Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Structure and Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Lignin Composites

Ilya A. Grishanovich

Semen L. Shestakov

¹,

Alexander V. Potashev

²,

Artyom V. Belesov

and

Aleksandr Yu. Kozhevnikov

^1,*

Core Facility Center, “Arktika” Northern (Arctic) Federal University Named After M.V. Lomonosov, Northern Dvina, Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russia

Department of Pulp and Paper and Forest Chemical Production Technology, “Arktika” Northern (Arctic) Federal University Named After M.V. Lomonosov, Northern Dvina, Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russia

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(12), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8120519

Submission received: 1 November 2024 / Revised: 5 December 2024 / Accepted: 6 December 2024 / Published: 10 December 2024

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)

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Abstract

ABS plastic is an inexpensive material with attractive physical and chemical properties. Unfortunately, it is susceptible to degradation under UV radiation, so it limits the use of this material outdoors. In this paper, we demonstrate a low-cost approach to reduce the photodegradation of ABS plastic by using additives of kraft lignin and dioxane lignin as UV absorbers. Lignin is an abundant plant polymer, which is a waste product of the pulp and paper industry. Non-regular structure of lignin hampers its use in industry. However, there is possible use of lignin as an addition to enhance the properties of resulting materials. In this study, we obtained composites of ABS and lignin with the hot extrusion method. Adding up to 15% of lignin to ABS plastic does not have a significant negative impact on tensile properties. We irradiated the resulting composites with UV and studied the UV effects on their mechanical properties and chemical structure. Oxidative degradation was characterized by FTIR and 2D NMR methods. The results showed that small lignin additions reduced the photodegradation of ABS. The previously undescribed product of the degradation of the obtained composites was detected with the use of the set of 2D NMR spectra of the composites. We proposed a scheme for the formation of this photodegradation product based on the obtained data.

Keywords:

ABS plastic; lignin; UV resistance; composite; photodegradation products; 2D NMR

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Currently, there is a steady trend in additive technologies development, including 3D printing [1]. Polylactide, polyethylene terephthalate glycol, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) are widely used in this area, and currently, ABS is the most available material of them [2]. In addition to its recyclability, ABS demonstrates resistance to mechanical stress, as well as to treatment with acid, alkali, and aliphatic hydrocarbons [3,4]. However, the disadvantages of ABS limit its application. This material has no resistance to aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and esters [5]. The vapors of this substance have a negative impact on the environment and human health [6]. Also, ABS plastic gradually degrades under UV radiation [7,8,9]. Santos et al. researched deterioration of characteristics caused by poor weather resistance and compared it with the case of artificial weathering of ABS as a surface process [10]. The authors found out the deterioration in optical, mechanical, and rheological properties [10]. However, sources have shown that UV radiation not only influences the surface of ABS plastic but also penetrates into its thickness [11], which impacts elasticity and elongation at break predominantly [10,11]. The photodegradation of ABS mainly happens due to oxidation of the butadiene component by radical mechanism [12,13]. This process produces many highly absorbing products (such as alpha and beta-unsaturated ketones) that are responsible for the discoloration of ABS [11]. Photodegradation products resulting from the oxidation of the styrene units (such as benzoic acid) accumulate in ABS after prolonged irradiation [13]. The inclusion of various fillers or modifiers into the ABS composition could be the solution to this problem. For example, carbon black, nanotubes, natural and precipitated CaCO₃, precipitated silica, Al(OH)₃, talc, and kaolin [14], as well as lignin [15], can be used as fillers.

Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymers; it is a part of lignocellulosic biomass, and lignin content is about 25% of its weight. Being a large-tonnage by-product of the pulp and paper industry, lignin has limited application in the production of urea-formaldehyde, phenol–formaldehyde, furan and epoxy resins, and polyurethanes, as well as in the form of additives in various industries [16,17]. The predominance of aromatic phenylpropane structural units, chemically linked by alkyl–alkyl, alkyl–aryl, and aryl–aryl bonds, in the composition of lignin makes it possible to use it as a filler, which is able to block ultraviolet (UV) radiation [18].

