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34 pages, 2586 KiB  
Review
Advancements and Perspective in the Quantitative Assessment of Soil Salinity Utilizing Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Algorithms: A Review
by Fei Wang, Lili Han, Lulu Liu, Chengjie Bai, Jinxi Ao, Hongjiang Hu, Rongrong Li, Xiaojing Li, Xian Guo and Yang Wei
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(24), 4812; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244812 - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Soil salinization is a significant global ecological issue that leads to soil degradation and is recognized as one of the primary factors hindering the sustainable development of irrigated farmlands and deserts. The integration of remote sensing (RS) and machine learning algorithms is increasingly [...] Read more.
Soil salinization is a significant global ecological issue that leads to soil degradation and is recognized as one of the primary factors hindering the sustainable development of irrigated farmlands and deserts. The integration of remote sensing (RS) and machine learning algorithms is increasingly employed to deliver cost-effective, time-efficient, spatially resolved, accurately mapped, and uncertainty-quantified soil salinity information. We reviewed articles published between January 2016 and December 2023 on remote sensing-based soil salinity prediction and synthesized the latest research advancements in terms of innovation points, data, methodologies, variable importance, global soil salinity trends, current challenges, and potential future research directions. Our observations indicate that the innovations in this field focus on detection depth, iterations of data conversion methods, and the application of newly developed sensors. Statistical analysis reveals that Landsat is the most frequently utilized sensor in these studies. Furthermore, the application of deep learning algorithms remains underexplored. The ranking of soil salinity prediction accuracy across the various study areas is as follows: lake wetland (R2 = 0.81) > oasis (R2 = 0.76) > coastal zone (R2 = 0.74) > farmland (R2 = 0.71). We also examined the relationship between metadata and prediction accuracy: (1) Validation accuracy, sample size, number of variables, and mean sample salinity exhibited some correlation with modeling accuracy, while sampling depth, variable type, sampling time, and maximum salinity did not influence modeling accuracy. (2) Across a broad range of scales, large sample sizes may lead to error accumulation, which is associated with the geographic diversity of the study area. (3) The inclusion of additional environmental variables does not necessarily enhance modeling accuracy. (4) Modeling accuracy improves when the mean salinity of the study area exceeds 30 dS/m. Topography, vegetation, and temperature are relatively significant environmental covariates. Over the past 30 years, the global area affected by soil salinity has been increasing. To further enhance prediction accuracy, we provide several suggestions for the challenges and directions for future research. While remote sensing is not the sole solution, it provides unique advantages for soil salinity-related studies at both regional and global scales. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biogeosciences Remote Sensing)
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Figure 1
<p>Soil salinity modeling and prediction process based on digital soil mapping.</p>
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<p>The study analyzes the types of remote sensing data and machine learning techniques employed in these 104 articles. The graphs on the left and right utilize pie charts to illustrate the percentage of each sensor type (used individually or in combination) and the various machine learning algorithms applied, respectively.</p>
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<p>Statistical characteristics of the metadata include modeling accuracy, validation accuracy, mean and maximum values of ECe, prediction accuracy across different regions, sample size, number of variables, and types of variables: (<b>a</b>) Range of accuracy of calibration model and validation model; (<b>b</b>) Range of R<sup>2</sup> values for modeling soil salinity in different regions; (<b>c</b>) Mean and maximum values of observed values; (<b>d</b>) Number of samples used to construct calibration model and validation model; (<b>e</b>) Number of variables and types involved in model construction. Rhombus are statistics for particular cases.</p>
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<p>Impact of metadata on prediction accuracy: (<b>a</b>) Relationship between calibration model and validation model; (<b>b</b>) Effect of number of observation samples on accuracy of calibration model; (<b>c</b>) Effect of sample observation depth on accuracy of calibration model; (<b>d</b>) Effect of number of variable types on accuracy of calibration model; (<b>e</b>) Relationship between number of variables and calibration model; (<b>f</b>) Effect of measurement time within year on calibration model; (<b>g</b>) Relationship between mean value of measurement values and accuracy of calibration model; (<b>h</b>) Relationship between maximum value of measurement values and accuracy of calibration model. Orange dots indicate significant relationships (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05), black boxes indicate no significant relationships.</p>
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16 pages, 10055 KiB  
Article
Coastal Protection for Tsunamis
by Angela Santos and Nelson Mileu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2349; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122349 - 21 Dec 2024
Viewed by 235
Abstract
Previous research showed that a tsunami similar to the 1755 event would inundate Caxias’ low-ground areas in Oeiras municipality, Portugal. However, the streets of downtown Caxias were not well reproduced, which is a limitation of the area’s mitigation strategies and evacuation plan. For [...] Read more.
Previous research showed that a tsunami similar to the 1755 event would inundate Caxias’ low-ground areas in Oeiras municipality, Portugal. However, the streets of downtown Caxias were not well reproduced, which is a limitation of the area’s mitigation strategies and evacuation plan. For these reasons, new Lidar data were used for the first time in Portugal. The new local topography data allowed the construction of a more accurate DEM, which was used in the tsunami numerical model to update and improve the inundation results. As a complement, a field survey was conducted in several locations to assess coastal features and protection. The numerical model results show that low-ground areas up to 6 m in height were inundated by the tsunami, including the residential area, the road, and the railway. To stop the tsunami waves from inundating these areas, it is proposed that the construction of more sea walls up to 7 m in height and a third bridge over the Barcarena Stream, only for pedestrians, ranging from 5 to 7 m in height, which will serve as a gate for the incoming tsunami waves. These coastal protections should be part of the strategy to mitigate coastal overtopping (winter storm surges and tsunamis) not only in Caxias but also in other coastal zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Disaster Assessment and Response)
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<p>Geographical Framework of the study area, with the administrative limits [<a href="#B22-jmse-12-02349" class="html-bibr">22</a>]: (<b>a</b>) location of Oeiras municipality; (<b>b</b>) location of the Caxias area in Oeiras municipality; (<b>c</b>) details of the railway, road, buildings [<a href="#B23-jmse-12-02349" class="html-bibr">23</a>], and land use (adapted from [<a href="#B24-jmse-12-02349" class="html-bibr">24</a>]) in the Caxias area. The tsunami inundation zone was calculated by previous research [<a href="#B16-jmse-12-02349" class="html-bibr">16</a>] with a cell size resolution of 9 m. Highlighted buildings: A—sewage treatment facility; B—service; C—restaurant; D—São Bruno Fortress; Red building—Caxias train station.</p>
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<p>Conditions of the numerical model setting in the Caxias coastal area of Oeiras municipality: (<b>a</b>) Region 1 and initial sea surface displacement of the 1755 tsunami; (<b>b</b>) Region 2 and the placement of Regions 3 to 6; (<b>c</b>) Details of computational Region 6.</p>
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<p>Location of places where the several field surveys were conducted on several occasions: (<b>a</b>) Portugal; (<b>b</b>) Japan.</p>
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<p>Tsunami numerical model results for the elapsed time after the earthquake of water level snapshots showing the arrival of the first tsunami wave: (<b>a</b>) 31 min; (<b>b</b>) 32 min; (<b>c</b>) 33 min; (<b>d</b>) 34 min; (<b>e</b>) 35 min; (<b>f</b>) 36 min. Highlighted buildings: A—Sewage treatment facility; B—Service; C—Restaurant; D—São Bruno Fortress.</p>
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<p>Tsunami numerical model results on computational region 6: (<b>a</b>) Inundation depth; (<b>b</b>) maximum water level; (<b>c</b>) Water level time series in Caxias. Highlighted constructions: A—Sewage treatment facility; B—Service; C—Restaurant; D—São Bruno Fortress.</p>
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<p>Field surveys were conducted in different spots of the study area. See <a href="#jmse-12-02349-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> for locations: (<b>a</b>) Caxias beach and a view of Marginal Avenue and railway on 30 April 2024; (<b>b</b>) a view of Barcarena Stream in the vicinity of the Caxias Public Park on 2 December 2023. The dashed lines highlight the brick wall at different heights. Building A: Sewage treatment facility; Building B: service. The white circle shows an area with only a fence for protection; (<b>c</b>) View of the Barcarena stream in the vicinity of the Caxias downtown and Royal Estate of Caxias. The white circle shows an area with vegetation belt protection about 2 m high; (<b>d</b>) São Bruno beach on 28 August 2024. Building C—restaurant; building D—São Bruno Fortress; beach access #4 is a ramp; beach access #5 is a stair.</p>
