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Keywords = cyclic aerial photography

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18 pages, 6261 KiB  
Article
Detection and Monitoring of Woody Vegetation Landscape Features Using Periodic Aerial Photography
by Damjan Strnad, Štefan Horvat, Domen Mongus, Danijel Ivajnšič and Štefan Kohek
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(11), 2766; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112766 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1959
Abstract
Woody vegetation landscape features, such as hedges, tree patches, and riparian vegetation, are important elements of landscape and biotic diversity. For the reason that biodiversity loss is one of the major ecological problems in the EU, it is necessary to establish efficient workflows [...] Read more.
Woody vegetation landscape features, such as hedges, tree patches, and riparian vegetation, are important elements of landscape and biotic diversity. For the reason that biodiversity loss is one of the major ecological problems in the EU, it is necessary to establish efficient workflows for the registration and monitoring of woody vegetation landscape features. In the paper, we propose and evaluate a methodology for automated detection of changes in woody vegetation landscape features from a digital orthophoto (DOP). We demonstrate its ability to capture most of the actual changes in the field and thereby provide valuable support for more efficient maintenance of landscape feature layers, which is important for the shaping of future environmental policies. While the most reliable source for vegetation cover mapping is a combination of LiDAR and high-resolution imagery, it can be prohibitively expensive for continuous updates. The DOP from cyclic aerial photography presents an alternative source of up-to-date information for tracking woody vegetation landscape features in-between LiDAR recordings. The proposed methodology uses a segmentation neural network, which is trained with the latest DOP against the last known ground truth as the target. The output is a layer of detected changes, which are validated by the user before being used to update the woody vegetation landscape feature layer. The methodology was tested using the data of a typical traditional Central European cultural landscape, Goričko, in north-eastern Slovenia. The achieved F1 of per-pixel segmentation was 83.5% and 77.1% for two- and five-year differences between the LiDAR-based reference and the DOP, respectively. The validation of the proposed changes at a minimum area threshold of 100 m2 and a minimum area percentage threshold of 20% showed that the model achieved recall close to 90%. Full article
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>The structure of the proposed methodology for change detection in woody vegetation landscape features.</p>
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<p>Location of the target study area (the Goričko region) within Slovenia, and the locations of the training tiles (red), validation tiles (blue), and test tiles (green) within Goričko.</p>
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<p>The U-Net architecture of the segmentation neural network. The blue arrows represent downscale operations, the red arrows are upscale operations, and the green arrow is a final per-pixel binary classification.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>DOPs from the years 2014, 2016, and 2019 (top row, left to right), detected woody vegetation landscape features (red polygons, middle row), and detected changes at level 1 (green polygons) and level 2 (additional yellow polygons). The scale is in meters, and the coordinate reference system (CRS) is EPSG:3794.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Radial displacement of objects in the DOP (<b>left</b> image) leads to a positional mismatch between the LiDAR-based target (the yellow polygon in the <b>middle</b> image) and segmented woody vegetation landscape feature (the red polygon in the <b>middle</b> image), which manifests as false detected changes with a recognizable pattern (<b>right</b> image). The scale is in meters, the CRS is EPSG:3794.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Vegetation polygon detected by the segmentation neural network (red polygon) merges narrow gaps and smooths vegetation edges in targets derived from LiDAR (yellow polygons). The scale is in meters, the CRS is EPSG:3794.</p>
Full article ">
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