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16 pages, 3386 KiB  
Article
Investigation on the Flow and Thixotropic Properties of Alkali-Activated Concrete
by Jian Zhang, Yufei Liu, Jin Zhu, Jinhui Liu, Yuefeng Ma, Shengtian Zhai and Yubo Sun
Buildings 2024, 14(12), 4085; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14124085 - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) offer an eco-friendly alternative to traditional Portland cement, yet their rheological properties, particularly in concrete mixtures, remain largely underexplored. This study conducted rheological tests to investigate the flow properties and thixotropic behavior of alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete with varying water-to-binder [...] Read more.
Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) offer an eco-friendly alternative to traditional Portland cement, yet their rheological properties, particularly in concrete mixtures, remain largely underexplored. This study conducted rheological tests to investigate the flow properties and thixotropic behavior of alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete with varying water-to-binder (w/b) ratios and silicate modulus (Ms). The thixotropy of AAS concrete was assessed using the thixotropic index, breakdown area, and variations in apparent viscosity under different shear rates, revealing correlations between thixotropic behaviors and rheological parameters. Mixtures with lower Ms and w/b ratios showed limited slump values and rapid structural build-up due to increased interparticle connections. As Ms increased, enhanced thixotropic behaviors were observed, attributed to the rapid formation of early hydration products. This led to a significant increase in peak torque values and a slight decrease in equilibrium torque values at various rotational speeds. In turn, AAS concrete with higher Ms demonstrated improved fluidity and workability retention after thixotropic build-up was erased. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the flow and thixotropic behaviors of fresh AAS concretes for practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Technology and Properties of Composite Materials)
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<p>BFS physical characteristics. (<b>a</b>) Particle size distribution by laser diffraction. (<b>b</b>) Surface morphology by SEM.</p>
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<p>Geometry of the rheometer setup.</p>
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<p>Determination of thixotropic behaviors in AAS concretes (depicted with A9). (<b>a</b>) Profile of torque development derived from a stress growth test. (<b>b</b>) Breakdown area derived from various rotational speeds.</p>
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<p>Normalized heat flow and cumulative heat evolution of AAS paste: (<b>a</b>) Ms0.25 mixtures (A1, A2, and A3); (<b>b</b>) Ms0.5 mixtures (A4, A5, and A6); and (<b>c</b>) Ms0.75 mixtures (A7, A8, and A9).</p>
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<p>Normalized heat flow and cumulative heat evolution of AAS paste: (<b>a</b>) Ms0.25 mixtures (A1, A2, and A3); (<b>b</b>) Ms0.5 mixtures (A4, A5, and A6); and (<b>c</b>) Ms0.75 mixtures (A7, A8, and A9).</p>
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<p>Evolution of (<b>a</b>) static yield stress of AAS concretes as a function of time, and (<b>b</b>) slump values of AAS concretes as a function of time.</p>
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<p>Flow curves of AAS concrete in torque-–rotational speed relationships.</p>
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<p>Bingham rheological parameters of AAS concretes: (<b>a</b>) dynamic yield stress and (<b>b</b>) plastic viscosity.</p>
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<p>Breakdown area of AAS concretes by using various rotational speeds.</p>
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<p>Correlation between the thixotropic parameters of AAS concrete. (<b>a</b>) Breakdown area against thixotropic index. (<b>b</b>) Drop in apparent viscosity against thixotropic index.</p>
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15 pages, 4022 KiB  
Article
Upcycling Waste Cotton Cloth into a Carbon Textile: A Durable and Scalable Layer for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications
by Mohamed Adel Allam, Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, Hussain Alawadhi, Abdul Ghani Olabi and Abdulmonem Fetyan
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11289; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411289 - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
In our investigation, we unveil a novel, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method for crafting a bio-derived electrode using discarded cotton fabric via a carbonization procedure, marking its inaugural application in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Our findings showcase the superior reaction surface area, [...] Read more.
In our investigation, we unveil a novel, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method for crafting a bio-derived electrode using discarded cotton fabric via a carbonization procedure, marking its inaugural application in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Our findings showcase the superior reaction surface area, heightened carbon content, and enhanced catalytic prowess for vanadium reactions exhibited by this carbonized waste cloth (CWC) electrode compared to commercially treated graphite felt (TT-GF). Therefore, the VRFB system equipped with these custom electrodes surpasses its treated graphite felt counterpart (61% at an equivalent current) and achieves an impressive voltage efficiency of 70% at a current density of 100 mA cm−2. Notably, energy efficiency sees a notable uptick from 58% to 67% under the same current density conditions. These compelling outcomes underscore the immense potential of the carbonized waste cotton cloth electrode for widespread integration in VRFB installations at scale. Full article
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<p>Preparation schematic of the CWC electrode for the VRFB.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Photograph of pristine cloth and carbonized wasted cloth (CWC), (<b>b</b>) mechanical flexibility and folding ability of the CWC material, and (<b>c</b>–<b>e</b>) SEM images of carbonized wasted cloth (inset shows a magnified view). (<b>f</b>) SEM image of thermally treated graphite felt.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and (<b>b</b>) the corresponding pore-size distribution curves of the prepared CWC and TT−GF samples (inset is SEM image of the distribution of the pores). (<b>c</b>) Contact angle measurement of TT-GF and (<b>d</b>) contact angle measurement of CWC.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) X-ray diffraction patterns and (<b>b</b>) Raman spectra for CWC and TT−GF. (<b>c</b>) Full X-ray photoelectron spectra of TT−GF and CWC. (<b>d</b>) High-resolution XPS C1s area observed on the CWC and TT-GF electrode surfaces.</p>
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<p>Cyclic voltammograms of (<b>a</b>) positive half-cell reaction and (<b>b</b>) negative half-cell reaction, obtained in 0.2 M VOSO<sub>4</sub> in 2 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> for TT−GF and CWC electrodes of different layers at a scan rate of 2 mV s<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Nyquist plots of assembled cells equipped with CWC−11 and TT−GF electrodes; the inset shows the fitted data. (<b>b</b>) The equivalent circuit for a fitted curve for TT-GF and CWC samples and (<b>c</b>) polarization curves of TT−GF and CWC−11 electrodes, measured at 50% state of charge. The inset in (<b>c</b>) shows the polarization curves after 60 charge/discharge cycles.</p>
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<p>VRFB cell electrochemical performance employing TT-GF and CWC-11 electrodes. (<b>a</b>) Charge/discharge profiles of batteries at 100 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, (<b>b</b>) CE, EE, and VE at various current densities of 50, 100 and 150 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, (<b>c</b>) capacity retention at various current densities of 50, 100, and 150 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, (<b>d</b>) stability cycle performance of both cells at 100 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> for 50 cycles, and (<b>e</b>) capacity retention of both CWC-11 and TT-GF cells at 100 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> for 50 cycles.</p>
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27 pages, 1229 KiB  
Article
The Online Shopping Experience During the Pandemic and After—A Turning Point for Sustainable Fashion Business Management?
