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Keywords = folate receptor-beta (FRβ)

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17 pages, 2953 KiB  
Article
Folate Receptor Beta as a Direct and Indirect Target for Antibody-Based Cancer Immunotherapy
by Allison G. Roy, J. Michael Robinson, Prannda Sharma, Alba Rodriguez-Garcia, Mathilde A. Poussin, Cheryl Nickerson-Nutter and Daniel J. Powell
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 5572; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115572 - 25 May 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4091
Abstract
Folate receptor beta (FRβ) is a folate binding receptor expressed on myeloid lineage hematopoietic cells. FRβ is commonly expressed at high levels on malignant blasts in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), as well as on M2 polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the [...] Read more.
Folate receptor beta (FRβ) is a folate binding receptor expressed on myeloid lineage hematopoietic cells. FRβ is commonly expressed at high levels on malignant blasts in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), as well as on M2 polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment of many solid tumors. Therefore, FRβ is a potential target for both direct and indirect cancer therapy. We demonstrate that FRβ is expressed in both AML cell lines and patient-derived AML samples and that a high-affinity monoclonal antibody against FRβ (m909) has the ability to cause dose- and expression-dependent ADCC against these cells in vitro. Importantly, we find that administration of m909 has a significant impact on tumor growth in a humanized mouse model of AML. Surprisingly, m909 functions in vivo with and without the infusion of human NK cells as mediators of ADCC, suggesting potential involvement of mouse macrophages as effector cells. We also found that TAMs from primary ovarian ascites samples expressed appreciable levels of FRβ and that m909 has the ability to cause ADCC in these samples. These results indicate that the targeting of FRβ using m909 has the potential to limit the outgrowth of AML in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, m909 causes cytotoxicity to TAMs in the tumor microenvironment of ovarian cancer warranting further investigation of m909 and its derivatives as therapeutic agents in patients with FRβ-expressing cancers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunological Approaches in Tumor Therapy)
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Figure 1
<p>FRβ expression analysis and targeting using m909 antibody. (<b>a</b>) FRβ is expressed at 100% on the engineered cell line (CHO-FRβ). No expression is detected in the parental control (CHO-K1). (<b>b</b>) Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity assay (ADCC) with CHO-FRβ cells, NK cells at E:T ratio 10:1 and increasing doses of m909. Specific cytotoxicity is calculated by subtracting the percentage of cell death with no antibody. Representative results from one of two independent experiments with triplicate samples in each experiment are shown. (<b>c</b>) FRβ expression on immortalized AML cell lines THP-1, MV4-11, and HL-60. (<b>d</b>) ADCC assay at increasing doses of m909 for AML cell lines incubated with NK cells at E:T of 10:1 demonstrating a dose-dependent and expression-dependent response. Representative results from one of three independent experiments with triplicate samples per concentration and cell type are shown. (<b>e</b>) Specific cytotoxicity for ADCC assay for each cell line at 10 μg/mL m909 using NK cells from the same donor performed with triplicate samples. All error bars represent standard deviation.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Evaluating additional mechanisms of action for m909 antibody. (<b>a</b>) Cells grown in the presence or absence of 10 μg/mL of m909 over time in days. (<b>b</b>) Complement-dependent specific cytotoxicity for cell lines in presence of 10 μg/mL of m909, Herceptin, or human IgG1 with human serum. Samples tested in triplicate. (<b>c</b>) Percentage of cells with early and late markers of apoptosis after 24 h of incubation with and without 10 μg/mL m909. All error bars represent standard deviation.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Activity of m909 against primary patient AML samples. (<b>a</b>) FRβ expression on patient samples with various subtypes of AML. (<b>b</b>) Expression of CD33 and FRβ in THP-1 cells and ADCC by flow using THP-1 cells demonstrates efficacy with dose-dependent response. (<b>c</b>) CD33 and FRβ expression data for patient sample 4347. ADCC data for patient sample 4347 showing average from two separate experiments with triplicate samples. All graphs were normalized to wells with 0 μg/mL of m909. Error bars represent standard deviation.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Preclinical activity of m909 against THP-1 tumors in vivo. (<b>a</b>) Mice were injected with 2 × 10<sup>6</sup> THP-1 cells expressing GFP-fLuc on day 0 and imaged weekly. They were treated with IP injection starting on day 2 every 2–3 days thereafter for 10 doses with 100 μg m909 or PBS. The NK group received activated NK cells on day 2. The average maximum radiance of each group at each measurement time point is shown in the graph. Significant differences were identified on day 65 between the treatment groups and the PBS group. (<b>b</b>) Mice were injected with 2 × 10<sup>6</sup> THP-1 cells expressing GFP-fLuc on day 0 and received antibody via IP injection starting on day 2 and every 2–3 days thereafter at the respective doses for a total of 10 doses. Significant differences were identified between the treatment groups and the PBS group on day 49. All error bars represent standard error. Red lines on images indicate a change in exposure time.