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<p>Field survey in Portugal showing natural coastal protection: (<b>a</b>) Cova beach, Figueira da Foz. The sand dunes reach up to 10–14 m in height. Photo taken on 2 June 2013; (<b>b</b>) Urban Health Park (Jardim da Saude), Setubal with pine trees and elevated ground. Photo taken on 20 June 2013.</p>
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<p>Field survey conducted in Japan on 18–19 February 2012: (<b>a</b>) Remains of the breakwater and one building in Taro; (<b>b</b>) Part of the pine tree forest belt at Arahama, Sendai. (<b>c</b>) Only one tree stands from the pine tree forest belt, “The Miracle Pine Tree,” Rikuzentakata; (<b>d</b>) Tsunami gate at the River Hachiman, Minami-Sanriku.</p>
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<p>Field surveys were conducted in different spots of the study area. See <a href="#jmse-12-02349-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> for locations: (<b>a</b>) Beach Access #1 during the Depression Monica on 10 March 2024; (<b>b</b>) Beach Access #1 on 17 December 2023; (<b>c</b>) Sand deposited inside the tunnel (Beach Access #2) due to the Depression Monica on 13 March 2024; (<b>d</b>) Tunnel was cleaned (Beach Access #2) on 30 April 2024.</p>
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<p>Proposal to build a new bridge over the Barcarena Stream. This third bridge is only for pedestrians and bicycles and should have a height ranging from 5 to 7 m since, at present, Marginal Avenue is at about 6 m height, and the lower part of the bridge is at 5 m height. In addition, the new bridge should have a design to deflect the incoming sea waves.</p>
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<p>Tsunami numerical model results for the elapsed time after the earthquake of water level snapshots showing the arrival of the first tsunami wave, with the proposed DEM (Digital Elevation Model) represented by the green line: (<b>a</b>) 34 min, (<b>b</b>) 36 min; Highlighted buildings: A—Sewage treatment facility; B—Service; C—Restaurant; D—São Bruno Fortress.</p>
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<p>Tsunami numerical model results on computational region 6, with the proposed DEM (digital elevation model) represented by the green line: (<b>a</b>) Inundation depth; (<b>b</b>) maximum water level; (<b>c</b>) Water level time series in Caxias. Highlighted buildings: A—Sewage treatment facility; B—Service; C—Restaurant; D—São Bruno Fortress.</p>
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19 pages, 9717 KiB  
Article
Piping Plover Habitat Changes and Nesting Responses Following Post-Tropical Cyclone Fiona on Prince Edward Island, Canada
by Ryan Guild and Xiuquan Wang
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(24), 4764; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244764 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 287
Abstract
Climate change is driving regime shifts across ecosystems, exposing species to novel challenges of extreme weather, altered disturbances, food web disruptions, and habitat loss. For disturbance-dependent species like the endangered piping plover (Charadrius melodus), these shifts present both opportunities and risks. [...] Read more.
Climate change is driving regime shifts across ecosystems, exposing species to novel challenges of extreme weather, altered disturbances, food web disruptions, and habitat loss. For disturbance-dependent species like the endangered piping plover (Charadrius melodus), these shifts present both opportunities and risks. While most piping plover populations show net growth following storm-driven habitat creation, similar gains have not been documented in the Eastern Canadian breeding unit. In September 2022, post-tropical cyclone Fiona caused record coastal changes in this region, prompting our study of population and nesting responses within the central subunit of Prince Edward Island (PEI). Using satellite imagery and machine learning tools, we mapped storm-induced change in open sand habitat on PEI and compared nest outcomes across habitat conditions from 2020 to 2023. Open sand areas increased by 9–12 months post-storm, primarily through landward beach expansion. However, the following breeding season showed no change in abundance, minimal use of new habitats, and mixed nest success. Across study years, backshore zones, pure sand habitats, and sandspits/sandbars had lower apparent nest success, while washover zones, sparsely vegetated areas, and wider beaches had higher success. Following PTC Fiona, nest success on terminal spits declined sharply, dropping from 45–55% of nests hatched in pre-storm years to just 5%, partly due to increased flooding. This suggests reduced suitability, possibly from storm-induced changes to beach elevation or slope. Further analyses incorporating geomorphological and ecological data are needed to determine whether the availability of suitable habitat is limiting population growth. These findings highlight the importance of conserving and replicating critical habitat features to support piping plover recovery in vulnerable areas. Full article
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<p>Map of all nesting sites on PEI with breeding activity since 2011.</p>
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<p>Classified landcover pre-storm (A) and 1-year post-storm (B) and total change in open sand area (C) over critical barrier island habitats for PIPL on PEI. Counts of breeding pairs (BP) and fledglings (FL) from each site indicated by light and dark blue bars, respectively. Black circle on the island map indicates nesting site with no data (ND).</p>
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<p>Classified landcover pre-storm (A) and post-storm (B) and total change in open sand area (C) over critical sandspit/bar habitats for PIPL on PEI. Counts of breeding pairs (BP) and fledglings (FL) from each site indicated by light and dark blue bars, respectively. Black circles on the island map indicate nesting sites with no data (ND). Additional classified sandspit/bar nesting sites are displayed in <a href="#app1-remotesensing-16-04764" class="html-app">Figure S3</a>.</p>
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<p>Classified landcover pre-storm (A) and 1-year post-storm (B) and total change in open sand area (C) over critical mainland beach habitats for PIPL on PEI. Counts of breeding pairs (BP) and fledglings (FL) from each site indicated by light and dark blue bars, respectively. Black circles on the island map indicate nesting sites with no data (ND).</p>
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<p>Nest locations and outcomes during three breeding seasons preceding (top three panels) and the initial season following (fourth panel) PTC Fiona over Conway Sandhills, PEI. Classified change in dry and wet sand area after one-year post-storm depicted in bottom panel, with colours representing change classes (in <a href="#remotesensing-16-04764-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>, <a href="#remotesensing-16-04764-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a> and <a href="#remotesensing-16-04764-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>).</p>
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<p>Fledging rate across common nesting sites with at least three years of nesting attempts between 2020 and 2023. Horizontal line at 1.65 fledglings/pair indicates ECCC productivity target for the Eastern Canadian recovery unit. Vertical line distinguishes between pre- and post-storm breeding seasons.</p>
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<p>Model-averaged coefficient estimates (log-odds scale) from the top-ranked logistic regression GLMs of binary hatch success (<b>left</b>) and data summaries of hatch outcomes across habitat metrics from 2020–2023 on PEI (<b>right</b>). Number in white indicates nest counts in each respective category; error bars in GLM output display 95% confidence intervals (SE * 1.96). D2 ACCESS is represented as a categorical and continuous variable to convey complimentary insights.</p>
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<p>Summaries of binary hatch success by year across habitat measures on PEI from 2020–2023. Number in white indicates the number of nests in each respective category. D2 ACCESS is represented as a categorical and continuous variable to convey complimentary insights.</p>
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<p>Model averaged coefficient estimates (log-odds scale) from the top-ranked logistic regression GLMs of flooding and predation occurrences (<b>left</b>) and data summaries of nest outcomes across habitat metrics from 2020–2023 on PEI (<b>right</b>). Error bars in GLM output display 95% confidence intervals (SE * 1.96). D2 ACCESS is represented as a categorical and continuous variable to convey complimentary insights.</p>
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15 pages, 20094 KiB  
Article
Assessing Land-Cover Change and Urbanization Impact on Riparian Zones in South Carolina: A Decade of Transition
by Sanjeev Sharma and Puskar Khanal
Land 2024, 13(12), 2232; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122232 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 270
Abstract
This study investigates land-cover changes along riparian zones in South Carolina, focusing on intermittent and perennial streams to assess the impact of urbanization, forest loss, and impervious surface expansion on sensitive ecosystems. South Carolina’s diverse geography, ranging from coastal marshes to the Blue [...] Read more.