by Suzana Demyen
J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2024, 19(4), 3632-3658; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer19040176 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
The present paper studies the changes that occurred in the clothing trade during the COVID-19 pandemic and the influences exerted on business management. The pandemic sped up digitalization, pushing companies to quickly adapt to new economic conditions and marking a turning point for [...] Read more.
The present paper studies the changes that occurred in the clothing trade during the COVID-19 pandemic and the influences exerted on business management. The pandemic sped up digitalization, pushing companies to quickly adapt to new economic conditions and marking a turning point for online commerce. In the fashion sector, where consumer behavior has shifted rapidly and digital technologies have transformed the business landscape, it is essential to examine these changes and their long-term impact. The research methodology involved an online questionnaire-based survey, targeting 153 respondents from various age groups. Descriptive statistics were used, such as the analysis of variation indicators, to explore patterns in the data and provide a clearer understanding of the phenomena studied. Additionally, a series of statistical tests were applied to validate the research questions. The aim was not to predict future behavior but to explain current trends and shifts, particularly the acceleration of digitalization during the pandemic. The findings highlight changes in customer behavior, the need for investments in technology and innovation, and the importance of adaptability, especially in marketing. There is a statistically significant relationship between income levels and spending on clothing, with higher incomes leading to increased expenditure. The pandemic amplified the role of online channels, particularly among higher-income groups. Promotional campaigns significantly impact purchase decisions, especially for lower-income consumers, serving as both purchase drivers and tools for customer retention. The shift toward online shopping, accelerated by the pandemic, highlights substantial growth potential for e-commerce in the fashion sector. Consumers favor platforms offering convenience, product diversity, and personalized experiences. A moderate interest in sustainable fashion was observed, with preferences leaning toward affordable and durable materials, underscoring the need for transparent and eco-friendly business practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Digital Marketing Dynamics: From Browsing to Buying)
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<p>The conceptual model.</p>
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<p>Favourite stores before the pandemic.</p>
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<p>Preferred stores during the pandemic.</p>
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19 pages, 1782 KiB  
Article
Effects of a Microbial Vetch Fertilizer on the Disease Resistance, Yield, and Quality of Sweet Waxy Corn
by Xiangtao Meng, Zhuangzhuang Li, Han Wu, Haiming Duan, Li Yu, Cheng Zhou, Meng Wang, Kun Zhang, Chaofan Hu, Zhangjun Su and Haibing Yu
Diversity 2024, 16(12), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16120778 - 22 Dec 2024
Viewed by 283
Abstract
This study aimed to address stalk rot in sweet waxy corn while simultaneously decreasing the chemical fertilizer usage without affecting the crop yield. The investigators implemented an innovative approach that integrated disease management with environmentally sustainable agricultural practices by developing an enhanced microbial [...] Read more.
This study aimed to address stalk rot in sweet waxy corn while simultaneously decreasing the chemical fertilizer usage without affecting the crop yield. The investigators implemented an innovative approach that integrated disease management with environmentally sustainable agricultural practices by developing an enhanced microbial vetch fertilizer (MVF). This novel fertilizer was produced through the fermentation of vetch (Vicia villosa var. glabrescens) straw utilizing beneficial strains of Trichoderma and Bacillus species. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the antifungal microbial strains effectively inhibited Fusarium graminearum growth by 46.9% to 64.0%. Subsequent pot trials revealed that MVF application significantly reduced the incidence of stalk rot, resulting in a disease index of 21.2, which was equivalent to control efficacy of 60.2%. Field experiments further demonstrated that applying MVF at 5250 kg·ha−1 produced optimal ear and grain weights, with the peak grain yield reaching 11,259.7 kg·ha−1 when combined with 90% of the standard chemical fertilizer regime. This study contributes to the advancement of environmentally sustainable agricultural practices by effectively managing corn stalk rot and improving productivity by using eco-friendly techniques. The MVF shows potential as a biological alternative to boost sweet corn yields and enhance the protective enzyme activity. This study advances the field of sustainable agriculture by introducing eco-friendly techniques that effectively combat corn stalk rot and enhance crop yields. Full article
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<p>Effects of confrontation cultures of two <span class="html-italic">Trichoderma</span> and three <span class="html-italic">Bacillus</span> strains on corn stalk rot <span class="html-italic">F. graminearum</span>. (<b>a</b>) Confrontation culture of <span class="html-italic">T. harzianum</span> dhm4 with the pathogen for 96 h. (<b>b</b>) Confrontation culture of <span class="html-italic">T. asperellum</span> dhm5 with the pathogen for 96 h. (<b>c</b>) Confrontation culture of <span class="html-italic">B. amyloliquefaciens</span> dhm1 with the pathogen for 120 h. (<b>d</b>) Confrontation culture of <span class="html-italic">B. velezensis</span> dhm2 with the pathogen for 120 h. (<b>e</b>) Confrontation culture of <span class="html-italic">B. subtilis</span> dhm3 with the pathogen for 120 h. (<b>f</b>) Control.</p>
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<p>Effects of MVF formulated with different ratios of mixed <span class="html-italic">Bacillus</span> fermentation broth on disease index and effectiveness in controlling corn stalk rot were examined. Statistical equivalence is denoted by identical letters, whereas significant disparities at the 5% probability level are indicated by different letters, as established through Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.</p>
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<p>Effects of variations in MVF amount on the growth characteristics of sweet waxy corn FengNuo 168. Treatments T1–T5 corresponded to MVF application rates of 2625, 5250, 10,500, 15,750, and 21,000 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Significant differences among treatments at the 5% probability level are indicated by distinct lowercase letters, as determined by the DMRT. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.</p>
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<p>Influence of MVF and chemical fertilizer combination on corn growth metrics. Distinct lowercase letters denote statistically significant variations among treatments at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, as established by the DMRT. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.</p>
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<p>Effects of combining MVF and chemical fertilizer on SPAD value in ear leaves at the harvest stage. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the 5% level of probability, as determined by the DMRT. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.</p>
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<p>Effects of MVF and chemical fertilizer co-application on SOD, POD, and CAT enzyme activity in sweet waxy corn leaf tissue. Statistically significant variations between treatments are denoted by distinct lowercase letters, as determined by the DMRT at a 5% significance level. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.</p>
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<p>Effects of MVF combined with chemical fertilizer on the composition of sweet waxy corn kernels were examined, with a focus on protein content, reducing sugar levels, and amino acid profiles. Statistical significance between different treatments (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05) is indicated by unique lowercase letters, as determined by the DMRT. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.</p>
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12 pages, 6722 KiB  
Article
Clarification of Bio-Degumming Enzymes Based on a Visual Analysis of the Hemp Roving Structure
by Tianyi Yu, Pandeng Li, Tong Shu, Tingting Liu, Chunhua Fu and Longjiang Yu
Polymers 2024, 16(24), 3592; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16243592 - 22 Dec 2024
Viewed by 253
Abstract
Hemp fibers, recognized for their breathability, specific strength, and ultraviolet resistance, are widely utilized in textile manufacturing and composite materials. Bio-degumming is a promising alternative technology to traditional chemical degumming that can be used to produce hemp fibers due to its eco-friendly nature. [...] Read more.
