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Designs
Volume 1
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Designs, Volume 1, Issue 2 (December 2017) – 4 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Training of drivers with modern vehicle functions, such as advanced driver assistance systems, represents an important concern in the automotive sector. The shown training platform is developed for the utilization in future driving schools. The platform has a scalable and modular architecture so that any driving simulator can be networked to its common driving instructor unit. Hence, several drivers can participate in training sessions simultaneously. Moreover, driving instructors can use a head-mounted display to participate interactively within the same virtual environment of any selected driver/trainee to carry out their usual supervisory and instruction roles. View the paper here.
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17744 KiB  
Article
A Structurally Enhanced, Ergonomically and Human–Computer Interaction Improved Intelligent Seat’s System
by Jin Cao, Da Ku, Jiachun Du, Vera Ng, Yufei Wang and Weiqiao Dong
Designs 2017, 1(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs1020011 - 29 Nov 2017
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4640
Abstract
Modern technology advances airplane seat design with better ergonomics and new HCI (human-computer interaction). However, airline companies are not motivated to replace the seat system due to the cost consideration. Hence, a series of re-optimized design in ergonomics and HCI should be carried [...] Read more.
Modern technology advances airplane seat design with better ergonomics and new HCI (human-computer interaction). However, airline companies are not motivated to replace the seat system due to the cost consideration. Hence, a series of re-optimized design in ergonomics and HCI should be carried out by designers. This paper describes a novel intelligent seat’s system, which is designed to be used for the airplanes or similar conditions. This system consists of redesigned ergonomics and HCI compared with original seat’s systems. The mainly redesigned parts are the aesthetics and visual modeling for people to receive visual information, the ergonomics part for people to receive tactile information, new users’ action innovation for people to receive and output information, the redesign of the structure of the system with low weight and cost, and the functional system environment for people to receive information from humans through movement in multiple environments. Structural analysis supports the redesign. The purpose of the redesign is to improve the HCI system with new tech and interaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Vehicle Safety: Design and Assessment)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Sketches of the design concept.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Illustration of Kandinsky’s theory of point line and surface [<a href="#B5-designs-01-00011" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Repeated pattern of lines.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>3D modeling design.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Eggshell.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Eggshell inspired design.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Sensors installed behind the cushion.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The challenge of Soli was to shrink the radar to the size of a computer chip. Peter Mccollough for Wired.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Simple structure and redesign.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Redesigned structure.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Simple structure [<a href="#B14-designs-01-00011" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Redesigned structure.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Traditional skeletal structure support.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Redesigned structure with reinforced support.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>US Patent 4,375,300 STraditional strong triangular support structure [<a href="#B17-designs-01-00011" class="html-bibr">17</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>US Patent 8,376,462 B2 Aircraft seat with holes on the back [<a href="#B18-designs-01-00011" class="html-bibr">18</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>U.S. Patent 4,229,040 Triangular support saves cost and materials [<a href="#B19-designs-01-00011" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 18
<p>Stress analysis for comparison of the supporting planar plate (maximum principal stress).</p> Full article ">Figure 19
<p>Stress analysis for comparison of the supporting planar plate (maximum shear stress).</p> Full article ">Figure 20
<p>Stress analysis for comparison of the screws (equivalent stress).</p> Full article ">Figure 21
<p>Stress analysis for comparison of the screws (normal stress).</p> Full article ">Figure 22
<p>Stress analysis for comparison of the triangular hinge and simple straight hinge (equivalent stress).</p> Full article ">Figure 23
<p>Stress analysis for comparison of the triangular hinge and simple straight hinge (maximum shear stress).</p> Full article ">Figure 24
<p>Stress analysis for comparison of the triangular hinge and simple straight hinge (stress intensity).</p> Full article ">Figure 25
<p>Stress analysis for comparison of the support parts between redesign and the traditional support.</p> Full article ">Figure 26
<p>Stress analysis for comparison of the support parts between redesign and the traditional support.</p> Full article ">Figure 27
<p>Stress analysis for comparison of the chair.</p> Full article ">Figure 28
<p>Stress analysis for comparison of the chair.</p> Full article ">Figure 29
<p>Structure of hollows.</p> Full article ">Figure 30
<p>US Patent 007,954,762 B2 light yet strong material [<a href="#B18-designs-01-00011" class="html-bibr">18</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 31
<p>US Patent 5,660,438 Seat cushion [<a href="#B20-designs-01-00011" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 32
<p>US Patent 007,954,762 B2 Carbon fibre tube as a metal structure [<a href="#B13-designs-01-00011" class="html-bibr">13</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 33
<p>US Patent 007,954,762 B2 Carbon fibre tube as a metal structure [<a href="#B14-designs-01-00011" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 34
<p>US Patent 3,468,582 Honeycomb structure [<a href="#B16-designs-01-00011" class="html-bibr">16</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 35
<p>Material and cost saving new design.</p> Full article ">Figure 36
<p>Individual back components.</p> Full article ">Figure 37
<p>Individual front components.</p> Full article ">Figure 38
<p>Front dimension.</p> Full article ">Figure 39
<p>Side dimension.</p> Full article ">Figure 40
<p>Seat to seat dimension.</p> Full article ">Figure 41
<p>Side view of final product.</p> Full article ">Figure 42
<p>Back view of final product.</p> Full article ">Figure 43
<p>Bottom view of final product.</p> Full article ">Figure 44
<p>Seat cushion of final product.</p> Full article ">Figure 45
<p>IFE (in-flight entertainment).</p> Full article ">Figure 46
<p>Table top.</p> Full article ">
319 KiB  
Article
A New Observer Design for Fuzzy Bilinear Systems with Unknown Inputs
by Jun Yoneyama
Designs 2017, 1(2), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs1020010 - 21 Nov 2017
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3291
Abstract
An observer design for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown inputs is considered. Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy bilinear systems represent a wide class of nonlinear systems, and these systems with unknown inputs are an ideal model for many physical systems. For such systems, a [...] Read more.