This study investigates land-cover changes along riparian zones in South Carolina, focusing on intermittent and perennial streams to assess the impact of urbanization, forest loss, and impervious surface expansion on sensitive ecosystems. South Carolina’s diverse geography, ranging from coastal marshes to the Blue Ridge Mountains, and subtropical humid climate, offers a rich context for understanding environmental changes. The research utilizes various geospatial datasets, including the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), National Hydrography Dataset (NHD), and National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery, to evaluate changes in forest cover, urbanization, and impervious surfaces from 2011 to 2021 as a decade of transition. The study areas were divided into buffer zones around intermittent and perennial streams, following South Carolina’s riparian management guidelines. The results indicate significant land-cover transitions, including a total of 3184.56 hectares of non-urban areas converting to forest within the 100 m buffer around intermittent streams. In contrast, 137.43 hectares of forest transitioned to urban land in the same buffer zones, with Spartanburg and Greenville leading the change. Intermittent stream buffers exhibited higher imperviousness (4.6–5.5%) compared to perennial stream buffers (3.3–4.5%), highlighting the increased urban pressure on these sensitive areas. Furthermore, tree canopy loss was significant, with counties such as Greenwood and Chesterfield experiencing substantial reductions in canopy cover. The use of high-resolution NAIP imagery validated the land-cover classifications, ensuring accuracy in the results. The findings emphasize the need for effective land-use management, particularly in the riparian zones, to mitigate the adverse impacts of urban expansion and to safeguard water quality and biodiversity in South Carolina’s streams. Full article
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<p>The study was conducted in South Carolina, U.S.A.</p>
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<p>Intermittent and perennial streams in South Carolina, U.S.A.</p>
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<p>The forest converted to non-urban for intermittent and perennial streams at 30 and 100 m buffer. FNU_I30 forest converted to non-urban for intermittent stream with 30 m buffer, FNU_I100 forest converted to non-urban for intermittent stream with 100 m buffer, FNU_P30 forest converted to non-urban for perennial stream with 30 m buffer, and FNU_P100 forest converted to non-urban for perennial stream with 30 m buffer. The 90 value is given to represent forests to non-urban change. A similar approach was performed for forests to urban, urban to forest, and non-urban to forest.</p>
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<p>The left figure represents the change in impervious cover from 2011 to 2021 along perennial streams at 100 m buffer and the right figure represents the impervious intermittent streams at 100 m buffer. The values represent the following: 11 (no imperviousness means all green), 12 (none to impervious), 21 (impervious to none), and 22 (impervious in both time periods). Figure was created for better visualization.</p>
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<p>Area of imperviousness for each stream type from 2011 to 2021.</p>
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<p>The forest canopy cover changes from 2011 to 2021. The red represents forest loss, and the green represents the forest gain, and the white represents no change in the 100 m intermittent and perennial streams.</p>
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<p>The random points for the urban to forest and forest to urban created based on the polygon obtained after the raster conversion. The comparison was performed either with actual conversion to forest or urban using NAIP and world imaginary. This accuracy rate reflects the reliability of the change and demonstrates that the classification approach aligns well with real-world data in the study area.</p>
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15 pages, 6650 KiB  
Article
Submesoscale Ageostrophic Processes in the Kuroshio and Their Impact on Phytoplankton Community Distribution
by Yuxuan Wang, Zheyue Shen, Jinjun Rao and Shuwen Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2334; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122334 - 19 Dec 2024
Viewed by 286
Abstract
This study focuses on typical regions of strong ageostrophic processes in the Kuroshio using high-resolution remote sensing satellite reanalysis data and Argo float data. By analyzing the relationship between the Rossby number and chlorophyll concentration from June to August in the summer of [...] Read more.