Hemp fibers, recognized for their breathability, specific strength, and ultraviolet resistance, are widely utilized in textile manufacturing and composite materials. Bio-degumming is a promising alternative technology to traditional chemical degumming that can be used to produce hemp fibers due to its eco-friendly nature. However, its lower efficiency has hindered its widespread adoption. The unclear and complex structure of the gums leads to a poor understanding on the enzyme types required for bio-degumming, thereby restricting improvements in its efficiency. In this study, the morphological characteristics, polysaccharide composition, and branched structure of hemp stem, roving fibers, and refined fibers were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy in combination with immunofluorescence techniques, with a view to identify the enzymes necessary for the efficient bio-degumming of hemp. The results revealed that the gums were primarily located in the middle lamella, phloem parenchyma, and certain xylem tissues. These tissues showed chunk-like, fence-like, and plate-like shapes, respectively, and tightly wrapped around the fiber bundles. In these tissues, pectin comprised low-esterified homogalacturonan, along with rhamnogalacturonan carrying galactan and arabinan branches. Xylan exhibited acetyl, arabinose, and glucuronic acid branches, while mannan displayed acetyl and galactose branches. Partial xylan and mannan were masked by pectin, and the branching structures impeded their enzymatic removal. As a consequence, the necessary enzymes and their synergistic effects for effective hemp roving degumming were elucidated. Pectin degradation was facilitated by pectate lyase and rhamnogalacturonan-degrading enzymes. Xylan and mannan were effectively removed by endo-xylanase and endo-mannanase, a process necessitating the synergistic action of branched-chain-degrading enzymes, including the esterase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase, α-galactosidase, and α-glucuronidase. This study provided practical strategies to enhance the efficiency of hemp bio-degumming. Full article
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<p>The SEM analysis of transverse sections of hemp stem; bar = 20 μm. (<b>a</b>) The transverse sections’ morphological features of hemp stem. (<b>b</b>) Epidermis. (<b>c</b>) Collenchyma. (<b>d</b>) Cortex parenchyma. (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) Phloem fiber. (<b>g</b>) Phloem parenchyma. (<b>h</b>) Xylem.</p>
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<p>The SEM analysis of various tissues’ morphological features of hemp stem; bar = 20 μm. (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) Epidermis, collenchyma, cortex parenchyma, phloem fiber, phloem parenchyma, and xylem, respectively.</p>
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<p>The SEM analysis of morphological features of hemp roving; bar = 50 μm. (<b>a</b>) The transverse sections’ morphological features of hemp roving. (<b>b</b>) The transverse sections of bundle fibers (arrow 2) and xylem (arrow 1). (<b>c</b>)The transverse sections of phloem parenchyma (arrow 3). (<b>d</b>) The transverse sections of xylem. (<b>e</b>–<b>g</b>) The surface morphological features of hemp roving—exposed fiber (arrow 4), chunk shape (arrow 5), stripe shape (arrow 6), fence shape (arrow 7). (<b>h</b>) The surface morphological features of refined fibers.</p>
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<p>Indirect immunofluorescence analysis of various antibodies binding to pectin with different branched chains in transverse sections of hemp stem; bar = 100 μm. (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>) Control, LM20, LM18, LM5, and LM6M. Abbreviations: e: epidermis; cl: collenchyma; cp: cortex parenchyma; pf: phloem fiber; pp: phloem parenchyma; x: xylem.</p>
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<p>Indirect immunofluorescence analysis of various antibodies binding to xylan and mannan in transverse sections of hemp stem; bar = 100 μm. (<b>a<sub>1</sub></b>–<b>e<sub>1</sub></b>) Antibody distribution before pectin removal. (<b>a<sub>2</sub></b>–<b>e<sub>2</sub></b>) Antibodies distribution after pectin removal.</p>
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<p>Indirect immunofluorescence analysis of various antibodies binding to xylan and mannan in transverse sections of hemp roving (<b>a<sub>1</sub></b>–<b>h<sub>1</sub></b>) and refined fibers (<b>a<sub>2</sub></b>–<b>h<sub>2</sub></b>). Bar = 100 μm. (<b>a</b>–<b>h</b>) LM18, LM5, LM6M, LM10, LM11, LM28, LM22, LM21.</p>
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<p>Indirect immunofluorescence analysis of LM11 (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) and LM21 (<b>e</b>–<b>h</b>) in transverse sections of hemp roving after different treatments; bar = 100 μm. Acetyl branching (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>), arabinose branching (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) before and after removal, combined with endo-xylanase treatment. Acetyl branching (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>), galactose banching (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) before and after removal, combined with endo-mannanase treatment. Abbreviations: Xyn—Endo-xylanase, AXE—Acetylxylanesterase, AFase—Arabinofuranosidase, Man—Endo-mannanase, Galase—α-Galactosidase.</p>
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<p>Putative structure of xylan (<b>A</b>), mannan (<b>B</b>), and pectin (<b>C</b>), as well as the enzymatic action on these polysaccharides. Abbreviations: RG—rhamnogalacturonan.</p>
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25 pages, 1241 KiB  
Review
Recycling Lithium-Ion Batteries—Technologies, Environmental, Human Health, and Economic Issues—Mini-Systematic Literature Review
by Geani Teodor Man, Andreea Maria Iordache, Ramona Zgavarogea and Constantin Nechita
Membranes 2024, 14(12), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14120277 - 21 Dec 2024
Viewed by 461
Abstract
Global concerns about pollution reduction, associated with the continuous technological development of electronic equipment raises challenge for the future regarding lithium-ion batteries exploitation, use, and recovery through recycling of critical metals. Several human and environmental issues are reported, including related diseases caused by [...] Read more.
