Noncontact Monitoring of Respiration and Heartbeat Based on Two-Wave Model Using a Millimeter-Wave MIMO FM-CW Radar
<p>The relationship between frequency and time in the FM-CW radar.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Antenna array and element arrangement.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Window function (<math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics> </math>, <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>w</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics> </math> = 5 s, and <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> = 1 s).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Flow chart of two-step estimation.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Measurement setup.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>MIMO radar measurement.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Measured phase data of target 1 (<b>a</b>) in the time domain and (<b>b</b>) in the frequency domain.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>A comparison between the original waveform and the waveform calculated using the parameters estimated at 10 s. (<b>a</b>) The first step; (<b>b</b>) the second step.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>The estimated results for target 1. (<b>a</b>) Respiration rate, (<b>b</b>) heartbeat rate.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>The reconstructed waveforms of target 1. (<b>a</b>) Respiration waveform; (<b>b</b>) heartbeat waveform.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The heartbeat IBI values of target 1, obtained via radar and BVP sensor.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Measured phase data of target 2 (<b>a</b>) in the time domain and (<b>b</b>) in the frequency domain.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>The estimated results of target 2. (<b>a</b>) Respiration rate; (<b>b</b>) heartbeat rate.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>The reconstructed waveforms of target 2. (<b>a</b>) Respiration waveform; (<b>b</b>) heartbeat waveform.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>The heartbeat IBI values of target 2, obtained via radar and BVP sensor.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Measured phase data of target 1 (solid line) and their body movement (dotted line), estimated by <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics> </math>.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MIMO FM-CW Radar
3. The Principle of Measuring Heartbeat and Respiration Parameters
- (1)
- λsw becomes 0 and only the respiration parameters are estimated.
- (2)
- λsw becomes 1 and the respiration parameters estimated in the first step are used to represent . Then, the heartbeat parameters are estimated.
4. Reconstruction of Waveform
5. Experimental Results
5.1. Data Analysis
5.2. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Radar Type | FM-CW |
---|---|
Center Frequency | 79 GHz |
Bandwidth | 3 GHz |
Sweep Time | 100 µs |
PRI | 30 ms |
MIMO Transmitting Antenna | 2 |
MIMO Receiving Antenna | 4 |
−23.46 | 0.06 | −1.43 | −0.99 | −0.99 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.17 |
0.04 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 1.71 |
Reference | Signal | Freq. (GHz) | Key Technology | Vital Signs | % of Targets | Range (m) | Movement | Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[10] | FM-CW | 76.4 | ZA-SEFLMS | RR/HR | 1 | 0.5–3.0 | Static | Maximum mean error is less than 0.74 bpm (HR). Mean error is within 0.25 bpm (RR) |
[12] | IR-UWB | 4.3 | LCMV | RR | 3 | 3 | Static | Respiration rate error: 2% |
[4] | CW | 2.4 | DeepMining | RR/HR | 3 | 1 | Static | 85.3% |
[5] | CW | 24/5.8 | Polynomial fitting + Matched filter | RR/HR | 1 | 1 | RBMs | - |
[11] | FM-CW | 77–81 | Kalman filter | RR/HR | 1 | 0.5–2.0 | RBMs | Still: Measured errors of RR and HR were, respectively, less than 2 bpm and 3 bpm. Moving: Measured errors of RR and HR were less than 5 bpm. |
This work | FM-CW | 79 | Two-wave model | RR/HR | 1 | 0.7 | Slow RBM | 97.09% |
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Ko, M.M.; Moriyama, T. Noncontact Monitoring of Respiration and Heartbeat Based on Two-Wave Model Using a Millimeter-Wave MIMO FM-CW Radar. Electronics 2024, 13, 4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214308
Ko MM, Moriyama T. Noncontact Monitoring of Respiration and Heartbeat Based on Two-Wave Model Using a Millimeter-Wave MIMO FM-CW Radar. Electronics. 2024; 13(21):4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214308
Chicago/Turabian StyleKo, Mie Mie, and Toshifumi Moriyama. 2024. "Noncontact Monitoring of Respiration and Heartbeat Based on Two-Wave Model Using a Millimeter-Wave MIMO FM-CW Radar" Electronics 13, no. 21: 4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214308
APA StyleKo, M. M., & Moriyama, T. (2024). Noncontact Monitoring of Respiration and Heartbeat Based on Two-Wave Model Using a Millimeter-Wave MIMO FM-CW Radar. Electronics, 13(21), 4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214308