechnological potential. Used in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods, it is now gaining traction in cosmetics, biopharmaceuticals, and environmental applications. Recent advancements in fermentation technology, such as the development of high-density fermentation strategies, adaptive evolution of strains, and real-time monitoring systems, have greatly improved the efficiency, scalability, and sustainability of C. vulgaris production, enhancing bioavailability and product quality. This review explores developments in C. vulgaris fermentation, highlighting advancements in strain improvement through genetic engineering, metabolic optimization, mutagenesis, and adaptive evolution, alongside bioprocess engineering and the optimization of fermentation parameters. Key considerations include bioreactor design, downstream processing, and innovative monitoring technologies aimed at maximizing biomass yield and bioactive compound production. Emerging applications of fermented C. vulgaris across industries are also highlighted, along with future perspectives on scaling up production, addressing regulatory challenges, and ensuring biosafety. These insights provide a comprehensive outlook on the future of C. vulgaris fermentation in biotechnological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microalgae-Based Ingredients and Food Products: Biotechnological Production and Application)

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Overview of strain improvement techniques for enhancing metabolic pathways and production in Chlorella vulgaris. Full article ">

11 pages, 206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leadership for the Future: Enhancing Principal Preparation Through Standards and Innovation

by Bonnie C. Fusarelli and Lance D. Fusarelli

Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121403 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

This manuscript presents a comprehensive analysis of NC State University’s redesigned principal preparation program, emphasizing its alignment with state and national leadership standards, innovative curriculum, and commitment to practical application. The program’s redesign addresses long-standing criticisms of traditional university-based leadership preparation, such as the disconnect between theory and practice, by incorporating data-driven instructional leadership, equity-focused training, and collaborative community engagement. Additionally, this article explores the role of specialized internships, full-time residencies, and the integration of technology in training future principals. The program’s success is demonstrated by improved principal placement, school outcomes, and teacher retention—particularly in high-need schools. Finally, the manuscript discusses the future of leadership preparation, highlighting the potential of artificial intelligence to further enhance decision-making, personalized professional development, and administrative efficiency, while addressing ethical considerations such as data privacy and equity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening Educational Leadership Preparation and Development)

83 pages, 14385 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Large Language Models: Fundamental Architectures, Key Technological Evolutions, Interdisciplinary Technologies Integration, Optimization and Compression Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

by Songyue Han, Mingyu Wang, Jialong Zhang, Dongdong Li and Junhong Duan

Electronics 2024, 13(24), 5040; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13245040 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Large language model-related technologies have shown astonishing potential in tasks such as machine translation, text generation, logical reasoning, task planning, and multimodal alignment. Consequently, their applications have continuously expanded from natural language processing to computer vision, scientific computing, and other vertical industry fields. This rapid surge in research work in a short period poses significant challenges for researchers to comprehensively grasp the research dynamics, understand key technologies, and develop applications in the field. To address this, this paper provides a comprehensive review of research on large language models. First, it organizes and reviews the research background and current status, clarifying the definition of large language models in both Chinese and English communities. Second, it analyzes the mainstream infrastructure of large language models and briefly introduces the key technologies and optimization methods that support them. Then, it conducts a detailed review of the intersections between large language models and interdisciplinary technologies such as contrastive learning, knowledge enhancement, retrieval enhancement, hallucination dissolution, recommendation systems, reinforcement learning, multimodal large models, and agents, pointing out valuable research ideas. Finally, it organizes the deployment and industry applications of large language models, identifies the limitations and challenges they face, and provides an outlook on future research directions. Our review paper aims not only to provide systematic research but also to focus on the integration of large language models with interdisciplinary technologies, hoping to provide ideas and inspiration for researchers to carry out industry applications and the secondary development of large language models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Large Language Models)