Global concerns about pollution reduction, associated with the continuous technological development of electronic equipment raises challenge for the future regarding lithium-ion batteries exploitation, use, and recovery through recycling of critical metals. Several human and environmental issues are reported, including related diseases caused by lithium waste. Lithium in Li-ion batteries can be recovered through various methods to prevent environmental contamination, and Li can be reused as a recyclable resource. Classical technologies for recovering lithium from batteries are associated with various environmental issues, so lithium recovery remains challenging. However, the emergence of membrane processes has opened new research directions in lithium recovery, offering hope for more efficient and environmentally friendly solutions. These processes can be integrated into current industrial recycling flows, having a high recovery potential and paving the way for a more sustainable future. A second method, biolexivation, is eco-friendly, but this point illustrates significant drawbacks when used on an industrial scale. We discussed toxicity induced by metals associated with Li to iron-oxidizing bacteria, which needs further study since it causes low recycling efficiency. One major environmental problem is the low efficiency of the recovery of Li from the water cycle, which affects global-scale safety. Still, electromembranes can offer promising solutions in the future, but there is needed to update regulations to actual needs for both producing and recycling LIB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Applications for Energy)
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<p>The number of articles published yearly is based on the imposed interrogation criteria in the WOS online database and the cumulative number of citations per year.</p>
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<p>Schematic interaction between different Li sources of lithium and the effects of contamination in the environment and humans.</p>
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22 pages, 18807 KiB  
Article
Valorization of Recycled Aggregate and Copper Slag for Sustainable Concrete Mixtures: Mechanical, Physical, and Environmental Performance
by Pamela Wendy Caballero Arredondo, Yimmy Fernando Silva, Gerardo Araya-Letelier and Héctor Hernández
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11239; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411239 - 21 Dec 2024
Viewed by 352
Abstract
The increasing environmental impacts caused by the high demand for concrete production have underscored the need for sustainable alternatives in the design of eco-concrete mixtures. Additionally, important industries, such as construction and mining, generate massive amounts of waste/by-products that could be repurposed towards [...] Read more.
The increasing environmental impacts caused by the high demand for concrete production have underscored the need for sustainable alternatives in the design of eco-concrete mixtures. Additionally, important industries, such as construction and mining, generate massive amounts of waste/by-products that could be repurposed towards sustainability. Consequently, this study investigates the valorization of copper slag (CS), a by-product of the mining industry as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), and concrete as recycled coarse aggregate (RCA), derived from construction and demolition waste, as partial substitutes for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and natural coarse aggregate (NCA), respectively. Eco-concrete mixtures were designed with varying replacement levels: 15% for CS, and 0%, 20%, 50%, and 100% for RCA. The mechanical properties (compressive, indirect tensile, and flexural strengths), permeability characteristics (porosity and capillary suction), and environmental impacts (carbon footprint) of these mixtures were evaluated. The results showed that the use of CS and of increasing proportions of RCA led to a monotonic loss in each of the concretes’ mechanical strength properties at 7, 28 and 90 days of curing. However, at extended ages (180 days of curing), the concrete mixtures with CS and only NCA presented an average compressive strength 1.2% higher than that of the reference concrete (mixture with only OPC and natural aggregate). Additionally, the concrete mixture with CS and 20% RCA achieved 3.2% and 5.8% higher average values than the reference concrete in terms of its indirect tensile strength and flexural strength, respectively. Finally, a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis was implemented, whose results showed that the greatest effect on reducing the carbon emission impacts occurred due to the substitution of OPC with CS, which confirmed that the adequate technical performances of some of the concrete mixtures developed in this study are positively complemented with reduced environmental impacts. Moreover, this study presents a viable approach to minimizing resource consumption and waste generation, contributing to the advancement of eco-friendly construction materials, which aligns with the sustainable development goals. Full article
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<p>SEM micrographs at 1000× magnification of (<b>a</b>) CS and (<b>b</b>) OPC.</p>
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<p>Particle size distribution of OPC and CS.</p>
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<p>DTG curves of pastes 100% OPC (Ref.) and 80% OPC–20% CS (20% CS).</p>
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<p>Concrete wastes that were crushed to produce the RCA.</p>
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<p>Percentage passing of NFA, NCA, and RCA.</p>
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<p>Processes included in this cradle-to-gate LCA study within the framework of the entire LCA of a construction project.</p>
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<p>Effect on slump of the CS and RCA in concrete.</p>
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<p>Compressive strength of concrete with CS and different proportions of RCA at different curing ages.</p>
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<p>Splitting tensile strength of concrete with CS and different proportions of RCA at different curing ages.</p>
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<p>Flexural strength of concrete with CS and different proportions of RCA at different curing ages.</p>
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<p>Water absorption of different concrete mixtures, (<b>a</b>) 28 days and (<b>b</b>) 180 days of curing.</p>
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<p>Locations of the CS supplier (red mark) and cement plant (yellow mark), and the cities in which concrete mixtures are assumed to be produced (blue mark). Obtained from Google Maps.</p>
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<p>Comparison of the embodied carbon in the mixtures with CA–RCA and the reference mixture.</p>
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<p>kg·CO<sub>2</sub>·eq/MPa ratio calculated for concretes M1, M2, and M5.</p>
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26 pages, 1660 KiB  
Article
Conceptual Design of a Novel Autonomous Water Sampling Wing-in-Ground-Effect (WIGE) UAV and Trajectory Tracking Performance Optimization for Obstacle Avoidance
by Yüksel Eraslan
Drones 2024, 8(12), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8120780 - 21 Dec 2024
Viewed by 204
Abstract
As a fundamental part of water management, water sampling treatments have recently been integrated into unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies and offer eco-friendly, cost-effective, and time-saving solutions while reducing the necessity for qualified staff. However, the majority of applications have been conducted with [...] Read more.
