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Sensors and Measurements in Geotechnical Engineering II
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Sensors and Measurements in Geotechnical Engineering II

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 October 2023) | Viewed by 7623

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jaroslaw Rybak

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, 50-370 Wyspianskiego 27, Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: geotechnical engineering; civil engineering; piles foundation; deep excavations; soil improvement technologies; reuse of waste material; sustainable geotechnics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Andrea Segalini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering and Architecture, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43121 Parma, Italy
Interests: early warning systems; geotechnical monitoring; tunnel deformation and stresses; rock mechanics; artificial Intelligence; data mining and analysis; data calibration and validation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Marian Drusa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geotechnics, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 8215/1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia
Interests: FBG sensors; MEMS based inclinometer; axial strain of geogrid; tensile force of geogrid; geogrid strain measurement, optical sensors; physical model; piled embankment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Every civil engineering structure must have an individually designed foundation. The role of the geological and geotechnical survey is crucial in proper geotechnical design. The latest trends in geotechnical design methods emphasize the role of testing (number of performed tests, the possibility of active design based on observational method). Measurements of foundation capacity, settlement and displacements, and their quality control are vital aspects in the course of construction. When it comes to ground and rock parameters, their values are incredibly variable and may change in time due to construction stages. Many civil engineering structures must be monitored throughout their lifetime. Structural health monitoring systems are based on sensors and instrumentation for the postprocessing of gathered results.

The development of large infrastructural projects brings the need for fast and reliable testing methods and cost-effective devices for their control. This Special Issue is addressed to recent developments in all types of sensors, instruments, and measurement methods designed and developed for geotechnical testing and monitoring in the civil engineering, environmental, and mining industry.

Dr. Jaroslaw Rybak
Prof. Dr. Andrea Segalini
Prof. Dr. Marian Drusa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • geotechnical survey
  • ground and rock parameters
  • foundation settlements
  • retaining wall displacements
  • slope stability monitoring
  • ground water control
  • quality control of earthworks
  • sensors and devices

