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23 pages, 6305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Hydration-Dependent Dynamics of Greenhouse Gas Fluxes of Epiphytic Lichens in the Permafrost-Affected Region

by Oxana V. Masyagina, Svetlana Yu. Evgrafova, Natalia M. Kovaleva, Anna E. Detsura, Elizaveta V. Porfirieva, Oleg V. Menyailo and Anastasia I. Matvienko

Forests 2024, 15(11), 1962; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111962 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 799

Recent studies actively debate oxic methane (CH₄) production processes in water and terrestrial ecosystems. This previously unknown source of CH₄ on a regional and global scale has the potential to alter our understanding of climate-driving processes in vulnerable ecosystems, particularly [...] Read more.

Recent studies actively debate oxic methane (CH₄) production processes in water and terrestrial ecosystems. This previously unknown source of CH₄ on a regional and global scale has the potential to alter our understanding of climate-driving processes in vulnerable ecosystems, particularly high-latitude ecosystems. Thus, the main objective of this study is to use the incubation approach to explore possible greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes by the most widely distributed species of epiphytic lichens (ELs; Evernia mesomorpha Nyl. and Bryoria simplicior (Vain.) Brodo et D. Hawksw.) in the permafrost zone of Central Siberia. We observed CH₄ production by hydrated (50%–400% of thallus water content) ELs during 2 h incubation under illumination. Moreover, in agreement with other studies, we found evidence that oxic CH₄ production by Els is linked to the CO₂ photoassimilation process, and the EL thallus water content regulates that relationship. Although the GHG fluxes presented here were obtained under a controlled environment and are probably not representative of actual emissions in the field, more research is needed to fully comprehend ELs’ function in the C cycle. This particular research provides a solid foundation for future studies into the role of ELs in the C cycle of permafrost forest ecosystems under ongoing climate change (as non-methanogenesis processes in oxic environments). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Carbon Management and Monitoring: Insight from Silvicultural Practices and Climate Change)

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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Map of site locations (A, B, C, D, and E) near Tura (64 N, 100 E; <a href="https://www.esri.com/" target="_blank">https://www.esri.com/</a>, accessed on 31 July 2024). The numbers indicate the number of the larch tree (from the first tree to the twenty-fifth tree).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>A wind rose from the Tura weather station, which indicates a predominantly westerly flow. Data from the entire observational period of 2013–2023 are included and were accessed at aisori.ru on 14 July 2024.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Projecting cover (boxplots) of the ELs on the branches and stems of larches in the permafrost area. B, <span class="html-italic">Bryoria simplicior</span>; E, <span class="html-italic">Evernia mesomorpha</span>; T, <span class="html-italic">Tuckermannopsis sepincola</span>. The horizontal line within the box indicates median, box boundaries indicate 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers indicate highest and lowest values.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Projecting cover (%) of ELs regarding the branch (<b>A</b>) or stem (<b>B</b>) exposure.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Occurrence of ELs regarding the branch (<b>A</b>) or stem (<b>B</b>) exposure.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Boxplots of day CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes by EL species (<span class="html-italic">Bryoria simplicior</span> and <span class="html-italic">Evernia mesomorpha</span>) occupying larch branches of various exposures and which were incubated in controlled photoperiod and thermal regimes. The horizontal line within the box indicates median, box boundaries indicate 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers indicate highest and lowest values. Negative values reflect CO<sub>2</sub> photoassimilation (or CH<sub>4</sub> consumption), and positive values reflect respiration (or CH<sub>4</sub> production). E, eastern exposure of the branches occupied by the ELs; N, northern exposure of the branches occupied by the ELs; S, southern exposure of the branches occupied by the ELs; W, western exposure of the branches occupied by the ELs. Small letters designate the differences between the SW and NE exposures within the same EL species according to the pairwise Wilcoxon test. Capital letters describe the differences between the EL species within the same branch exposure (SW or NE) according to the pairwise Wilcoxon test.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Correlation (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients) heat maps of the studied parameters of the ELs on the 1st (<b>A</b>), 2nd (<b>B</b>), and 3rd (<b>C</b>) days of the first incubation experiment. ***, <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001; **, <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; *, <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.5.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Boxplots of the day CO<sub>2</sub> (<b>A</b>) and CH<sub>4</sub> (<b>B</b>) fluxes by hydrated (50%–400% of thallus water content) <span class="html-italic">Evernia mesomorpha</span> sampled from various larch branch exposures and incubated under controlled photoperiod and thermal regimes. The horizontal line within the box indicates median, box boundaries indicate 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers indicate highest and lowest values. Negative values reflect CO<sub>2</sub> photoassimilation (or CH<sub>4</sub> consumption), and positive values reflect respiration (or CH<sub>4</sub> production). The (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) panels display the relationships (mean values and standard errors) between the CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> production and accumulation processes in the ELs of various (50%–400%) thallus water contents as a summary of the (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) panels. The (<b>D</b>) panel represents the relationship between the CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> production processes in the EL of 400% thallus water content. N, <span class="html-italic">Evernia mesomorpha</span> occupying larch branches of northern exposure; S, <span class="html-italic">Evernia mesomorpha</span> occupying larch branches of southern exposure; W, <span class="html-italic">Evernia mesomorpha</span> occupying larch branches of western exposure. Because of the extremely low abundance of ELs on east-exposed larch branches, the GHG fluxes are not shown for the eastern exposure. Small letters designate the differences between the fluxes by ELs of various thallus water content but of the same branch exposure (N, S, W) according to the pairwise Wilcoxon test. Capital letters describe the differences between the branch exposures within the same thallus water content of the <span class="html-italic">Evernia mesomorpha</span> according to the pairwise Wilcoxon test.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>PCA of the relationships within the processes gathered in the CO<sub>2</sub> (<b>A</b>) and CH<sub>4</sub> (<b>B</b>) fluxes from the thallus of <span class="html-italic">Evernia mesomorpha</span> inhabiting the larch branches of various exposures and different thallus water contents. S50, south-exposed EL of 50% of water content; S100, south-exposed EL of 100% of water content; S200, south-exposed EL of 200% of water content; S400, south-exposed EL of 400% of water content; N50, north-exposed EL of 50% of water content; N100, north-exposed EL of 100% of water content; N200, north-exposed EL of 200% of water content; N400, north-exposed EL of 400% of water content; W50, west-exposed EL of 50% of water content; W100, west-exposed EL of 100% of water content; W200, west-exposed EL of 200% of water content; W400, west-exposed EL of 400% of water content.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Keeling plots of δ<sup>13</sup>C in CO<sub>2</sub> samples collected before (<b>A</b>) and after 2 h (<b>B</b>) of incubation of <span class="html-italic">Evernia mesomorpha</span> (at 200% of thallus water content) during a course of three-day incubation under illumination. SW (red), larch branches of southern and western exposures; NE (blue), larch branches of northern and eastern exposures.</p> Full article ">

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