The authors of [14] described the attempt to modify ABS by adding alkaline lignin of wheat straw. The mechanical properties of ABS improved due to the presence of filler (up to 5 wt. % of lignin), but the influence of lignin addition on the UV stability of the resulting material and on its photodegradation products was not studied. However, for example, a positive effect of lignin filler on the light-barrier resistance of low-density polyethylene was demonstrated in [19]. Lignin nanoparticles had a similar UV-absorbing effect, being used together with polymer films made of polyvinyl alcohol [20].

Thus, the use of lignin as an additive to ABS can have a positive influence on both the mechanical properties of the resulting plastic and its resistance to UV radiation. However, the structural features of lignin vary depending on the origin of lignocellulosic biomass [21,22] and the delignification method [23], so it can be assumed that lignin preparations of different origins may have different effects on the properties of the obtained polymer. In addition, it is necessary to select a compromise lignin/ABS ratio that would allow increasing UV protection and maintaining the strength properties of plastic.

In this regard, the purpose of this work is to study the effect of lignin additives on the properties of the obtained composites based on ABS plastic, especially in relation to UV irradiation. We used preparations of low-altered dioxanlignin (Pepper’s lignin [24]) and technical kraft lignin as lignin samples. IR and NMR spectroscopy methods provide information about the changes in the chemical structure of the obtained composites and were used to characterize and estimate the UV impact of the obtained composites. We paid special attention to the study of the UV radiation influence on the strength characteristics of the obtained samples.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Raw Materials

Commercially available copolymer (model material ABS B501) was purchased from Tiertime (Beijing, China). The studied polymer is characterized by a tensile strength of 36.3 MPa, relative elongation at break equal to 93.5%, and Young’s modulus equal to 1.01 GPa.

A sample of low-altered dioxanlignin was isolated from the birch xylem (Bétula pendula) with the use of Pepper’s method [24] with minor modifications. The wood was deresined with acetone in a Soxhlet extractor. The milled raw material (wood flour) was extracted with 0.1 M HCl solution in aqueous 1, 4-dioxane (90%) in a nitrogen atmosphere; then, we neutralized and evaporated the resulting solution to a small volume, while lignin was precipitated in water and dried in a vacuum. The yield of dioxanlignin was 11.9 wt. % of dry wood.

We obtained Kraft lignin from black liquor, provided by OJSC Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill. Black liquor was filtered on a paper filter to separate fine cellulose fiber. The filtrate was diluted with ten times the volume of distilled water and acidified with concentrated sulfuric acid to pH = 3. The resulting precipitate was purified from elemental sulfur by dissolving it in 2.5% sodium hydroxide solution and separating it with centrifugation. The solution was acidified again, the precipitated lignin was washed with a large volume of water until a negative reaction on kraft ions was obtained, and then centrifuged and dried in a vacuum at 35 °C.

The obtained lignin preparations are characterized by the molecular masses in the range of 3–6 kDa and the degree of dispersity of about 1.5. It is expected that dioxanlignin is characterized by lower values of molecular masses compared to technical kraft lignin, as shown in [25]. Detailed characterization is presented in Table S1.

2.2. Composites Obtaining

The composites were prepared with the hot extrusion method at an extrusion temperature of 180 °C, a screw speed of 4 rpm, and chilling at 20 degrees °C with the use of the experimental laboratory plant. Preliminary lignin was mixed with ABS plastic (the ratio of lignin/ABS was in the range of (0.5–2.0)/10) and homogenized in a mortar. Then, the resulting mixture was transferred to the plant, which consisted of a steel cylinder equipped with a 1.75 mm diameter nozzle on one end and a screw extrusion mechanism on the other end. The nozzle was heated with the use of the industrial heat gun with a temperature range from 50 to 750 °C. Temperature measurement was carried out using a thermocouple with an accuracy of 1 °C. As a result, we obtained a series of composites in the form of polymer filaments with a diameter of 2.0 ± 0.1 mm made of ABS with dioxanlignin (ABS-DL) and with Kraft lignin (ABS-KL).

2.3. The Characterization of Obtained Composites

The maximum load (F, N) and elongation (L, mm) at tearing were obtained with the use of a tensile testing machine, ITS 101 (ITS LLC, Moscow, Russia). The initial length of samples for tearing (L₀) was equal to 50 mm. The value of the active gripper movement speed was 20 mm/min. The data were read every 100 ms. The diameter (D) was measured using a caliper with an accuracy of 0.05 mm. The formulas for the calculation of the cross-section area (S, mm²), tensile strength (P, MPa), relative elongation (ε, %), and Young’s modulus (E, GPa) of the obtained samples are presented in Table S2.