As a fundamental part of water management, water sampling treatments have recently been integrated into unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies and offer eco-friendly, cost-effective, and time-saving solutions while reducing the necessity for qualified staff. However, the majority of applications have been conducted with rotary-wing configurations, which lack range and sampling capacity (i.e., payload), leading scientists to search for alternative designs or special configurations to enable more comprehensive water assessments. Hence, in this paper, the conceptual design of a novel long-range and high-capacity WIGE UAV capable of autonomous water sampling is presented in detail. The design process included a vortex lattice solver for aerodynamic investigations, while analytical and empirical methods were used for weight and dimensional estimations. Since the mission involved operation inside maritime traffic, potential obstacle avoidance scenarios were discussed in terms of operational safety, and the aim was for autonomous trajectory tracking performance to be improved by means of a stochastic optimization algorithm. For this purpose, an artificial intelligence-integrated concurrent engineering approach was applied for autonomous control system design and flight altitude determination, simultaneously. During the optimization, the stability and control derivatives of the constituted longitudinal and lateral aircraft dynamic models were predicted via a trained artificial neural network (ANN). The optimization results exhibited an aerodynamic performance enhancement of 3.92%, which indicates a remarkable improvement in trajectory tracking performance for both the fly-over and maneuver obstacle avoidance modes, by 89.9% and 19.66%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drone Design and Development)
17 pages, 2205 KiB  
Review
Biological Control of Aphids in Spain’s Urban Green Spaces
by Belén Lumbierres, Roberto Meseguer, Alexandre Levi-Mourao and Xavier Pons
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11225; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411225 - 21 Dec 2024
Viewed by 273
Abstract
Green spaces in urban areas, such as parks and gardens, provide recreational, social, and health benefits for more than half of the world’s inhabitants. Arthropods in urban vegetation may cause some disruption to humans but also provide vital ecological services such as biological [...] Read more.
Green spaces in urban areas, such as parks and gardens, provide recreational, social, and health benefits for more than half of the world’s inhabitants. Arthropods in urban vegetation may cause some disruption to humans but also provide vital ecological services such as biological control and pollination. However, little is known about the ecology of urban pests, their natural enemies, and how to manage them in an ecofriendly manner, especially in Southern Europe. In this review article, we consider the information available concerning the biological control of aphids in the urban green areas of Spain, mainly focusing on the different aphid species, their natural enemies (and how to enhance them), and the sampling methods used to study them. A wide range of aphid species is found in Spain, but only a few are responsible for the majority of damage (so-called k-aphids, most of which are holocyclic species), and these show two distinct injury profiles (short and long) that determine monitoring and control strategies. Urban aphids have numerous natural enemies, including more than 20 species of ladybeetles, as well as predatory hoverflies, midges, lacewings, bugs, and other groups. More than 40 species of aphid parasitoids and their tritrophic aphid plant associations have been reported. The availability and usefulness of commercially reared aphid natural enemies is discussed, and two methods to enhance natural enemies are described. We also review aphid sampling methods developed for urban green spaces. The studies provide basic information on the ecology of aphids to support conservation biological control as a reliable strategy in the urban green areas of Spain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocontrol for Sustainable Crop and Livestock Production, Volume II)
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<p>Seasonal abundance of some common aphid species on their host plants. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Species with short abundance period. (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) Species with long abundance period. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B20-sustainability-16-11225" class="html-bibr">20</a>,<a href="#B21-sustainability-16-11225" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B26-sustainability-16-11225" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</p>
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<p>Relative abundance of <span class="html-italic">A. bipunctata</span> in the coccinellid complex on tulip trees of central Catalonia, comparing a release site (release on 8 May) with a no-release control site. Data are means of the average aphid abundance class ± standard errors.</p>
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<p>Infestation levels of <span class="html-italic">M. caryae</span> on <span class="html-italic">J. nigra</span> trees in Lleida conventionally managed (blue line) with insecticide treatments (2008–2013) or untreated and provided with food for natural enemies (2011–2013) (green line). The dotted blue line shows the injury threshold for this aphid. The annual number of days (below the red line) with aphid infestation above the threshold (blue colour for conventionally managed trees, green colour for untreated trees) is also shown, along with the abundance of natural enemies on untreated trees.</p>
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<p>Position of observers to determine aphid abundance and allocation of scores on a scale of 0–4 or 0–5 (<a href="#sustainability-16-11225-t006" class="html-table">Table 6</a>). If a ladder cannot be used, samples can be acquired using a pruning pole.</p>
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<p>Relationships between the class abundance average and honeydew dripping. Adapted from [<a href="#B18-sustainability-16-11225" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B32-sustainability-16-11225" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B33-sustainability-16-11225" class="html-bibr">33</a>].</p>
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<p>Correlation between the average number of honeydew droplets recorded on yellow water-sensitive cards for 2 h and the severity of <span class="html-italic">I. liriodendri</span> infestation ≥ class 3 on tulip trees (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.88; F = 47.70; <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001) [<a href="#B24-sustainability-16-11225" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p>
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15 pages, 557 KiB  
Article
Social Orientations, Preferred Values or Political Beliefs: What Predicts Anxiety and Interest in Climate Change?
by Piotr Próchniak, Sandra Kawicka-Wamberski and Ewa Wilanowska
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11222; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411222 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 394
Abstract
An understanding of the psychosocial factors that influence an individual’s attitude towards climate change and the potential impact of these factors on sustainability could prove valuable in the development of future programmes and campaigns designed to encourage more eco-friendly behaviours. Therefore, the objective [...] Read more.