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22 pages, 2617 KiB

Open AccessReview

Underwater SSP Measurement and Estimation: A Survey

by Wei Huang, Pengfei Wu, Jiajun Lu, Junpeng Lu, Zhengyang Xiu, Zhenpeng Xu, Sijia Li and Tianhe Xu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2356; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122356 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Real-time and accurate construction of regional sound speed profiles (SSPs) is important for building underwater positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems as it greatly affects signal propagation modes. In this paper, we summarize and analyze the current research status in the field of underwater SSP construction, where the mainstream methods include direct SSP measurement and SSP inversion. For the direct measurement method, we compare the performance of popular international and commercial brands of temperature, conductivity, and depth profilers (CTDs). For the inversion methods, the framework and basic principles of matched field processing (MFP), compressive sensing (CS), and deep learning (DL) are introduced, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared. Presently, SSP inversion relies on sonar observation data, limiting its applicability to areas that can only be reached by underwater observation systems. Furthermore, these methods are unable to predict the distribution of sound velocity in future time. Therefore, the mainstream trend in future research on SSP construction will involve comprehensive utilization of multi-source data to offer elastic sound velocity distribution estimation services for underwater users without the need for sonar observation data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

21 pages, 3013 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Nucleic Acid Analysis in Food Safety

by Inae Lee and Hae-Yeong Kim

Micromachines 2024, 15(12), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15121524 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices have been developed for nucleic acid analysis by integrating complex laboratory functions onto a miniaturized chip, enabling rapid, cost-effective, and highly sensitive on-site testing. This review examines the application of LOC technology in food safety, specifically in the context of nucleic acid-based analyses for detecting pathogens and contaminants. We focus on microfluidic-based LOC devices that optimize nucleic acid extraction and purification on the chip or amplification and detection processes based on isothermal amplification and polymerase chain reaction. We also explore advancements in integrated LOC devices that combine nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and detection processes within a single chip to minimize sample preparation time and enhance testing accuracy. The review concludes with insights into future trends, particularly the development of portable LOC technologies for rapid and efficient nucleic acid testing in food safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Microfluidic Chips for Chemical and Biomedical Applications)

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19 pages, 876 KiB

Open AccessReview

Incorporating Environmental Sustainability and Supply Chain Management in Contemporary Interior Design: A Study on Chinese Landscape Paintings

by Jie Ma and Safial Aqbar Bin Zakaria

Buildings 2024, 14(12), 4071; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14124071 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

The primary objective of this empirical investigation was to comprehensively examine the economic, environmental, and socio-cultural factors that exert a substantial influence on the collective impact of Chinese landscape paintings and modernist interior design. The study applied a complete econometric framework, integrating unit root tests, lag selection criteria, and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models. The results indicate a statistically significant and enduring association between essential factors, such as customer demand, price elasticity, and supply chain costs. The ARDL models demonstrate significant short-term and long-term effects, as seen by the substantial R-squared values reaching 84.4%. These findings confirm the variables’ strength and explanatory capability and incorporate stepwise and robust least squares models, further supportingthe obtained results. The present findings have important implications for professionals in various fields of art interior design. The results provide valuable data-driven insights that can inform the creation of sustainability and economic feasibility in these domains. This study is a crucial reference point for future academic inquiries and practical applications in the interdisciplinary fields of art, design, and supply chain management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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Results of the Johansen Trace Test: The blue line represents the trace statistic, while the orange line indicates the critical value at the 5% significance level for testing cointegration among the variables. Full article ">Figure 2
Trace and eigenvalue test results, illustrating the trace statistic (grey line) and the 5% critical value (orange line) across hypothesized cointegrating equations. The * symbol denotes cases where the null hypothesis of no cointegration is rejected at the 5% significance level. Full article ">Figure 3
Results of the ARDL test, illustrating the long-term coefficients (yellow line), short-term coefficients (orange line), and model validation metrics (blue line). Full article ">

20 pages, 3105 KiB

Open AccessReview

Binding Molecules in Tick Saliva for Targeting Host Cytokines, Chemokines, and Beyond

by Chamberttan Souza Desidério, Victor Hugo Palhares Flávio-Reis, Yago Marcos Pessoa-Gonçalves, Rafael Destro Rosa Tiveron, Helioswilton Sales-Campos, Andrei Giacchetto Felice, Siomar de Castro Soares, Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira, Wellington Francisco Rodrigues and Carlo José Freire Oliveira