The influence of UV irradiation on the properties of the obtained composites was studied using the UV bactericidal lamp DB 30 (electric low-pressure mercury discharge lamp with a tubular bulb, power of 30 W, wavelength of 253.7 nm, UV-light intensity of 565 lm (11.3 W)) in the absence of optical filters. The samples were irradiated for 56 h from a distance of 10 cm and then for 210 h because of the weakly expressed effect per time unit.

The weight-average (M_w) and number-average (M_n) values of lignin samples molecular weights were determined by exclusion chromatography with the use of the LC-20 Prominence HPLC system, equipped with the SPD-20A spectrophotometric detector. Separation was carried out at 40 °C on a water-soluble polymer analysis column MCX 300 × 8 mm with a pore size of 1000 Å (PSS, Esslingen am Neckar, Germany). A 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution was used as the mobile phase and sample solvent. The system was calibrated using standard monodisperse samples of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS, Esslingen am Neckar, Germany). The detection was carried out at a wavelength of 275 nm.

We used IR and NMR spectroscopy methods to characterize the structural features of the obtained samples. Infrared spectra (IR spectra) were registered with the use of the Vertex 70 FT-IR spectrometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany), using a GladiATR (PikeTech., Madison, WI, USA) single-broken total internal reflection attachment with a diamond prism. The range was from 4000 to 400 cm⁻¹, the resolution was 4 cm⁻¹, and the number of accumulations was 128. The samples were pre-milled to obtain a homogeneous powder.

The NMR spectrometer Bruker AVANCE III™ 600 was used to register the NMR spectra. The samples were dissolved in deuterated DMSO-d6, and the solutions were placed in sample tubes of 5 mm diameter. Spectra processing and cross-peak integration were performed with the use of spectrometer software “TopSpin 3.2”. Parameters of [¹H-¹³C] HSQC spectra registration: number of points 1024 × 256, number of scans—32, delay—2 s, and temperature of 298 K. The total experiment time was 4 h 46 min. Parameters of [¹H-¹³C] HMBC spectra registration: number of points 2048 × 1024, number of scans—32, delay—1.2 s, temperature 298 K. The total experiment time was 13 h 8 min.

3. Results

During this work we obtained a series of ABS-DL and ABS-KL composites with lignin content of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt. % in the form of polymer filaments with a diameter of ≈2 mm. Tensile properties were measured for all samples to estimate the effect of lignin additives (Table 1).

Prolonged treatment with UV radiation of the studied samples resulted in significant changes in the obtained composites tensile properties (Table 2).

We used IR and NMR spectroscopy to obtain detailed information about the influence of UV radiation on the obtained composites’ structural features. The IR spectra of the obtained composites demonstrate the presence of absorption bands of the original plastic and lignin used as an addition (Figure 1). The interpretation of the peaks was based on literature data [9,10,26].

Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy was used to study UV radiation’s influence on ABS and composites based on it and to search for chemical bonds between ABS and lignin. In particular, we registered the sets of HSQC and HMBC spectra for ABS and the composites before and after UV treatment.

We found two new correlations in two-dimensional spectra of the composites after UV treatment: δH/δC 5.21/68.60 ppm and δH/δC 1.47/16.32 ppm (Figure 2), which were absent in spectra of pure ABS and composites before UV treatment.

4. Discussion

4.1. Tensile Properties

Tensile properties, in particular tensile strength, relative elongation, and Young’s modulus, are some of the most important mechanical properties of materials. It is expected that the addition of lignin has a significant effect on the mentioned properties.

It should be noted that the addition of lignin decreases the strength of the obtained composites (Figure 3a). Thus, the addition of 5% lignin leads to strength reduction in ABS-KL and ABS-DL by 20 and 16%, respectively, in comparison with initial ABS (Figure 3a). This effect is attributed to the inclusion of rigid lignin fragments into the plastic structure, which causes the occurrence of stress regions and promotes the destruction of plastic. It is noteworthy that the addition of up to ~15 wt % filler has the greatest effect on strength, with little effect of further increasing the lignin fraction. This effect is observed for both Kraft lignin and dioxanlignin additions.