An understanding of the psychosocial factors that influence an individual’s attitude towards climate change and the potential impact of these factors on sustainability could prove valuable in the development of future programmes and campaigns designed to encourage more eco-friendly behaviours. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the relationship between anxiety about climate change, climate change curiosity, and a number of variables pertaining to psychosocial functioning, including social orientations, preferred values, and political beliefs. This study involved a sample of 277 people (Mage = 30.10; SD age = 9.32) who completed a series of scales: The Climate Anxiety Scale, The Curiosity of Climate Changes Scale, Agency/Communion Scale, The Portrait Values Questionnaire, and The Political Beliefs Questionnaire. The regression analysis revealed that two aspects of social orientation, namely unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion, were predictive of anxiety about climate change. Conversely, curiosity about climate change was not predicted by different aspects of social orientation. The self-transcendence metacategory of values was found to positively predict climate anxiety, whereas the conservation metacategory of values predicts it negatively. Political beliefs were not found to predict fear of climate change; however, some aspects of political beliefs were predictive of interest in climate change. Furthermore, a cluster analysis identified three distinct clusters of participants, distinguished by varying scores on the climate anxiety and climate curiosity scales. These clusters were characterised as follows: Anxious (individuals with high levels of climate anxiety and high levels of climate curiosity), Curious (individuals with low levels of climate anxiety and high levels of climate curiosity) and Disinterested (individuals with low levels of climate anxiety and low levels of climate curiosity). The individuals grouped within these clusters demonstrated differences in some aspects of social orientation, preferred values, and political beliefs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)
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<p>Profiles of anxiety about climate change and curiosity of climate change.</p>
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20 pages, 955 KiB  
Article
Risks and Challenges of Oversized Transport in the Energy Industry
by Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Julia Giera, Ewa Kulińska, Krzysztof Olejnik and Justyna Szumidłowska
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6444; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246444 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 237
Abstract
The transport of oversized loads, such as wind turbine components, represents a key logistical challenge due to specific technical and regulatory requirements. The development of the renewable energy sector, particularly wind energy in Poland, has significantly increased the demand for this type of [...] Read more.
The transport of oversized loads, such as wind turbine components, represents a key logistical challenge due to specific technical and regulatory requirements. The development of the renewable energy sector, particularly wind energy in Poland, has significantly increased the demand for this type of transport. The implementation of wind farm construction projects requires not only advanced technological solutions but also special attention to transport safety and the organization of logistical processes. This study employed the FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) risk analysis method, which allows for the identification of potential defects and their causes. Data were collected through surveys, interviews with representatives of transport companies, and field observations. The research sample included 11 companies specializing in oversized transport in Poland and European countries. Based on the gathered information, 15 typical risks associated with the transport of wind turbine components were identified. The most significant risks include the possibility of road accidents and discrepancies between the actual dimensions of the cargo and the transport documentation. The results highlight the need for improvements in route planning, precise verification of cargo parameters, and better management of administrative processes related to obtaining permits. The development of the wind energy sector and dynamic investments in wind farms make the optimization of oversized transport a crucial element in supporting the execution of eco-friendly projects and sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section K: State-of-the-Art Energy Related Technologies)
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<p>Location of all companies involved in organizing the carriage of oversize loads, indicating the companies analyzed in <a href="#energies-17-06444-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>.</p>
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<p>Block diagram of the various stages of the process of organizing the transport of oversized wind turbine components.</p>
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23 pages, 26469 KiB  
Article
Upcycling Salmon Skin Waste: Sustainable Bio-Sequins and Guanine Crystals for Eco-Friendly Textile Accessories
by Valentina Clavel, Sebastián Salazar Sandoval, Nataly Silva, Rodrigo Araya-Hermosilla, Alejandra Amenábar and Paulina Contreras
Recycling 2024, 9(6), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9060127 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 240
Abstract
The significant environmental impact from fashion and textile industries has spurred interest in sustainable alternatives, especially for accessories like sequins and beads, whose usage has surged post-pandemic. This study explores the potential of utilizing salmon industry waste from Chile to produce bio-sequins (BS) [...] Read more.
The significant environmental impact from fashion and textile industries has spurred interest in sustainable alternatives, especially for accessories like sequins and beads, whose usage has surged post-pandemic. This study explores the potential of utilizing salmon industry waste from Chile to produce bio-sequins (BS) and guanine crystals (GC) from salmon skin. The production of BS offers a strategy to reduce reliance on non-renewable resources and support sustainable waste management, as these materials decompose naturally without harmful residues. Physicochemical and mechanical characterization of the BS by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), evaluated their feasibility for textile, design, and fashion applications. Additionally, GC were extracted from salmon scales using less hazardous solvents such as acetone, ethanol, and acetic acid, and subsequently immobilized on the BS for decorative purposes. Notably, tensile mechanical properties of the BS improved up to 75% after guanine decoration and exposure to simulated environmental factors like UV radiation. This work addresses the dual challenge of pollution and resource depletion, demonstrating that BS from salmon skin offer an eco-friendly alternative. It underscores the importance of adopting sustainable practices throughout the fashion industry’s production chain. Full article
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<p>Development and characterization of a biobased sequin decorated with guanine crystals from waste generated by the salmon industry.</p>
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<p>SEM micrographs of the BS before (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and after (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) exposure to physiological temperature (37–42 °C). Scale bar of 1 mm (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>) and 2 µm (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>).</p>