This study focuses on typical regions of strong ageostrophic processes in the Kuroshio using high-resolution remote sensing satellite reanalysis data and Argo float data. By analyzing the relationship between the Rossby number and chlorophyll concentration from June to August in the summer of 2020, the spatial characteristics of ageostrophic processes and their impact on the phytoplankton community distribution are explored. The results indicate that ageostrophic processes, driven by coastal topography, are stably generated in the regions of the Bashi Channel, northeastern Taiwan waters, southwestern Kyushu Island, and southern Shikoku Island. Furthermore, the intensity of these ageostrophic processes shows an overall positive correlation with chlorophyll concentration. The local mixing and subfront circulations induced by ageostrophic processes pump deep nutrients into the euphotic zone, supporting the growth and reproduction of phytoplankton, which leads to the formation of significant chlorophyll hotspots in regions controlled by ageostrophic processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Physical Oceanography—2nd Edition)
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Figure 1
<p>This figure shows the locations of the selected BGC-Argo float trajectories within the study area. The red trajectory represents GL_PR_PF_2902750, the blue represents GL_PR_PF_2902753, the green represents GL_PR_PF_5906510, and the pink represents GL_PR_PF_5906522.</p>
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<p>This figure presents a schematic diagram of the surface flow field of the Kuroshio main axis and its invading branches in the study area. The gray solid lines represent the bathymetric contours of the seafloor, while the black labeled points indicate ageostrophic characteristic areas (part1, part2, part3, and part4). The black solid arrows show the direction of the Kuroshio geostrophic flow, while the orange dashed arrows show the direction of the invading branches.</p>
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<p>This figure shows the calculation results of the sea surface Rossby number in the study area in 2020. (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) represent the spatial characteristics of the Rossby number in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) represent the daily average variation in the absolute value of the Rossby number exceeding 0.8 in regions part1, part2, part3, and part4 in July 2020. The black solid line indicates the mean absolute value of the overall Rossby number, the red solid line represents the mean of positive Rossby numbers, and the blue solid line shows the mean absolute value of negative Rossby numbers.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) show the potential density distributions (unit: kg/m³) for the part1, part2, part3, and part4 regions during summer. The gray solid lines indicate bathymetric contours (unit: m), and the vector arrows represent the sea surface flow velocities.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) show the distributions of sea surface horizontal strain rates for the part1, part2, part3, and part4 regions during summer.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) represent the trends of changes in positive Rossby numbers and negative Rossby numbers, respectively, along with the corresponding average chlorophyll concentrations in the Kuroshio during summer.</p>
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<p>This figure shows the daily average chlorophyll concentrations (unit: mg/m<sup>3</sup>) in July for the part1, part2, part3, and part4 regions under the control of ageostrophic effects. The blue solid line represents the part1 region, the green solid line represents the part2 region, the orange solid line represents the part3 region, and the red solid line represents the part4 region.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>h</b>) represent the comparison between vertical velocity and chlorophyll concentration distributions at the same locations in the Kuroshio frontal region. (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>g</b>) show the vertical velocity w (unit: <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo>/</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math>) in the part1, part2, part3, and part4 regions, respectively. (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>,<b>h</b>) display the chlorophyll concentration distributions (unit: mg/m<sup>2</sup>) at the same locations as the corresponding left panels. The black solid lines in the figure represent contour lines.</p>
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<p>The relationship between chlorophyll concentrations observed by high-resolution satellites in the Kuroshio and chlorophyll concentration data collected by BGC-Argo floats.</p>
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18 pages, 6588 KiB  
Article
Three-Year Follow-Up Assessment of Anthropogenic Contamination in the Nichupte Lagoon
by Jorge Herrera-Silveira, Flor Arcega-Cabrera, Karina León-Aguirre, Elizabeth Lamas-Cosio, Ismael Oceguera-Vargas, Elsa Noreña-Barroso, Daniela Medina-Euán and Claudia Teutli-Hernández
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11889; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411889 - 19 Dec 2024
Viewed by 470
Abstract
Tourism still represents a means of generating revenues in the coastal areas in the Mexican Caribbean, despite the growing concern about the social and environmental impacts. The Nichupte Lagoon System (NLS), the most representative lagoon of Quintana Roo State for being in the [...] Read more.
Tourism still represents a means of generating revenues in the coastal areas in the Mexican Caribbean, despite the growing concern about the social and environmental impacts. The Nichupte Lagoon System (NLS), the most representative lagoon of Quintana Roo State for being in the middle of Cancun’s hotel development, has experienced a continuous drop-off in its water quality due to several factors, including dredging and wastewater discharges from different anthropogenic activities, which modify the flux of nutrients, increase the number of pathogenic microorganisms, and promote physicochemical changes in this ecosystem. Three sampling campaigns (2018, 2019, and 2020) were carried out in the NLS in August, which is the month of greatest tourist occupancy. To evidence the presence of anthropogenic wastewater in the NLS, the caffeine tracer was used, and to determine the water quality, 43 sampling stations were monitored for “in situ” physicochemical parameters (salinity and dissolved oxygen), and water samples were collected for the quantification of nutrients (NO2 + NO3, NH4+, SRP and SRSi) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). For data analysis, the lagoon was subdivided into five zones (ZI, ZII, ZIII, ZIV, and ZV). Caffeine spatial and time variation evidence (1) the presence of anthropogenic wastewater in all areas of the NLS probably resulting from the tourist activity, and (2) wastewater presence is directly influenced by the coupling of the hydrological changes driven by anomalous rain events and the number of tourists. This same tendency was observed for nutrients that increased from 2018 to 2019 and the trophic state changed from oligotrophic to hypertrophic in all areas, as a result of previous anomalous precipitations in 2018, followed by normal precipitations in 2019. From 2019 to 2020, the nutrients decreased due to the drop in tourism due to COVID-19, promoting fewer nutrients in the lagoon, but, also coupled with an anomalous precipitation event (Cristobal storm), resulted in a dilution phenomenon and an oligotrophic state. The cluster analysis indicated that the least similar zones in the lagoon were the ZI and ZV due to their geomorphology that restricts the connection with the rest of the system. Principal component analysis revealed that wastewater presence evidenced by the caffeine tracer had a positive association with dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a, indicating that the arrival of nutrients from wastewater amongst other sources promotes algal growth, but this could develop into an eutrophic or hypertrophic state under normal precipitation conditions as seen in 2019. This study shows the relevance of monitoring in time of vulnerable karstic systems that could be affected by anthropogenic contamination from wastewater inputs, stressing the urgent need for efficient wastewater treatment in the area. The tourist industry in coastal karstic lagoons such as the NLS must have a Wastewater Treatment Program as a compensation measure for the anthropic pressure that is negatively changing the water quality of this highly relevant socio-environmental system. Full article
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<p>Location of the sampling stations along the five main zones of the Nichupte Lagoon System and the main current patterns in the lagoon (represented by the dashed arrows) adapted from the numerical model by [<a href="#B11-applsci-14-11889" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. Land use is a modification of the metadata obtained from the National Biodiversity Information System, SNIB for its initials in Spanish [<a href="#B18-applsci-14-11889" class="html-bibr">18</a>].</p>
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<p>Average annual variation in the concentration of caffeine and number of tourists (<b>left</b> side) and monthly precipitation in Cancun 2018–2020 (<b>right</b> side).</p>
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<p>Distribution of caffeine throughout the zones of the NLS in the three-year follow-up.</p>
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<p>Spatial and temporal variations in the NLS of (<b>a</b>) NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, (<b>b</b>) NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, (<b>c</b>) NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, (<b>d</b>) SRP, (<b>e</b>) SRSi, (<b>f</b>) Cha-a, (<b>g</b>) salinity, and (<b>h</b>) DO.</p>
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<p>Spatial and temporal variations in the NLS of (<b>a</b>) NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, (<b>b</b>) NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, (<b>c</b>) NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, (<b>d</b>) SRP, (<b>e</b>) SRSi, (<b>f</b>) Cha-a, (<b>g</b>) salinity, and (<b>h</b>) DO.</p>