Biomolecules 2024, 14(12), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14121647 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Ticks have coevolved with their hosts over millions of years, developing the ability to evade hemostatic, inflammatory, and immunological responses. Salivary molecules from these vectors bind to cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, complement system proteins, vasodilators, and molecules involved in coagulation and platelet aggregation, among others, inhibiting or blocking their activities. Initially studied to understand the complexities of tick–host interactions, these molecules have been more recently recognized for their potential clinical applications. Their ability to bind to soluble molecules and modulate important physiological systems, such as immunity, hemostasis, and coagulation, positions them as promising candidates for future therapeutic development. This review aims to identify the binding molecules present in tick saliva, determine their primary targets, and explore the tick species involved in these processes. By associating the binding molecules, the molecules to which they bind, and the effect caused, the review provides a basis for understanding how these molecules can contribute to possible future advances in clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cytokine Signaling in Immunity and Immune Cell-Mediated Diseases)

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Tick families represented Tick families represented and their respective clades; the shades of blue represent the number of studies per molecule per clade, the letters represent the molecules presented in <a href="#biomolecules-14-01647-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. Full article ">

36 pages, 5235 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review on the Advancements in Remote Sensing and Proximity Tools for Grapevine Disease Detection

by Fernando Portela, Joaquim J. Sousa, Cláudio Araújo-Paredes, Emanuel Peres, Raul Morais and Luís Pádua

Sensors 2024, 24(24), 8172; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248172 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) are one of the most economically relevant crops worldwide, yet they are highly vulnerable to various diseases, causing substantial economic losses for winegrowers. This systematic review evaluates the application of remote sensing and proximal tools for vineyard disease detection, addressing current capabilities, gaps, and future directions in sensor-based field monitoring of grapevine diseases. The review covers 104 studies published between 2008 and October 2024, identified through searches in Scopus and Web of Science, conducted on 25 January 2024, and updated on 10 October 2024. The included studies focused exclusively on the sensor-based detection of grapevine diseases, while excluded studies were not related to grapevine diseases, did not use remote or proximal sensing, or were not conducted in field conditions. The most studied diseases include downy mildew, powdery mildew, Flavescence dorée, esca complex, rots, and viral diseases. The main sensors identified for disease detection are RGB, multispectral, hyperspectral sensors, and field spectroscopy. A trend identified in recent published research is the integration of artificial intelligence techniques, such as machine learning and deep learning, to improve disease detection accuracy. The results demonstrate progress in sensor-based disease monitoring, with most studies concentrating on specific diseases, sensor platforms, or methodological improvements. Future research should focus on standardizing methodologies, integrating multi-sensor data, and validating approaches across diverse vineyard contexts to improve commercial applicability and sustainability, addressing both economic and environmental challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor and AI Technologies in Intelligent Agriculture: 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 3160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Analysis of Talaromyces verruculosus SJ9: An Efficient Tetracycline-, Enrofloxacin-, and Tylosin-Degrading Fungus

by Jing Fu, Xiaoqing Wu, Chi Zhang, Yuhan Tang, Fangyuan Zhou, Xinjian Zhang and Susu Fan