An observer design for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown inputs is considered. Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy bilinear systems represent a wide class of nonlinear systems, and these systems with unknown inputs are an ideal model for many physical systems. For such systems, a design method for obtaining an observer that estimates the state of the system is proposed. A parallel distributed observer (PDO), which is constructed with local linear observers and the appropriate grade of the membership functions, is a conventional observer for Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy bilinear systems. However, it is known that its design conditions have conservativeness. In this paper, to reduce the conservatism in the design conditions, non-PDO with new design conditions is proposed. Our design conditions are derived from a multiple Lyapunov function, which depends on the membership function with time-delay in the premise variables. This method eventually reduces the conservatism and enables us to construct an observer for a wide class of nonlinear systems. When the premise variables are the state variables that are not measurable, Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy bilinear systems can represent a wider class of nonlinear systems. Hence, an observer design for fuzzy bilinear systems with unmeasurable premise variables is also proposed. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate our design methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization, Health Monitoring and Control Methods for Modern Complex Systems)
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<p>The error trajectories.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The error trajectories.</p> Full article ">
5424 KiB  
Article
Design of Post-Consumer Modification of Standard Solar Modules to Form Large-Area Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Roof Slates
by Joshua M. Pearce, Jay Meldrum and Nolan Osborne
Designs 2017, 1(2), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs1020009 - 17 Nov 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5606
Abstract
Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems have improved aesthetics but generally cost far more than conventional PV systems because of small manufacturing scale. Thus, in the short and medium term, there is a need for a BIPV mounting system that utilizes conventional modules. Such a [...] Read more.
Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems have improved aesthetics but generally cost far more than conventional PV systems because of small manufacturing scale. Thus, in the short and medium term, there is a need for a BIPV mounting system that utilizes conventional modules. Such a design is provided here with a novel modification of conventional photovoltaic (PV) modules to allow them to act as BIPV roofing slates. The open-source designs for the mechanical components necessary to provide the post-consumer conversion for a conventional PV module are provided, and prototypes are fabricated and installed on a mock roof system along with control modules mounted conventionally. The approximately U.S.$22/module BIPV roof-mounted system is direct mounted on the roof to eliminate the need for roofing shingles or other coverings, which effectively provides a 20% total cost reduction from conventional racking systems that demand a roof to mount upon without considering the savings from the rack itself. The results of the outdoor system testing found no water leaks. An increased operating temperature was observed, which would reduce the output from a silicon-based PV module by less than 10%. The results found significant potential for this design to further reduce total PV systems costs. Full article
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>The bottom solar mount (<b>a</b>) showing top view of hole positions and (<b>b</b>) the side view of the z-step. All measurements in mm.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The top solar mount from the top view. All measurements in mm.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) The left solar mount from the top view and (<b>b</b>) side view. All measurements in mm.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The bottom solar mount (<b>a</b>) showing top view of hole positions and (<b>b</b>) the side view of the z-step. All measurements in mm.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Physical dimensions of the PV modules used in mm; (<b>b</b>) the same module shown in 3 × 2 array 3-D with all four of the novel modifications added to it for perspective. Please note the lip of the module frame is exaggerated for clarity and is not to scale.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Assembly of the left side aluminum component on the underside of the PV module (top of image shiny silver). All four aluminum components are mounted to the module similarly.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Installation of the first row of adapted PV modules on the bottom of the experimental roof (<b>left</b>) viewing from the peak of the roof. The roof felt roof deck protection is shown in the foreground. A bag of screws is shown on the first module for scale. In the background is one of the meteorological stations for the Keweenaw Research Center (KRC) PV systems testing field [<a href="#B35-designs-01-00009" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B36-designs-01-00009" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-designs-01-00009" class="html-bibr">37</a>]. On the (<b>right</b>) is a detail of the overlap between the left and right aluminum components forming a vertical channel. In the red circle the overlap between the two sides is shown. The lip from <a href="#designs-01-00009-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a> is shown on the left which covers up the bend from <a href="#designs-01-00009-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a> (shown on the right). This creates a waterproof channel connecting the modules in the horizontal plane.