The obtained composites are also characterized by lower values of the relative elongation index (Figure 3b). This index is six times higher for ABS-KL than for ABS-DL. It should also be noted that the presence of even 5 wt. % of dioxanlignin leads to a significant deterioration of this parameter, while the addition of Kraft lignin up to 10 wt. % allows keeping the value of this parameter close to the value of the original ABS plastic. These dependences are explained by more homogeneous distribution of lignin in the ABS matrix and higher molecular weights of Kraft lignin. Unlike dioxanlignin, Kraft lignin has poorer structural diversity [25], and its macromolecules have a higher degree of condensation. Tensile property results correlate with the literature, where the authors have used ABS modified with the addition of butadiene rubber and wheat straw alkali lignin [15] (Table 3).

The Young’s modulus is important for the studied materials. The higher it is, the more stiff and brittle the material is, and that limits its functional application. The addition of lignin to ABS leads to the increase in Young’s modulus (Figure 3c). However, the addition of dioxanlignin leads to a more significant effect than the addition of Kraft lignin; these features indicate a strong interphase adhesion between ABS and dioxanlignin. The effect is very weakly pronounced in composites with Kraft lignin. This also results in ABS-DL composites showing higher tensile strength compared to ABS-KL.

ABS-KL composites, containing 5 and 10% lignin, were studied further for their resistance to photodegradation due to their preservation of relatively high parameters of strength and relative elongation with a slight increase in Young’s modulus values.

As a result of photodegradation, a slight decrease in strength was observed for the original ABS, while the strength of ABS-KL slightly increased. UV radiation influenced the relative elongation parameter negatively, which decreased by ~95% for all studied samples. It is expected that the decrease in strength and relative elongation are accompanied by the increase in Young’s modulus. An inrease in Young lignin fraction in the composites resulted in a smaller increase in this parameter.

In general, the obtained data indicate that the ABS plastic degrades because of long UV irradiation (254 nm) irrespective of the presence of lignin additives. The presence of lignin slows down the increase in Young’s modulus, which proves the UV-protective effect of lignin additives on ABS plastic. However, prolonged UV irradiation not only contributes to surface degradation but also penetrates into the internal structure of the sample, destroying double carbon–carbon bonds and making the material unsuitable for functional use, which is consistent with literature [11]. Thus, the addition of Kraft lignin to ABS up to 5% increases UV resistance while slightly deteriorating the strength properties of the material, which can increase the service life of products made of this material being used outdoors. Additions of dioxanlignin have similar but lesser effects.

4.2. FT-IR Spectroscopy

IR spectra (Figure 1) of UV-irradiated samples are characterized by the increase in the relative intensity of absorption bands at ~3600 and ~1750 cm⁻¹, corresponding to bond vibrations in hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. In addition, the IR spectra of samples after UV treatment are characterized by the decrease in the relative intensity of absorption bands at ~1650 cm⁻¹ (valence vibrations of C=C) and ~960 cm⁻¹ (C-H deformation vibrations in alkenes). The described features indicate the oxidation of the composite components; oxidation of aliphatic chains with the formation of carboxyl groups occurs predominantly.

It is worth noting that the relative intensity of peaks at 1657 and 964 cm⁻¹ is higher, and the relative intensity of peaks at 1713 and 1180 cm⁻¹ is ~40% lower after UV treatment for the samples with lignin addition than for the ABS sample. This feature indicates that lignin additives can slow down the degradation processes of the resulting ABS-based composites and thus prolong the service life of the material.

4.3. NMR Spectroscopy

We did not detect covalent bonds between ABS and lignin in all composites before UV influence. However, new correlations in the two-dimensional spectra of the composites after UV treatment provided new information. The correlations show that UV irradiation leads to the formation of new destruction products. Based on the combination of HSQC, HMBC, and TOCSY spectra, these correlations were referred to a structure, shown at the inset in Figure 2 and including a complex ester bond and a simple ester bond on the propane chain. The structure was confirmed based on a combination of experimental data of 1D (¹H) and 2D (HSQC, HMBC, TOCSY) NMR spectroscopy with data of FTIR spectroscopy (Figures S1–S4).

