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Keywords = Contact Space Biography

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26 pages, 34503 KiB  
Article
Reconstructing Contact Space Biographies in Sudan During the Bronze Age
by Julia Budka, Hassan Aglan and Chloë Ward
Humans 2025, 5(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/humans5010001 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 418
Abstract
Traditional models of interaction in northern Sudan have innate Egyptological, elite, and urban biases which have relegated certain areas to mere peripheries of more ‘established’ and ‘central’ sites. In order to reach a higher resolution understanding of cultural dynamics and diversity of ancient [...] Read more.
Traditional models of interaction in northern Sudan have innate Egyptological, elite, and urban biases which have relegated certain areas to mere peripheries of more ‘established’ and ‘central’ sites. In order to reach a higher resolution understanding of cultural dynamics and diversity of ancient Nilotic groups, the DiverseNile project has established the bespoke concept of Contact Space Biography which we present in the following article. We challenge existing approaches to cultural contact in the region by adopting a bottom-up approach which moves away from well-established categorisation of sites in our study area. In particular by reconstructing landscape biographies of the Bronze Age in the Middle Nile beyond established cultural categories in order to provide new insights into the ancient dynamics of social spaces, which include landscape features and non-human activities. In the following we instead consider such areas as complex social spaces intertwined with, an often changing, landscape by presenting our findings from the study of cemetery and settlement sites. Overall, the concept of Contact Space Biography effectively combines models of contact spaces, the idiosyncrasies of a changing landscape and the technological and industrial prerogatives of those living in and accessing this region. Full article
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Figure 1
<p>MUAFS concession area in relation to Amara West and Sai Island. Map: Cajetan Geiger, ©DiverseNile project.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>MUAFS concession area in relation to the area surveyed between 1970–1975.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Plan of the excavated trenches (T) in cemetery GiE 003 showing the features (F), mostly grave-cuts, excavated in 2022 and 2023.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Examples of settlement sites in the MUAFS concession area, including two (MUAFS 002 &amp; MUAFS 059) not identified in the 1970s.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>MUAFS concession area showing the location of the sites discussed below.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Plan of GiE 003 showing the five trenches (T) and the excavated features (F) represented by a symbol based on Vila’s typology of burial pits for Ukma West.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Feature 50 showing remains of animal offerings, a wooden funerary bed, pottery and mud-brick debris; as well as photos of selected finds.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>GiE 002 with trenches (blue outlines) and close up (marked with red box on the left) of Features 1 and 2. Maps: Max Bergner, ©DiverseNile project.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>AtW 001 during different phases of excavation. (<b>a</b>) Orthoprojection before excavation showing Trench 1 and Trench 2; Orthoprojection overlaid with DSM of trench 2 at the beginning (<b>b</b>) and (<b>c</b>) end of the 2023 excavation; (<b>d</b>) 3D model during excavation showing the large amount of animal bone and pottery.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>AtW 002 during different phases of excavation. (<b>a</b>) rectangular structure before excavation (J. Budka); (<b>b</b>) circular structure (C. Ward); (<b>c</b>) drone photograph during excavation (K. Rose); (<b>d</b>) working shot during excavation (J. Budka).</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Orthoprojection above DEM showing the suggested extent of 2-T-53 with dry-stone features (green), circular (red) and rectangular (white) structures highlighted. Map: Panos Kratimenos, ©DiverseNile project.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>All Kerma sites in the MUAFS concession area. Map: Katherine Rose, ©DiverseNile project.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>All New Kingdom sites in the MUAFS concession area. Map: Katherine Rose, ©DiverseNile project.</p> Full article ">
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