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<p>Spatial and temporal variations in the NLS of (<b>a</b>) NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, (<b>b</b>) NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, (<b>c</b>) NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, (<b>d</b>) SRP, (<b>e</b>) SRSi, (<b>f</b>) Cha-a, (<b>g</b>) salinity, and (<b>h</b>) DO.</p>
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<p>Spatial and temporal variations in the NLS of (<b>a</b>) NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, (<b>b</b>) NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, (<b>c</b>) NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, (<b>d</b>) SRP, (<b>e</b>) SRSi, (<b>f</b>) Cha-a, (<b>g</b>) salinity, and (<b>h</b>) DO.</p>
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<p>Overall water quality health status of the NLS in 2018, 2019, and 2020.</p>
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<p>Cluster analysis by NLS area.</p>
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<p>Principal component analysis of the measured variables in the NSL.</p>
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21 pages, 12142 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Artificial Light at Night Across Geographical Features in the Sicilian Coastal Zone
by Vincenzo Maccarrone and Enza Maria Quinci
Land 2024, 13(12), 2219; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122219 - 18 Dec 2024
Viewed by 324
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of artificial light at night (ALAN) along the Sicilian coasts, using satellite data from 2016 to 2023, focusing on three distinct spatial domains: terrestrial areas within 1 km from the coastline, marine areas extending up to 1 km [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of artificial light at night (ALAN) along the Sicilian coasts, using satellite data from 2016 to 2023, focusing on three distinct spatial domains: terrestrial areas within 1 km from the coastline, marine areas extending up to 1 km offshore, and marine areas up to 1 nautical mile from the coast. In coastal zones, ALAN is a significant anthropogenic pressure with potentially detrimental effects on ecosystems. By integrating satellite data with geographic datasets such as Corine Land Cover (CLC), Natura 2000 protected areas, and Posidonia oceanica meadows, this study aims to characterize and analyse the temporal and spatial variations in ALAN across these domains. The findings reveal substantial differences in light pollution between domains and over time, with coastal terrestrial areas exhibiting the highest levels of ALAN. In contrast, marine areas further offshore experience reduced light pollution, particularly within the 1-nautical-mile domain. This study also indicates that protected areas, especially those within the Natura 2000 network, show significantly lower ALAN levels than non-protected areas, highlighting the effectiveness of conservation efforts. Statistical analyses, including ANOVAs, demonstrate that factors such as geographic domain, year, province, and CLC classes significantly influence ALAN distribution. This study advocates for considering ALAN as a critical factor in environmental impact assessments, such as those under the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive (MSP) and Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), providing valuable insights to support policies aimed at mitigating the environmental impact of light pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land – Observation and Monitoring)
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<p>The figure shows: (<b>A</b>) ALAN diffusion along the coast of Sicily. (<b>B</b>) Study area and analysed Sicilian coastal provinces, with the zoomed-in area highlighted in red, shown in panels C to F to illustrate the datasets and domains analysed. (<b>C</b>) Representation of the analysed coastal domains (Land in brown; Sea 1 km in blue; Sea 1 nm in light blue). (<b>D</b>) Zoom on the Posidonia dataset with different colours representing domains and conditions. (<b>E</b>) Zoom on the Corine Land Cover dataset, with different colours representing the eight different land-cover types assessed in this study. (<b>F</b>) Zoom on the Natura 2000 dataset, with different colours highlighting the analysed conditions and domains.</p>
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<p>The figure summarizes the density plots of ALAN in the eight Level I Corine Land Cover types in spatial domains (SD Land) and geodatabases (GD1).</p>
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<p>Density plots summarize the eight Level I Corine Land Cover types in spatial domains (SDs) in the eight Sicilian coastal provinces using the geodatabases (GD1).</p>
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<p>Measurement of ALAN in Natura 2000 habitats compared to areas outside Natura 2000 protection across three distinct coastal domains (SDs), with geodatabases (GD2) utilized for ALAN assessment.</p>
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<p>Measurement of ALAN in Natura 2000 habitats compared to areas outside Natura 2000 protection across three distinct coastal domains (SDs), with geodatabases (GD2) utilized for ALAN assessment in the eight Sicilian coastal provinces.</p>
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<p>Measurement of ALAN in <span class="html-italic">Posidonia oceanica</span> habitats compared to areas outside Posidonia meadows across two distinct coastal domains (SDs), with geodatabases (GD2).</p>
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<p>Measurement of ALAN in <span class="html-italic">Posidonia oceanica</span> habitats compared to areas outside Posidonia meadows among eight Sicilian coastal provinces.</p>
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16 pages, 2518 KiB  
Article
Application of Environmental DNA Metabarcoding to Differentiate Algal Communities by Littoral Zonation and Detect Unreported Algal Species
by Sergei Bombin, Andrei Bombin, Brian Wysor and Juan M. Lopez-Bautista
Phycology 2024, 4(4), 605-620; https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4040033 - 18 Dec 2024
Viewed by 289
Abstract
Coastal areas are the most biologically productive and undoubtedly among the most complex ecosystems. Algae are responsible for most of the gross primary production in these coastal regions. However, despite the critical importance of algae for the global ecosystem, the biodiversity of many [...] Read more.
Coastal areas are the most biologically productive and undoubtedly among the most complex ecosystems. Algae are responsible for most of the gross primary production in these coastal regions. However, despite the critical importance of algae for the global ecosystem, the biodiversity of many algal groups is understudied, partially due to the high complexity of morphologically identifying algal species. The current study aimed to take advantage of the recently developed technology for biotic community assessment through the high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of environmental DNA (eDNA), known as the “eDNA metabarcoding”, to characterize littoral algal communities in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGoM). This study demonstrated that eDNA metabarcoding, based on the universal plastid amplicon (UPA) and part of the large nuclear ribosomal subunit (LSU) molecular markers, could successfully differentiate coastal biotic communities among littoral zones and geographical locations along the shoreline of the NGoM. The statistical significance of separation between biotic communities was partially dependent on the dissimilarity calculation metric; thus, the differentiation of algal community structure according to littoral zones was more distinct when phylogenetic distances were incorporated into the diversity analysis. Current work demonstrated that the relative abundance of algal species obtained with eDNA metabarcoding matches previously established zonation patterns for these species. In addition, the present study detected molecular signals of 44 algal species without previous reports for the Gulf of Mexico, thus providing an important, molecular-validated baseline of species richness for this region. Full article
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<p>Alpha diversity distributions of identified algal communities. Diversity is calculated using the Shannon index. Samples are grouped based on the geographical location: (<b>a</b>) UPA-algae and (<b>b</b>) LSU-algae, zones: (<b>c</b>) UPA-algae and (<b>d</b>) LSU-algae, and sampling year: (<b>e</b>) UPA-algae and (<b>f</b>) LSU-algae. The boxplots display the distribution of alpha diversity values: the horizontal line within each box represents the median, the edges of the box show the interquartile range (IQR), and the whiskers indicate variability outside the IQR up to 1.5 times the IQR. Outliers are represented by individual points beyond the whiskers.</p>
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<p>Linear discriminant analyses of algal communities based on Weighted UniFrac distances among geographical locations (GL) and littoral zones (ZN). (<b>a</b>) UPA-GL, (<b>b</b>) LSU-GL, (<b>c</b>) UPA-ZN, and (<b>d</b>) LSU-ZN.</p>
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<p>Algal species distribution among zones. Only algal species with an abundance ≥ 0.01% were included. (<b>a</b>) shows species recovered by the UPA and (<b>b</b>) LSU molecular markers. Species arranged in order from smallest to largest <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values obtained via the Kruskal–Wallis test. Framed species have a <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value ≤ 0.05.</p>
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13 pages, 8622 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis of the Influence of 2D Dispersion Parameters on the Spread of Pollutants in the Coastal Zone
by Piotr Zima and Jerzy Sawicki
Water 2024, 16(24), 3637; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243637 - 17 Dec 2024
Viewed by 381
Abstract
The transport of pollutants with flowing waters is one of the most common processes in the natural environment. In general, this process is described by a system of differential equations, including the continuity equation, dynamic equations, pollutant transport equations and equations of state. [...] Read more.