Genes 2024, 15(12), 1643; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15121643 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Abstract: Many fungi related to Talaromyces verruculosus can degrade a wide range of pollutants and are widely distributed globally. T. verruculosus SJ9 was enriched from fresh strawberry inter-root soil to yield fungi capable of degrading tetracycline, enrofloxacin, and tylosin. T. verruculosus SJ9 genome was sequenced, assembled, and annotated in this study utilizing bioinformatics software, PacBio, and the Illumina NovaSeq PE150 technology. The genome size is 40.6 Mb, the N50 scaffold size is 4,534,389 bp, and the predicted number of coding genes is 8171. The T. verruculosus TS63-9 genome has the highest resemblance to the T. verruculosus SJ9 genome, according to a comparative genomic analysis of seven species. In addition, we annotated many genes encoding antibiotic-degrading enzymes in T. verruculosus SJ9 through genomic databases, which also provided strong evidence for its ability to degrade antibiotics. Through the correlation analysis of the whole-genome data of T. verruculosus SJ9, we identified a number of genes capable of encoding antibiotic-degrading enzymes in its gene function annotation database. These antibiotic-related enzymes provide some evidence that T. verruculosus SJ9 can degrade fluoroquinolone antibiotics, tetracycline antibiotics, and macrolide antibiotics. In summary, the complete genome sequence of T. verruculosus SJ9 has now been published, and this resource constitutes a significant dataset that will inform forthcoming transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolic investigations of this fungal species. In addition, genomic studies of other filamentous fungi can utilize it as a reference. Thanks to the discoveries made in this study, the future application of this fungus in industrial production will be more rapid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Genetics and Genomics)

17 pages, 6416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Transverse Shear Characteristics of Shear-Yielding Bolts and Traditional Bolts Based on Numerical Simulations and Direct Shear Tests

by Jianqiang Xu, Xiaohua Yang, Xueming Jia, Haoyu Zhang and Tiangong Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(12), 4066; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14124066 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

The shear-yielding bolt is a new type of anchoring structure, and its working mechanism in layered rocks is not yet well understood. To investigate its transverse shear characteristics, this paper takes the shear-yielding bolt as the research subject and uses different anchoring states of bolts as variables. A comparative study of shear-yielding bolts and traditional bolts is conducted using the Abaqus numerical simulation software and large-scale direct shear tests. The results show that (1) low-modulus material allows a slight displacement between the structural surface layers, which exerts the friction strength between rock mass layers and avoids stress concentration on the bolt. The shear-yielding bolts reach their peak shear stress in the case of greater displacement, averagely increased by 40% compared to traditional anchor bolts. (2) An increase in the moisture content has less influence on the shear-yielding bolt owing to the material properties. When the moisture content of the structural surface rises from 12% to 20%, for cases where the shear-yielding bolts are used, the peak shear stress decreases by 0.12 kPa, which only accounts for 12% of the original strength. (3) There is an optimum thickness of the low-modulus material in the shear-yielding bolt, considering its effect of releasing shear and the bonding effect between it and the bolt. According to the test results and numerical analysis, the optimum thickness is 15 mm. The results of this research provide a reference and basis for future study and engineering applications of shear-yielding bolts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foundation Treatment and Building Structural Performance Enhancement)

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17 pages, 1078 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exosomes and miRNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases and Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement: Advancements, Gaps and Perspectives

by Runzhang Liang, Naijimuding Abudurexiti, Jiaxiong Wu, Jing Ling, Zirui Peng, Haiyun Yuan and Shusheng Wen

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(24), 13686; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413686 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

As an important carrier of intercellular information transmission, exosomes regulate the physiological and pathological state of local or distant cells by carrying a variety of signal molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Current research indicates that exosomes and miRNAs can serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for a variety of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This narrative review summarizes the research progress of exosomes and their miRNAs in CVDs, particularly in pulmonary valve diseases (PVDs), and, for the first time, explores their potential associations with transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR). Currently, miRNAs play a crucial role in determining the optimal timing for TPVR intervention, and they demonstrate broad application prospects in post-TPVR right ventricular (RV) remodeling, treatment, and prognosis monitoring. However, the association between exosomes and miRNAs and the development of PVDs, particularly pulmonary regurgitation, remains unclear. The molecular mechanisms of exosomes and miRNAs in PVDs and RV remodeling after TPVR have not been fully elucidated, and their application in postoperative treatment following TPVR is still in its infancy. Future research must focus on advancing fundamental studies, validating biomarkers, and enhancing clinical applications to achieve significant breakthroughs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Perspective of Cardiovascular Diseases)

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