We compared the correlations in the HSQC spectrum (δH/δC 5.21/68.60 ppm and δH/δC 1.47/16.32 ppm (Figure 2)) with correlations of HMBC and TOCSY methods (Figures S2 and S3). The correlation of δH/δC 1.47/16.32 ppm is located in the aliphatic side chain region (δC/δH 5–38/0.5–2.8 ppm, corresponding to CH and CH₃ bond vibrations). The correlation of δH/δC 5.21/68.60 ppm is located in the aliphatic oxygenated side chain region (δC/δH 50–90/2.5–5.8 ppm, corresponding to CH bond vibrations). The relation of these correlations was found not only on the HMBC spectrum but also on the TOCSY spectrum, which confirmed the hypothesis that these correlations correspond to the same structure. Therefore, we found all other correlations on the HMBC and TOCSY spectra for these signals by assembling the structure piece by piece. Figure 2 shows a confirmed part of the chemical structure of the photodegradation product, which may have further links as discussed below.

This photodegradation product has not been previously described in the literature, but fragments of this structure, forming during oxidative degradation of ABS, are described in the article [13]. The photodegradation of ABS begins with the formation of unsaturated hydroperoxides, then they are disintegrated due to the influence of temperature or UV radiation, and the free radicals form (Figure 4, reactions 1 and 2). Free radicals generate different products and are able to react with each other (Figure 4, reaction 3) due to their high reactivity [13]. The product of reaction 3 can join lignin, entering the esterification reaction due to the presence of aliphatic hydroxyl groups in lignin (reaction 4).

The fragment of the product, confirmed by several methods of one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, as well as FTIR spectroscopy, is framed in red. The presence of certain photodegradation product signals only in samples with lignin is possible to explain by the linkage of lignin to the main product containing a carboxyl group.

Moreover, the signal intensities of the photodegradation product and lignin aromatic units in the HSQC spectrum are comparable to each other, which indirectly confirms the assumption about the way of indicated product formation. Signals of other assumed ABS photodegradation products were not detected, presumably due to their low accumulation. Thus, the way of the lignin-bound product formation is the most energetically advantageous.

The improvement of composite UV resistance is achieved due to the absorption of most of the UV radiation by lignin, in particular, by chromophores and aromatic rings included in the lignin structure. However, the mentioned processes only slow down the photodegradation of ABS, because ABS degradation begins after lignin destruction; the new fragments with carboxyl bonds appear, join the lignin, and can contribute to changes in mechanical properties of the composite. It was found that the UV absorber effect of DL and KL was inferior to the effect of the hydroxyphenyl triazine type, as documented in the literature [9].

5. Conclusions

We studied the photodegradation of ABS–lignin composites. The results of this study showed the presence of a new photodegradation product. We identified this product with the use of two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and proposed a scheme of photodegradation product formation.

The ABS–lignin composite is a mechanical blend of polymers. The addition of lignins in ABS up to 5 wt. % improves the Young’s modulus and the protection from UV irradiation but slightly deteriorates the strength properties of the material.

Kraft lignin forms more homogeneous blends with ABS than dioxanlignin. The relative elongation of the composites with Kraft lignin is about 80% (at lignin content of 5–10%); meanwhile, the relative elongation of composites with dioxanlignin is about 15%.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jcs8120519/s1, Figure S1: New correlations (green circl) on the HSQC; Figure S2: New correlations (green circl) on the HMBC; Figure S3: Main new correlation (green circl) on the TOCSY; Figure S4: Main new correlation (green circl) on the ¹H; Table S1: Average molecular weights and polydispersity indices from lignin samples; Table S2: Calculation formulas of tensile properties.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.Y.K. and I.A.G.; methodology, A.Y.K. and I.A.G.; software, S.L.S., A.V.B. and I.A.G.; validation, A.V.P. and I.A.G.; formal analysis, A.V.B.; resources, A.Y.K.; data curation, all authors; writing—original draft preparation, I.A.G., S.L.S., A.V.B. and A.Y.K.; writing—review and editing, I.A.G., S.L.S., A.V.B. and A.Y.K.; visualization, I.A.G. and A.V.B.; funding acquisition, A.Y.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, under grant number 22-13-20015.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/Supplementary Materials. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author(s).

Acknowledgments

This research was performed using instrumentation of the Core Facility Center “Arktika” of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov. We express our gratitude to Yu Nevolin and the Sanatorium–Preventorium of the NArFU for allowing us to use the equipment.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. FT-IR spectra before (blue) and after (red) UV treatment for pure ABS (bottom) and composites with 5 % (middle) and 10 % (top) Kraft lignin content.