The transport of pollutants with flowing waters is one of the most common processes in the natural environment. In general, this process is described by a system of differential equations, including the continuity equation, dynamic equations, pollutant transport equations and equations of state. For the analyzed problem of pollutant migration in wide rivers and the coastal zone, a two-dimensional model is particularly useful because the velocity and mass concentration profile is vertically averaged. In this model, taking into account the dispersion flux leads to appropriate equations, and the dispersion process is described by the dispersion tensor. Due to the transverse isotropy of the dispersion process, the coordinates of this tensor are expressed in terms of local dispersion coefficients along the direction of the velocity and in the direction perpendicular to it. Commonly used methods for determining mass dispersion coefficients refer to a gradient velocity profile, typical for rivers. However, in the coastal zone, the velocity profile changes from gradient to drift when shear stresses on the surface caused by the wind begin to dominate. The drift profile also occurs in estuaries, where there is a difference in the density of fresh and salt water. This paper analyzes the numerical solution of the two-dimensional dispersion equations in the coastal zone for the dispersion coefficients adopted for the gradient and drift velocity profiles and then assesses how this affects the final result. Four typical scenarios of pollutant migration in the coastal zone of the Bay of Puck are presented. The calculated dispersion coefficients differ significantly depending on the adopted velocity profile: for the gradient, DLG = 0.17 [m2/s], and for the drift, DLD = 89.94 [m2/s]. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dispersion in Rivers, Estuaries and Costal Zones)
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<p>Vertical velocity profile (<b>a</b>) for gradient flow and (<b>b</b>) for drift flow, where <span class="html-italic">u</span> [m/s] is the velocity which varies from 0 to <span class="html-italic">U</span>, and <span class="html-italic">h</span> [m] is the depth, which varies from 0 to <span class="html-italic">H</span>.</p>
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<p>Study site.</p>
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<p>Computational mesh of the mathematical model of the analyzed area.</p>
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<p>The result of the numerical simulation of the pollution flux spread for the <span class="html-italic">D<sub>LG</sub></span> dispersion coefficient and wind from the SE direction.</p>
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<p>The result of the numerical simulation of the pollution flux spread for the <span class="html-italic">D<sub>LD</sub></span> dispersion coefficient and wind from the SE direction.</p>
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<p>The result of the numerical simulation of the pollution flux spread for the <span class="html-italic">D<sub>LG</sub></span> dispersion coefficient and wind from the NW direction.</p>
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<p>The result of the numerical simulation of the pollution flux spread for the <span class="html-italic">D<sub>LD</sub></span> dispersion coefficient and wind from the NW direction.</p>
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<p>The result of the numerical simulation of the pollution flux spread for the <span class="html-italic">D<sub>LG</sub></span> dispersion coefficient and wind from the NE direction.</p>
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<p>The result of the numerical simulation of the pollution flux spread for the <span class="html-italic">D<sub>LD</sub></span> dispersion coefficient and wind from the NE direction.</p>
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<p>The result of the numerical simulation of the pollution flux spread for the <span class="html-italic">D<sub>LG</sub></span> dispersion coefficient and wind from the SW direction.</p>
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<p>The result of the numerical simulation of the pollution flux spread for the <span class="html-italic">D<sub>LD</sub></span> dispersion coefficient and wind from the SW direction.</p>
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27 pages, 6164 KiB  
Review
Remote Sensing Image Interpretation for Coastal Zones: A Review
by Shuting Sun, Qingqing Xue, Xinying Xing, Huihui Zhao and Fang Zhang
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(24), 4701; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244701 - 17 Dec 2024
Viewed by 325
Abstract
Coastal zones, where land meets ocean, are home to a large portion of the global population and play a crucial role in human survival and development. These regions are shaped by complex geological processes and influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, making [...] Read more.
Coastal zones, where land meets ocean, are home to a large portion of the global population and play a crucial role in human survival and development. These regions are shaped by complex geological processes and influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, making effective management essential for addressing population growth, environmental degradation, and resource sustainability. However, the inherent complexity of coastal zones complicates their study, and traditional in situ methods are often inefficient. Remote sensing technologies have significantly advanced coastal zone research, with different sensors providing diverse perspectives. These sensors are typically used for classification tasks (e.g., coastline extraction, coastal classification) and retrieval tasks (e.g., aquatic color, wetland monitoring). Recent improvements in resolution and the advent of deep learning have led to notable progress in classification, while platforms like Google Earth Engine (GEE) have enabled the development of high-quality, global-scale products. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of coastal zone interpretation, discussing platforms, sensors, spectral characteristics, and key challenges while proposing potential solutions for future research and management. Full article
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<p>Coastal-zone structure.</p>
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<p>Summary of complex coastal-surface interpretation.</p>
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<p>Steps in pixel-based coastal land-cover classification.</p>
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<p>Steps in object-based coastal land-cover classification [<a href="#B14-remotesensing-16-04701" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</p>
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<p>Steps in pixel-based coastal land-cover classification.</p>
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<p>Typical waterline (<b>a</b>) and tidal line (<b>b</b>), taking Jiaozhou Bay, China, as an example [<a href="#B39-remotesensing-16-04701" class="html-bibr">39</a>].</p>
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<p>Principles of bathymetry using photon-counting lidar.</p>
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<p>Principles of bathymetry using optical sensors [<a href="#B81-remotesensing-16-04701" class="html-bibr">81</a>].</p>
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<p>Typical coastal wetland features.</p>
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19 pages, 7335 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Behavior of Marine Soft Soil with Different Water Contents Under Cyclic Loading
by Yajun Liu, Heng Zhang, Yindong Sun, Ke Wu and Wenbin Xiao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2307; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122307 - 15 Dec 2024
Viewed by 415
Abstract
This study integrates macroscopic dynamic triaxial tests with microscopic discrete element simulations to comprehensively examine the dynamic deformation characteristics of marine soft soils under cyclic loading. Unlike previous research that typically focuses solely on experimental or numerical methods, this approach combines both techniques [...] Read more.