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Detail of the installation of the second row of PV modules with the Z-overhang component from <a href="#designs-01-00009-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> over the top of the modules in row 1. Note how the aluminum straight edge (from <a href="#designs-01-00009-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>) from the top of the first row of modules goes underneath the Z-overhang on the bottom of the upper row of modules (details with arrows). Wires can be run through these channels highlighted with a red oval and the module wires are sent through holes at the bottom of the module to prevent rain egress.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Detail of the final (upper) row of PV modules being covered by an aluminum channel to prevent water intrusion from the top of the BIPV roofing system.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Six module building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) roof-mounted test array.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Electronic schematic of the open-source monitoring and data logging system.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Total daily liquid precipitation per day at test site in inches for one year.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Daily absolute maximum of ambient air temperature at test site in degrees Celsius through 2016. Shaded region is a guide for the eye indicating freezing temperatures.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Hourly peak wind speed at 2 m in miles per hour (MPH) through 2016.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Temperature as a function of time in the monitored BIPV system for an example day in November.</p> Full article ">
4069 KiB  
Article
A Platform with Multiple Head-Mounted Displays for Advanced Training in Modern Driving Schools
by Kareem Abdelgawad, Jürgen Gausemeier, Jörg Stöcklein, Michael Grafe, Jan Berssenbrügge and Roman Dumitrescu
Designs 2017, 1(2), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs1020008 - 13 Oct 2017
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4568
Abstract
Automotive manufacturers and suppliers develop new vehicle systems, such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), to increase traffic safety and driving comfort. ADAS are technologies that provide drivers with essential information or take over demanding driving tasks. More complex and intelligent vehicle systems [...] Read more.
Automotive manufacturers and suppliers develop new vehicle systems, such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), to increase traffic safety and driving comfort. ADAS are technologies that provide drivers with essential information or take over demanding driving tasks. More complex and intelligent vehicle systems are being developed toward fully autonomous and cooperative driving. Apart from the technical development challenges, training of drivers with these complex vehicle systems represents an important concern for automotive manufacturers. This paper highlights the new evolving requirements concerning the training of drivers with future complex vehicle systems. In accordance with these requirements, a new training concept is introduced, and a prototype of a training platform is implemented for utilization in future driving schools. The developed training platform has a scalable and modular architecture so that more than one driving simulator can be networked to a common driving instructor unit. The participating driving simulators provide fully immersive visualization to the drivers by utilizing head-mounted displays instead of conventional display screens and projectors. The driving instructor unit consists of a computer with a developed software tool for training session control, monitoring, and evaluation. Moreover, the driving instructor can use a head-mounted display to participate interactively within the same virtual environment of any selected driver. A simulation model of an autonomous driving system was implemented and integrated in the participating driving simulators. Using this simulation model, training sessions were conducted with the help of a group of test drivers and professional driving instructors to prove the validity of the developed concept and show the usability of the implemented training platform. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Vehicle Safety: Design and Assessment)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Utilization of driving simulators in driving schools in Germany: (<b>a</b>) Driving simulator at the Ringhoff driving school; (<b>b</b>) Driving simulator at the Hainer driving school.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>A driving simulator developed within the project inTraSim: (<b>a</b>) The hardware equipment of the developed driving simulator; (<b>b</b>) A test driver performing a turn-right maneuver.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Layout of a training platform with multiple head-mounted displays for modern driving schools.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Architecture of the developed training platform with multiple head-mounted displays.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>A prototype of the proposed training platform with multiple head-mounted displays.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The integrated and further developed driving simulator: (<b>a</b>) The internal structure of the driving simulator; (<b>b</b>) A test driver experiencing virtual scenes using a head-mounted display. ADAS: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Sample screen shots for the 3D environment: (<b>a</b>) Daytime driving; (<b>b</b>) Nighttime driving.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Simplified logic of the developed autonomous driving simulation model.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Structure and main input/output signals of the instructor software tool.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Reaction times of five test persons during three test drive rounds.</p> Full article ">
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