Figure 2. HSQC (blue and red cross-peaks) and HMBC (purple peaks) NMR spectra of ABS-KL with 10% of lignin content after UV treatment. The cross peak labels include the chemical shifts and numbers of atoms (in the brackets) in the detected structure. The found new structure is highlighted with green.

Figure 3. Diagrams of tensile properties of obtaining composites: (a) tensile strength, (b) elongation at the break, and (c) Young’s modulus.

Figure 4. Scheme of photodegradation product formation pathways. Arrows show the direction of chemical reactions: (1) Formation of O-radical and its product (2) Formation of C-radical and its product. (3) Formation of co-product of O- and C-radicals. (4) Esterification of co-product and lignin. hν—UV radiation. t°—thermal impact. Red frame—new found structure.

Table 1. Strength, relative elongation, and Young’s modulus for studied composites.

Lignin Content, wt. %	Strength, MPa		Elongation, %		Young Modulus, GPa
Lignin Content, wt. %	ABS-KL	ABS-DL	ABS-KL	ABS-DL	ABS-KL	ABS-DL
0	36.3 ±0.3	36.3 ± 0.3	93.5 ± 0.5	93.5 ± 0.5	1.01 ± 0.02	1.01 ± 0.02
5	29.1 ± 0.3	30.5 ± 0.3	81.3 ± 0.5	13.8 ± 0.5	1.08 ± 0.02	1.34 ± 0.02
10	25.2 ± 0.3	29.9 ± 0.3	82.3 ± 0.5	13.8 ± 0.5	1.04 ± 0.02	1.19 ± 0.02
15	22.6 ± 0.2	24.5 ± 0.2	45.7 ± 0.5	10.2 ± 0.5	1.05 ± 0.02	1.07 ± 0.02
20	22.3 ± 0.2	23.7 ± 0.2	2.7 ± 0.5	4.6 ± 0.5	1.02 ± 0.02	1.06 ± 0.02

Table 2. Strength, relative elongation, and Young’s modulus of ABS-KL samples after UV treatment.

Lignin Fraction, wt. %	Strength, MPa	Elongation, %	Young’s Modulus, GPa
0	34.9 ± 0.3	5.9 ± 0.5	1.40 ± 0.02
5	30.2 ± 0.3	4.1 ± 0.5	1.29 ± 0.02
10	27.7 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.5	1.25 ± 0.02

Table 3. A comparison of strength, relative elongation, and Young’s modulus between obtained composites and literature data.

Sample	Strength, MPa	Elongation, %	Young’s Modulus, GPa	Reference
ABS B501	36.3	93.5	1.01	This research
ABS-KL 5%	29.1	81.3	1.08	This research
ABS-KL 10%	25.2	82.3	1.04	This research
ABS-DL 5%	30.5	13.8	1.34	This research
ABS-DL 10%	29.9	13.8	1.19	This research
ABS	46.5	12	2.36	[15]
ABS/Lignin 5%	49.8	10	2.45	[15]
ABS/Lignin 10%	45.0	6.4	2.57	[15]
LDPE/TL(1–5)_10	21.9	199	>3	[19]
ABS 0	32.2	78	1.94	[7]
ABS 1	31.8	64	1.93	[7]
ABS 2	31.9	50	1.95	[7]

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MDPI and ACS Style

Grishanovich, I.A.; Shestakov, S.L.; Potashev, A.V.; Belesov, A.V.; Kozhevnikov, A.Y. The Influence of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Structure and Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Lignin Composites. J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8, 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8120519

AMA Style

Grishanovich IA, Shestakov SL, Potashev AV, Belesov AV, Kozhevnikov AY. The Influence of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Structure and Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Lignin Composites. Journal of Composites Science. 2024; 8(12):519. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8120519

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grishanovich, Ilya A., Semen L. Shestakov, Alexander V. Potashev, Artyom V. Belesov, and Aleksandr Yu. Kozhevnikov. 2024. "The Influence of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Structure and Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Lignin Composites" Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 12: 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8120519

APA Style

Grishanovich, I. A., Shestakov, S. L., Potashev, A. V., Belesov, A. V., & Kozhevnikov, A. Y. (2024). The Influence of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Structure and Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Lignin Composites. Journal of Composites Science, 8(12), 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8120519

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