This study integrates macroscopic dynamic triaxial tests with microscopic discrete element simulations to comprehensively examine the dynamic deformation characteristics of marine soft soils under cyclic loading. Unlike previous research that typically focuses solely on experimental or numerical methods, this approach combines both techniques to enable a holistic analysis of soil behavior. The dynamic triaxial tests assessed macroscopic responses, including strain evolution and energy dissipation, under varying dynamic stress ratios, confining pressures, and water contents. Concurrently, discrete element simulations uncovered the microscopic mechanisms driving these behaviors, such as particle rearrangement, porosity variations, and shear zone development. The results show that (1) The strain range of marine soft soils increases significantly with higher dynamic stress ratios, confining pressures, and water contents; (2) Cumulative dynamic strain and particle displacement intensify at water contents of 50% and 55%. However, at a water content of 60%, the samples exhibit significant damage characterized by the formation of shear bands throughout the entire specimen; (3) As water content increases, energy dissipation in marine soft soils accelerates under lower confining pressures but increases more gradually under higher confining pressures. This behavior is attributed to enhanced particle packing and reduced pore space at elevated confining pressures. This integrated methodology not only enhances analytical capabilities but also provides valuable engineering insights into the dynamic response of marine soft soils. The findings offer essential guidance for the design and stabilization of marine soft soil infrastructure in coastal urban areas. Full article
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<p>Triaxial apparatus.</p>
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<p>Numerical simulation model sample.</p>
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<p>The curve between strain and number of cycles obtained from triaxial specimen and discrete element analysis. (<b>a</b>) Test results. (<b>b</b>) Discrete element analysis results.</p>
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<p>Stress–strain curves of the first 10 cycles under different moisture content conditions. (<b>a</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 50 kPa, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15. (<b>b</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 100 kPa, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15. (<b>c</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 100 kPa, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.25. (<b>d</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 200 kPa, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15.</p>
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<p>Stress–strain curves of the first 10 cycles under different dynamic stress ratios. (<b>a</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 50 kPa, <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 40%. (<b>b</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 100 kPa, <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 45%. (<b>c</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 100 kPa, <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 50%. (<b>d</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 200 kPa, <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 60%.</p>
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<p>Stress–strain curves of the first 10 cycles under different confining pressures. (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 40%, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15. (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 45%, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15. (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 50%, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.25. (<b>d</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 45%, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15.</p>
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<p>Schematic diagram of energy dissipation in marine soft soil under a dynamic stress ratio of 0.15.</p>
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<p>Schematic diagram of energy dissipation in marine soft soil at 100 kPa perimeter pressure condition.</p>
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<p>Particle displacement distribution of samples with a moisture content of 40.</p>
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<p>Particle displacement distribution of samples with a moisture content of 50.</p>
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<p>Particle displacement distribution of samples with a moisture content of 60.</p>
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<p>Deformation curve of porosity with cycle times under different water content conditions. (<b>a</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 50 kPa, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15. (<b>b</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 100 kPa, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15. (<b>c</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 100 kPa, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.25. (<b>d</b>) σ<sub>c</sub> = 200 kPa, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15.</p>
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<p>Deformation curve of porosity with number of cycles under different dynamic stress ratios. (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 40%, σ<sub>c</sub> = 100 kPa. (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 45%, σ<sub>c</sub> = 100 kPa. (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 50%, σ<sub>c</sub> = 100 kPa. (<b>d</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 60%, σ<sub>c</sub> = 100 kPa.</p>
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<p>Deformation curve of porosity with number of cycles. (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 40%, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15. (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 45%, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15. (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 50%, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15. (<b>d</b>) <span class="html-italic">w</span> = 60%, <span class="html-italic">η</span><sub>d</sub> = 0.15.</p>
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25 pages, 3627 KiB  
Article
Research on the Role of Marine Ranching Construction in Enhancing Market-Oriented Energy-Saving and Emission-Reduction Potential: Experience from China’s Coastal Cities
by Yi Huang, Zhe Zhang and Sui Sun
Water 2024, 16(24), 3577; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243577 - 12 Dec 2024
Viewed by 419
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore how marine ranching construction enhances the market-oriented potential for energy conservation and emission reduction in China’s coastal cities, and its motivation is to assess the role of marine ranching in promoting sustainable development and environmental [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to explore how marine ranching construction enhances the market-oriented potential for energy conservation and emission reduction in China’s coastal cities, and its motivation is to assess the role of marine ranching in promoting sustainable development and environmental protection in these urban areas. With a sample of 53 coastal cities, including experimental-group cities designated as national marine-ranching demonstration zones and a control group of other coastal cities, this research employs theoretical pathway analysis and a quasi-natural experiment design. The findings reveal that marine ranching notably improves both the green innovation capability and industrial upgrading in coastal cities, ultimately stimulating their market-oriented emission-reduction potential. Importantly, extreme weather conditions are found to disrupt the positive impact of marine ranching on the emission-reduction potential in coastal cities, while financial stability ensures its sustained beneficial effects. This study underscores the crucial role of marine ranching in promoting sustainable development and emission reduction in China’s coastal urban areas, emphasizing the importance of addressing climate challenges and maintaining financial stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digitalization and Greenization of Modern Marine Ranch)
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<p>Illustration of mechanism relationship based on policy formulation requirements.</p>
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<p>The coverage of the study area.</p>
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<p>Regional fisheries output value.</p>
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<p>Parallel trend test.</p>
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21 pages, 7204 KiB  
Technical Note
A Method for Developing a Digital Terrain Model of the Coastal Zone Based on Topobathymetric Data from Remote Sensors
by Mariusz Specht and Marta Wiśniewska
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(24), 4626; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244626 - 10 Dec 2024
Viewed by 416
Abstract
This technical note aims to present a method for developing a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the coastal zone based on topobathymetric data from remote sensors. This research was conducted in the waterbody adjacent to the Vistula Śmiała River mouth in Gdańsk, which [...] Read more.
This technical note aims to present a method for developing a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the coastal zone based on topobathymetric data from remote sensors. This research was conducted in the waterbody adjacent to the Vistula Śmiała River mouth in Gdańsk, which is characterised by dynamic changes in its seabed topography. Bathymetric and topographic measurements were conducted using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and two hydrographic methods (a Single-Beam Echo Sounder (SBES) and a manual survey using a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) receiver). The result of this research was the development of a topobathymetric chart based on data recorded by the above-mentioned sensors. It should be emphasised that bathymetric data for the shallow waterbody (less than 1 m deep) were obtained based on high-resolution photos taken by a UAV. They were processed using the “Depth Prediction” plug-in based on the Support Vector Regression (SVR) algorithm, which was implemented in the QGIS software as part of the INNOBAT project. This plug-in allowed us to generate a dense cloud of depth points for a shallow waterbody. Research has shown that the developed DTM of the coastal zone based on topobathymetric data from remote sensors is characterised by high accuracy of 0.248 m (p = 0.95) and high coverage of the seabed with measurements. Based on the research conducted, it should be concluded that the proposed method for developing a DTM of the coastal zone based on topobathymetric data from remote sensors allows the accuracy requirements provided in the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Special Order (depth error ≤ 0.25 m (p = 0.95)) to be met in shallow waterbodies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing: 15th Anniversary)
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<p>The location of bathymetric and topographic measurements carried out at the Vistula Śmiała River mouth in Gdańsk.</p>
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<p>The location of depth points recorded by an SBES integrated with a GNSS RTK receiver and designed sounding profiles in the study area.</p>
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<p>Flight trajectory of the UAV using the LiDAR system in the study area.</p>
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<p>The distribution of GCPs and UAV flights in the study area.</p>
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<p>A visualisation of the integrated data derived from a total of three mutually independent instruments (GNSS RTK receiver, LiDAR system, SBES).</p>
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<p>A view of georeferenced photos based on the entered GCPs (<b>a</b>) and a point cloud (<b>b</b>).</p>
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<p>The “Depth Prediction” plug-in window (<b>a</b>) and the depth points obtained based on photos (<b>b</b>).</p>
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<p>A bathymetric and topographic DTM of the Vistula Śmiała River mouth in Gdańsk.</p>
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<p>A diagram showing the development of the DTM of the coastal zone based on bathymetric and topographic data integration.</p>
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<p>The location of underwater GCPs that were used to assess the accuracy of the generated DTM of the coastal zone based on bathymetric and topographic data integration.</p>
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23 pages, 2470 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Transplanted Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Surface Sediments from the Coastal Region of Nemrut Bay, Eastern Aegean Sea
by Lutfi Tolga Gonul
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10801; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410801 - 10 Dec 2024
Viewed by 471
Abstract
Caged mussels enable biomonitoring investigations due to their tendency to absorb contaminants in industrial zones. This study aimed to investigate the levels of seven indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (i7PCB) congeners in the biomonitoring organism Mytillus galloprovincialis over two years (2016–2018) after transplantation [...] Read more.