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 4578 KiB  
Article
Zero-Velocity Update-Based GNSS/IMU Tightly Coupled Algorithm with the Constraint of the Earth’s Rotation Angular Velocity for Cableway Bracket Deformation Monitoring
by Song Zhang, Qiuzhao Zhang, Ruipeng Yu, Zhangjun Yu, Chu Zhang and Xinyue He
Sensors 2023, 23(24), 9862; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249862 - 16 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1394
Abstract
Cableways have been widely used in industrial areas, cities, and scenic spots due to their advantages, such as being a convenient mode of transportation, time-saving, labor-saving, and low cost, as well as offering environmental protection. To ensure the safe operation of a cableway, [...] Read more.
Cableways have been widely used in industrial areas, cities, and scenic spots due to their advantages, such as being a convenient mode of transportation, time-saving, labor-saving, and low cost, as well as offering environmental protection. To ensure the safe operation of a cableway, based on the characteristic that the velocity of the cableway bracket is approximately zero in a static deformation monitoring environment, a deformation monitoring method called zero velocity update (ZUPT)-based GNSS/IMU tightly coupled algorithm with the constraint of the Earth’s rotation angular velocity was proposed. The proposed method can effectively solve the problem of a single GNSS being unable to output attitude, which is directly related to the status of wire ropes and cable cars. Meanwhile, ZUPT is used to restrain the Kalman filter’s divergence when IMU is stationary. However, the improvements of ZUPT on attitude are not obvious, so the constraint of the Earth’s rotation angular velocity was applied. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through monitoring the cableway bracket of the Yimeng Mountain Tourism area in Shandong. Compared with the ZUPT-based GNSS/IMU tightly coupled algorithm (ZUPT-TC), the proposed method can further constrain the error accumulation of IMU while stationary and, therefore, it can provide reliable position and attitude information on cableway brackets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Measurements in Geotechnical Engineering II)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>The flowchart of the ZUPT-based GNSS/IMU tightly coupled algorithm with CERAV.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The environment of cableway bracket.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Experimental platform used in the test.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Position relationship between navigation coordinate and cableway coordinate.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The number of satellites.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>DOP value.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The position of GNSS, ZUPT-TC, and ZUPT-TC-CERAV in navigation coordinate.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The position of GNSS, ZUPT-TC, and ZUPT-TC-CERAV in cableway coordinate.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The attitudes of ZUPT-TC and ZUPT-TC-CERAV.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>The position errors of GNSS, ZUPT-TC and ZUPT-TC-CERAV.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>The attitude errors of ZUPT-TC and ZUPT-TC-CERAV.</p> Full article ">
20 pages, 2297 KiB  
Article
Wireless Sensor Network-Based Rockfall and Landslide Monitoring Systems: A Review
by Mattia Ragnoli, Massimo Scarsella, Alfiero Leoni, Giuseppe Ferri and Vincenzo Stornelli
Sensors 2023, 23(16), 7278; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167278 - 20 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3197
Abstract
Rockfalls and landslide events are caused by different factors among which are included geomorphological and climatic factors and also human interaction. Therefore, the economic and social impacts can be significant and the remote monitoring of such hazards has become an essential topic in [...] Read more.
Rockfalls and landslide events are caused by different factors among which are included geomorphological and climatic factors and also human interaction. Therefore, the economic and social impacts can be significant and the remote monitoring of such hazards has become an essential topic in various applications. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are well suited for the deployment of monitoring systems, benefiting from the different technologies and topologies that are available and evolving nowadays. This review paper aims to summarize and overview the up-to-date state of the art of rockfall and landslide monitoring systems based on WSNs. The implementation and methods were analyzed for each solution, along with the system architecture and relevant hardware aspects. All the retrieved data were used to analyze the current trends and future possibilities in the field of WSN geohazard monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Measurements in Geotechnical Engineering II)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>General architecture of a WSN.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>General architecture of an IoT WSN.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Monitoring mechanisms for rockfall and landslides.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Network topologies pie chart for the considered works.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Hardware platform pie chart for the considered works.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Communication technologies pie chart for the considered works.</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 8678 KiB  
Article
Suction Influence on Load–Settlement Curves Predicted by DMT in a Collapsible Sandy Soil
by Alfredo Lopes Saab, André Luís de Carvalho Rodrigues, Breno Padovezi Rocha, Roger Augusto Rodrigues and Heraldo Luiz Giacheti
Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031429 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2241
Abstract
The plate load test (PLT) is the most reliable in situ testing for studying the load–settlement behaviour of footings on unsaturated collapsible soils. In these soils, the suction profile is not constant along the depth, and the scale effect between the prototype and [...] Read more.
The plate load test (PLT) is the most reliable in situ testing for studying the load–settlement behaviour of footings on unsaturated collapsible soils. In these soils, the suction profile is not constant along the depth, and the scale effect between the prototype and footing leads to different suction averages and, consequently, different data. One method to eliminate the effect of soil suction on the test data is to fully saturate the soil prior to the test, which is also recommended at the design process for footing on collapsible soils. However, the inundation process on PLTs is expensive and time-consuming, which makes this procedure difficult to incorporate into engineering practice. This study presents a device that can be attached to flat dilatometer (DMT) to allow local inundation of the soil as part of the in situ test campaign and obtain the DMT-constrained modulus (MDMT) for both natural and inundated conditions. The MDMT presented an average reduction of 56% from natural to inundated condition. This parameter can be used in a model to predict load–settlement curves by DMT data considering the suction influence on this behaviour. The curves obtained from the prediction model were compared to curves determined by PLT conducted under the same in situ conditions. Good agreement was found between the curves predicted by DMT and those measured by PLT for both conditions. The proposed procedure, which uses a device attached to the DMT blade, provides an investigation method to obtain the load–settlement curve under different suction conditions, which can help in the selection and performance prediction of shallow foundations, taking into account suction and collapse phenomenon-related problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Measurements in Geotechnical Engineering II)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Parts of inundation device and system attached to the DMT blade. Adapted from [<a href="#B32-sensors-23-01429" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Schematic representation of the DMT test with the inundation device. Adapted from [<a href="#B32-sensors-23-01429" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Schematic representation of DMT inundation process, (<b>a</b>) test under natural condition, (<b>b</b>) depth of interest; (<b>c</b>) local inundation and (<b>d</b>) readings under inundated condition. Adapted from [<a href="#B32-sensors-23-01429" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Equipment and setup for the plate load tests carried out at the site.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Base of the pit prior to the inundation, (<b>b</b>) test assembled prior to the inundation, (<b>c</b>) process of inundation and (<b>d</b>) PLT carried out under inundated condition.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>In situ and laboratory tests previously carried out in the experimental site. Adapted from [<a href="#B38-sensors-23-01429" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-sensors-23-01429" class="html-bibr">39</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Suction monitoring by granular matrix sensors and precipitation data.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Average profile as well as plus and minus one standard deviation (<span class="html-italic">SD</span>) of <span class="html-italic">I<sub>D</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">K<sub>D</sub></span>, and <span class="html-italic">E<sub>D</sub></span> determined in natural conditions.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p><span class="html-italic">I<sub>D</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">K<sub>D</sub></span>, and <span class="html-italic">E<sub>D</sub></span> profiles obtained after local inundation and average profile for the natural condition.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Constrained modulus values determined from the DMT, oedometer test and PLT, under natural and inundated condition for the study site.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Load–settlement curves measured by PLT and predicted by DMT results, under natural and inundated conditions, for 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 m depth.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Settlements estimated from DMT vs. those obtained by PLT for the natural (<b>a</b>) and inundated (<b>b</b>) conditions of the study site.</p> Full article ">
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