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<p>Mass of the developed BS after composting during a week (<b>A</b>), one month (<b>B</b>), two months (<b>C</b>), and three months (<b>D</b>) in soil.</p>
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<p>Drilling tests of the BS, with three variable diameters: 0.8 mm (<b>A</b>), 1.5 mm (<b>B</b>), and 2 mm (<b>C</b>).</p>
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<p>SEM micrographs of BS after 60 days of exposure to darkness and humidity conditions. Scale bars of 1 mm (<b>A</b>) and 2 µm (<b>B</b>).</p>
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<p>SEM micrographs of the BS after 7 days of exposure to UV-A radiation. Scale bars of 1 mm (<b>A</b>) and 100 µm (<b>B</b>).</p>
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<p>Contact angle test performed on the BS at different magnifications.</p>
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<p>Guanine crystals obtained from centrifugation (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>) and stirring (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>) methods.</p>
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<p>Guanine crystals obtained using acetone (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and ethanol (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) as solvents.</p>
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<p>Bio-sequins decorated with GC shown at different magnifications.</p>
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<p>SEM micrographs of GC (<b>A</b>, scale bar of 20 µm) and the bio-sequins decorated with GC (<b>B</b>, scale bar of 1 mm); area of BS-GC chosen for EDS mapping (<b>C</b>, scale bar of 50 µm); EDS mapping (<b>D</b>,<b>E</b>) of BS-GC, scale bar of 50 µm.</p>
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<p>XRPD characterization of BS, GC, and BS-GC.</p>
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<p>TGA characterization of BS, GC, and BS-GC.</p>
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<p>FT-IR spectra of GC, BS-GC, and BS-GC before and after exposure to UV-A radiation.</p>
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<p>Force-deformation curve of the BS-GC before and after exposure to moisture, UV-A radiation, and temperature (37–42 °C).</p>
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<p>Potential applications of BS-GC manufactured from salmon waste.</p>
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<p>Visual enhancement of BS (<b>A</b>) after incorporation of GC (<b>B</b>) and GC-vegetal pigments (<b>C</b>).</p>
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27 pages, 4285 KiB  
Review
Microbial and Enzymatic Biodegradation of Plastic Waste for a Circular Economy
by Muhammad Aitzaz Akram, Rangasamy Savitha, Gemma K. Kinsella, Kieran Nolan, Barry J. Ryan and Gary T. Henehan
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11942; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411942 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 531
Abstract
Plastics play a crucial role in modern life, but their accumulation poses a serious threat to both the environment and human health. Due to their effects on the terrestrial and aquatic environment, it is essential to develop sustainable approaches to dispose of waste [...] Read more.
Plastics play a crucial role in modern life, but their accumulation poses a serious threat to both the environment and human health. Due to their effects on the terrestrial and aquatic environment, it is essential to develop sustainable approaches to dispose of waste plastics. Traditional methods of plastic disposal, such as burning and landfilling, are problematic since they produce hazardous byproducts. Biodegradation is a potentially effective, eco-friendly approach which uses microbial consortia or isolated enzymes to break down plastic waste. Enzymes interact with plastic surfaces and hydrolyse the large polymer chains into smaller units. These byproducts can then be utilised as carbon sources by microbes, which are eventually converted into CO2 and water. This review explores the principal approaches to plastic degradation, with a focus on existing and emerging polymers made to be readily biodegradable. In addition, sustainable valorisation methods for converting plastic waste into valuable byproducts are considered. The implementation of a circular plastic economy is expected to lead to further development, including scaling up of efficient plastic bio-upcycling processes, which can serve to stimulate environmental waste removal and value-added use of post-consumer plastic streams. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Catalysis and Green Chemistry)
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<p>Plastic waste disposal management by region, globally, and in major economies. This image was reproduced from OECD (2023) [<a href="#B13-applsci-14-11942" class="html-bibr">13</a>] and processed by Our World in Data. Mismanagement refers to accumulation in landfill.</p>
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<p>A schematic overview of the different approaches to plastic waste management, including conventional and sustainable approaches.</p>
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<p>Production of biodegradable plastics in 2023 (based on data derived from [<a href="#B22-applsci-14-11942" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-applsci-14-11942" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B24-applsci-14-11942" class="html-bibr">24</a>]), where PHA is polyhydroxyalkanoate, PLA is polylactic acid, PBS is polybutylene succinate, and PBAT is polybutylene adipate terephthalate.</p>
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<p>Role of insect gut microbiota in plastic degradation, with released enzymes facilitating depolymerisation [<a href="#B81-applsci-14-11942" class="html-bibr">81</a>,<a href="#B84-applsci-14-11942" class="html-bibr">84</a>].</p>
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<p>Structure of PETase and <span class="html-italic">Amycolatopsis mediterranei</span> cutinase, (<b>A</b>) Structure and catalytic triad representation of PETase from <span class="html-italic">Ideonella sakaiensis</span> (PBD ID code: 6EQE) [<a href="#B128-applsci-14-11942" class="html-bibr">128</a>]. (<b>B</b>) Modelled structure and catalytic triad representation of the cutinase from <span class="html-italic">Amycolatopsis mediterranei</span> [<a href="#B46-applsci-14-11942" class="html-bibr">46</a>].</p>
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<p>Enzymatic degradation mechanism of PET degradation through cutinase, lipase, and MHETase producing terephthalic and ethylene glycol (adapted from [<a href="#B135-applsci-14-11942" class="html-bibr">135</a>]).</p>
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<p>Lifecycle of biodegradable PLA and PHB contributing to a circular economy.</p>
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17 pages, 4491 KiB  
Article
Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Quinazoline Derivatives Through Visible Light-Driven Photocatalysis Using Curcumin-Sensitized Titanium Dioxide
by Mshari A. Alotaibi, Abdulrahman I. Alharthi, Talal F. Qahtan and Md. Afroz Bakht
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246235 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 199
Abstract
This study explores a sustainable method for synthesizing quinazoline derivatives through visible light-driven photocatalysis using curcumin-sensitized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. A one-pot, three-component reaction involving aldehydes, urea/thiourea, and dimedone was utilized to efficiently produce quinazoline compounds. The photocatalytic performance of curcumin-sensitized [...] Read more.