Caged mussels enable biomonitoring investigations due to their tendency to absorb contaminants in industrial zones. This study aimed to investigate the levels of seven indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (i7PCB) congeners in the biomonitoring organism Mytillus galloprovincialis over two years (2016–2018) after transplantation from three stations in the Eastern Aegean Sea industrial zone. Additionally, i7PCBs were found in Nemrut Bay’s surface sediments. The highest PCB level was found at Site 5 located near a petroleum refinery of the Petkim Port. According to sediment quality criteria, PCB levels at Sites 1, 4, 5, and 6 may have an adverse biological impact. PCB concentrations varied among samples; congeners 28, 153, 101, and 118 were most prevalent in sediments, whereas congeners 138, 153, 101, and 118 were most prevalent in mussels. i7PCB concentrations were below the maximum residual levels permitted in fishery products. In addition, calculations of the hazard ratio and estimated daily intake show no potential negative impacts from PCB exposure. Significantly positive correlations appeared between PCB (28, 52, 101, 118) levels and the condition index of the mussels. The highest amounts of ∑i7PCB in mussels were identified in September 2016 at Site 2 and in October 2017 at Site 1. Industrialization around the Port of Nemrut had a harmful impact on Sites 1 and 2. Preventing marine pollution plays a key role in ensuring the sustainability of marine living resources and sustainable coastal management. Full article
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<p>Location of mussel and sediment sampling stations in the study area from Nemrut Bay.</p>
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<p>Factor analysis loading plots for sediment samples collected from Nemrut Bay.</p>
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<p>Composition (%) of indicator PCB congeners in sediment samples.</p>
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<p>Means with error plots showing the distribution of the mean concentration of total PCBs (error bars show the two standard deviations of the mean) in the transplanted mussels collected in all investigated areas between April 2016 and February 2017 (<b>a</b>) and April 2017 and February 2018 (<b>b</b>).</p>
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<p>Composition (%) of seven PCB congeners in mussel samples from (<b>a</b>) Site 1, (<b>b</b>) Site 2, and (<b>c</b>) Site 3.</p>
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<p>The HR values via aquatic product consumption for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of PCBs. The horizontal red line represents HR = 1, and any ratios higher than that indicated a risk. (<b>a</b>) The HRs of the 50th and 95th percentile of all samples for a carcinogenic effect. (<b>b</b>) The HRs of the 50th and 95th percentile of all samples for a non-carcinogenic effect.</p>
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<p>PCA score plot for the composition of PCB congeners in the mussels from first transplantation experiment (<b>a</b>) and second transplantation experiment (<b>b</b>).</p>
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17 pages, 6026 KiB  
Article
Formalization for Subsequent Computer Processing of Kara Sea Coastline Data
by Daria Bogatova and Stanislav Ogorodov
Data 2024, 9(12), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/data9120145 - 9 Dec 2024
Viewed by 355
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a methodological framework for predicting shoreline dynamics using machine learning techniques, focusing on analyzing generalized data without distinguishing areas with higher or lower retreat rates. Three sites along the southwestern Kara Sea coast were selected for this investigation. [...] Read more.
This study aimed to develop a methodological framework for predicting shoreline dynamics using machine learning techniques, focusing on analyzing generalized data without distinguishing areas with higher or lower retreat rates. Three sites along the southwestern Kara Sea coast were selected for this investigation. The study analyzed key coastal features, including lithology, permafrost, and geomorphology, using a combination of field studies and remote sensing data. Essential datasets were compiled and formatted for computer-based analysis. These datasets included information on permafrost and the geomorphological characteristics of the coastal zone, climatic factors influencing the shoreline, and measurements of bluff top positions and retreat rates over defined time periods. The positions of the bluff tops were determined through a combination of imagery with varying resolutions and field measurements. A novel aspect of the study involved employing geostatistical methods to analyze erosion rates, providing new insights into the shoreline dynamics. The data analysis allowed us to identify coastal areas experiencing the most significant changes. By continually refining neural network models with these datasets, we can improve our understanding of the complex interactions between natural factors and shoreline evolution, ultimately aiding in developing effective coastal management strategies. Full article
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<p>Study area location.</p>
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<p>Bluff top position on the Ural coast, in the eastern part (see <a href="#data-09-00145-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>), at various times. The background is from QuickBird-2 2005.</p>
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<p>Methodology of coastal retreat estimation: (<b>a</b>)—general view (background is ALOS PRIZM 2006), (<b>b</b>)—general view with transects, (<b>c</b>)—detailed view of several transects, (<b>d</b>)—explanation of the text above.</p>
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<p>Coastal retreat rates for the Kharasavey key site during different time periods. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) show more detailed sections of the coast (distances on the abscissa between points are 10 m). The grey color highlights the "peaks".</p>
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<p>Wind–wave energy: (<b>a</b>) values for the Kharasavey key site in each year [<a href="#B18-data-09-00145" class="html-bibr">18</a>]; (<b>b</b>) the cumulative average of the values for all sites versus the observation period.</p>
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<p>Sum of positive air temperature: (<b>a</b>) value for Ural and Kharasavey key sites during each year [<a href="#B18-data-09-00145" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B22-data-09-00145" class="html-bibr">22</a>]; (<b>b</b>) cumulative average of values for all sites versus observation period.</p>
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<p>Illustration of correlation in coastal retreat value on neighboring transects on Ural coast. Coastal offset values change systematically when moving along coastline. Blue lines—transects.</p>
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<p>Experimental semi-variograms of coastline retreats. For Ural coast (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>): (<b>a</b>)—1988–2005, (<b>b</b>)—2005–2012, (<b>c</b>)—2012–2013, (<b>d</b>)—2013–2014, (<b>e</b>)—2014–2015, (<b>f</b>)—2015–2017; for Yamal coast (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>): (<b>g</b>)—1968–1988, (<b>h</b>)—1988–2005, (<b>i</b>)—2005–2016; for Kharasavey (<b>j</b>–<b>n</b>): (<b>j</b>)—1972–1977, (<b>k</b>)—1977–1988, (<b>l</b>)—1988–2006, (<b>m</b>)—2006–2016, (<b>n</b>)—2016–2022.</p>
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<p>The distribution of coastal retreat rates for chosen key sites. For Ural coast (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>): (<b>a</b>)—1988–2005, (<b>b</b>)—2005–2012, (<b>c</b>)—2012–2013, (<b>d</b>)—2013–2014, (<b>e</b>)—2014–2015, (<b>f</b>)—2015–2017; for Yamal coast (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>): (<b>g</b>)—1968–1988, (<b>h</b>)—1988–2005, (<b>i</b>)—2005–2016; for Kharasavey (<b>j</b>–<b>n</b>): (<b>j</b>)—1972–1977, (<b>k</b>)—1977–1988, (<b>l</b>)—1988–2006, (<b>m</b>)—2006–2016, (<b>n</b>)—2016–2022.</p>
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<p>Compared data based on our proposed method and the DSAS for territory with ice- wedge degradation: (<b>a</b>) Ural coast; (<b>b</b>) Yamal coast.</p>
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