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>m909 activity in vivo after macrophage depletion. (<b>a</b>) m909 does not cross react with mouse FRβ. (<b>b</b>) In vitro co-culture of THP-1 cells in the presence of liposomal clodronate at different concentrations for 24, 48, and 72 h shows increasing toxicity at higher concentrations. Error bars represent standard deviation. (<b>c</b>) Blood draws from five mice in each treatment group demonstrate the percentage of macrophages on day 1 and day 21. 300 μL of liposomal clodronate was given on day −1 and repeated small dose of 25μL every 5 days until the end of antibody dosing. Error bars represent standard deviation. (<b>d</b>) Mice injected with 2 × 10<sup>6</sup> THP-1 cells on day 0 and then treated with m909 for 10 doses starting day 2 as in previous experiments as well as liposomal clodronate. m909 still has an impact on tumor growth even in the presence of liposomal clodronate. Error bars represent standard error.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Tumor associated macrophages in ovarian cancer ascites samples and expression of FRβ. (<b>a</b>) Percentage of TAMs making up each of the fifteen ovarian ascites samples as determined by CD11b and CD14 double-positive population with an average of 23.3%. (<b>b</b>) Flow plots showing the expression of FRβ in each of the 15 total ascites samples compared to expression on TAMs in the sample. (<b>c</b>) Comparison of the average expression of FRβ in the total sample (20.8%) versus expression on TAMs (61.6%).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Expression of FRβ and ADCC on primary ovarian ascites samples. (<b>a</b>) CD14 and CD14/FRβ expression data for patient sample 1572. ADCC data for patient sample 1572 showing a significant decrease in live FRβ expressing cells. (<b>b</b>) CD14 and CD14/FRβ expression on patient sample 1585. ADCC data for patient sample 1585 showing a dose-dependent response to m909 administration. All samples were tested in triplicate and all graphs were normalized to wells with 0 μg/mL of m909. Error bars represent standard deviation.</p> Full article ">
8 pages, 980 KiB  
Opinion
Can Nuclear Imaging of Activated Macrophages with Folic Acid-Based Radiotracers Serve as a Prognostic Means to Identify COVID-19 Patients at Risk?
by Cristina Müller, Roger Schibli and Britta Maurer
Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13(9), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13090238 - 9 Sep 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3914
Abstract
Herein, we discuss the potential role of folic acid-based radiopharmaceuticals for macrophage imaging to support clinical decision-making in patients with COVID-19. Activated macrophages play an important role during coronavirus infections. Exuberant host responses, i.e., a cytokine storm with increase of macrophage-related cytokines, such [...] Read more.
Herein, we discuss the potential role of folic acid-based radiopharmaceuticals for macrophage imaging to support clinical decision-making in patients with COVID-19. Activated macrophages play an important role during coronavirus infections. Exuberant host responses, i.e., a cytokine storm with increase of macrophage-related cytokines, such as TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 can lead to life-threatening complications, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which develops in approximately 20% of the patients. Diverse immune modulating therapies are currently being tested in clinical trials. In a preclinical proof-of-concept study in experimental interstitial lung disease, we showed the potential of 18F-AzaFol, an 18F-labeled folic acid-based radiotracer, as a specific novel imaging tool for the visualization and monitoring of macrophage-driven lung diseases. 18F-AzaFol binds to the folate receptor-beta (FRβ) that is expressed on activated macrophages involved in inflammatory conditions. In a recent multicenter cancer trial, 18F-AzaFol was successfully and safely applied (NCT03242993). It is supposed that the visualization of activated macrophage-related disease processes by folate radiotracer-based nuclear imaging can support clinical decision-making by identifying COVID-19 patients at risk of a severe disease progression with a potentially lethal outcome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 in Pharmaceuticals)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>(<b>A</b>) Disease progression in interstitial lung disease (ILD). (<b>B</b>) Analogy of disease progression in severe cases of COVID-19. (<b>C</b>) Proposed concept of using <sup>18</sup>F-AzaFol-based positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 pneumonia and for monitoring the outcome and response to drugs targeting activated macrophages.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>A</b>) Chemical structure of folic acid; (<b>B</b>) chemical structure of <sup>18</sup>F-AzaFol.</p> Full article ">
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