This study explores a sustainable method for synthesizing quinazoline derivatives through visible light-driven photocatalysis using curcumin-sensitized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. A one-pot, three-component reaction involving aldehydes, urea/thiourea, and dimedone was utilized to efficiently produce quinazoline compounds. The photocatalytic performance of curcumin-sensitized TiO2 (Cur-TiO2) was compared to pure TiO2 (P-TiO2), with Cur-TiO2 showing significantly enhanced activity. Under optimized conditions—light intensity of 100 mW/cm2, catalyst concentration of 1 mg/mL, and a reaction time of 40 min—a 97% product yield was achieved. The Cur-TiO2 catalyst demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining high efficiency over four consecutive cycles with minimal performance loss. This work underscores the potential of natural dye sensitization to extend light absorption of TiO2 into the visible spectrum, providing an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to sustainable organic synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Catalytic Materials and Their Applications)
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<p>A diagram illustrating the stepwise preparation of Cur dye−TiO<sub>2</sub>, used for the photocatalytic synthesis of quinazoline derivatives in the presence of visible light irradiation.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) FTIR and (<b>b</b>) Raman analyses of the P-TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, Cur dye, and Cur dye-TiO<sub>2</sub>, showcasing the intricate details of their chemical and molecular interactions.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>h</b>) XPS spectra of the survey, Ti 2p, O 1s, and C 1s for P-TiO<sub>2</sub>, and Cur dye-TiO<sub>2</sub> as shown.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) XRD and (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) SEM analysis of the P-TiO<sub>2</sub> and Cur dye-TiO<sub>2</sub>, respectively.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) presented (TGA + DTA) curves for both P-TiO<sub>2</sub> and Cur dye-TiO<sub>2</sub>. (<b>c</b>) UV-vis spectra display P-TiO<sub>2</sub>, Cur dye, and Cur dye-TiO<sub>2</sub>. (<b>d</b>) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution curves (inset) for P-TiO<sub>2</sub> and Cur dye-TiO<sub>2</sub> materials, illustrating their surface area characteristics and mesoporous structure.</p>
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<p>Illustrates the experimental arrangement for synthesizing compounds (<b>4a–f</b>) using the Cur dye-TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst under visible light at optimized conditions. (<b>a</b>) explores how the Cur dye-TiO<sub>2</sub> concentration affects the yield (%) of the target products, (<b>b</b>) monitors the reaction time with Cur dye-TiO<sub>2</sub> and P-TiO<sub>2</sub>, (<b>c</b>) investigates the impact of light intensity on the yield (%) of target products, and (<b>d</b>) examines the influence of photocatalytic versus thermocatalytic synthesis on the yield (%).</p>
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<p>Reusability tests of Cur dye-TiO<sub>2</sub> as a photocatalyst at optimized conditions.</p>
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<p>The illustration represents the input and outcome of the photocatalytic production of quinazoline derivatives using Cur dye TiO<sub>2</sub> under visible light are shown.</p>
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<p>The suggested mechanism for quinazoline derivative (<b>4a</b>–<b>f</b>) synthesis utilizing Cur dye-TiO<sub>2</sub> under visible light irradiation.</p>
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21 pages, 8841 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Nanocomposite Biopolymer Films from Commelina coelestis Willd Starch and Their Nanostructures as a Potential Replacement for Single-Use Polymers
by Lucia García-Guzmán, Gonzalo Velazquez, Israel Arzate-Vázquez, Patricia Castaño-Rivera, Maria Guerra-Valle, Johanna Castaño and Andrea Y. Guadarrama-Lezama
Foods 2024, 13(24), 4129; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13244129 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 386
Abstract
This study explored the effect of incorporating cellulose and starch nanoparticles, obtained from the Commelina coelestis Willd plant, on the physical and chemical properties of starch-based films derived from the same plant. Additionally, the synergistic effect of combining the nanostructures was assessed. The [...] Read more.
This study explored the effect of incorporating cellulose and starch nanoparticles, obtained from the Commelina coelestis Willd plant, on the physical and chemical properties of starch-based films derived from the same plant. Additionally, the synergistic effect of combining the nanostructures was assessed. The nanocomposite biopolymer films were prepared by the casting method using 1 and 3 wt% concentrations of the nanostructures (CNCs: cellulose nanocrystals, CNFs: cellulose nanofibers, SNCs: starch nanocrystals), or their blend. The physicochemical (swelling capacity and water solubility), morphological (SEM and AFM), thermal (DSC and TGA), and mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus) of the films were evaluated. The nanocomposite biopolymer films exhibited better dimensional stability (40–60%) than the control films. Tensile strength (8–300%) and Young’s modulus (15–690%) were improved. Moreover, these films displayed enhanced thermal stability, withstanding temperatures exceeding 305 °C. FTIR spectra evidenced intermolecular interaction among the matrix and nanostructures. Microscopic analyses further supported the integrity of the films, which displayed a homogeneous surface and the absence of fractures. In addition, the nanocomposite biopolymer films prepared with 1 wt% cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibers had a lower opacity than those with a higher percentage (3 wt%). Overall, our findings suggest that the Commelina coelestis Willd is a promising starch source that can be used to obtain nanocomposite biopolymer films as an alternative to produce novel, efficient, and eco-friendly materials with adequate thermo-mechanical properties intended to replace conventional plastic materials in single-use applications such as those used in the food packaging industry. Full article
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<p>Preparation process of the nanocomposite biopolymer films.</p>
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<p>(<b>A</b>) Surface and (<b>B</b>) cross-sectional SEM micrographs. (<b>C</b>) Digital graphics of the CCW nanocomposite biopolymer films with different concentrations of CNFs, CNCs, and SNCs.</p>
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<p>(<b>A</b>) Surface and (<b>B</b>) cross-sectional SEM micrographs. (<b>C</b>) Digital graphics of the CCW nanocomposite biopolymer films with different concentrations of CNFs, CNCs, and SNCs.</p>
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<p>(<b>A</b>) Surface and (<b>B</b>) cross-sectional SEM micrographs. (<b>C</b>) Digital graphics of the CCW nanocomposite biopolymer films with different concentrations of CNFs, CNCs, and SNCs.</p>
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<p>AFM-3D images of the CCW starch (F1) and nanocomposite biopolymer films (with 1 and 3%).</p>
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<p>TGA and derivative curves of the nanocomposite biopolymer films with added (<b>a</b>) 1% and (<b>b</b>) 3% of nanostructures.</p>
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<p>FTIR spectra of the nanocomposite biopolymer films: (<b>a</b>) 1% and (<b>b</b>) 3%.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Tensile strength, elongation at break, and (<b>b</b>) Young’s modulus of the nanocomposite biopolymer films.</p>
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<p>Representative tensile stress versus elongation curves of the nanocomposites.</p>
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